健康经济学：修订间差异

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'''健康經濟學'''（{{lang-en|Health economics}}）是[[經濟學]]的一個分支，研究在[[健康]]和[[醫療衛生]]的生產和消費之中，有關效率、效果、價值、和行為的事務。健康經濟學對於如何透過個人、[[醫療衛生提供者]]、和臨床環境之間的互動來改善健康結果以及生活方式，可發揮重要的功能。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/international-health/global-health-masters-degrees/master-of-health-science-in-global-health-economics/what-is-health-economics.html|title=What Is Health Economics?|last1=Howard|first1=Brandon|last2=Health|first2=JH Bloomberg School of Public|website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25|archive-date=2020-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918204811/https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/international-health/global-health-masters-degrees/master-of-health-science-in-global-health-economics/what-is-health-economics.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>從廣義上講，健康經濟學家對[[醫療系統]]的功能做研究，以及對健康產生影響的行為，例如[[吸菸]]、[[糖尿病]]、和[[肥胖症]]等，做研究。
'''健康經濟學'''（{{lang-en|Health economics}}）是[[經濟學]]的一個分支，研究在[[健康]]和[[醫療衛生]]的生產和消費之中，有關效率、效果、價值、和行為的事務。健康經濟學對於如何透過個人、[[醫療衛生提供者]]、和臨床環境之間的互動來改善健康結果以及生活方式，可發揮重要的功能。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/international-health/global-health-masters-degrees/master-of-health-science-in-global-health-economics/what-is-health-economics.html|title=What Is Health Economics?|last1=Howard|first1=Brandon|last2=Health|first2=JH Bloomberg School of Public|website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25|archive-date=2020-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918204811/https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/international-health/global-health-masters-degrees/master-of-health-science-in-global-health-economics/what-is-health-economics.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>從廣義上講，健康經濟學家對[[醫療系統]]的功能做研究，以及對健康產生影響的行為，例如[[吸菸]]、[[糖尿病]]、和[[肥胖症]]等，做研究。
[[肯尼思·阿羅]]曾在1963年發表過一篇開創性文章，因而經常被推舉為開創健康經濟學，成為一門學科的先驅。他的理論把健康和其他商品之間劃分出不同的概念。<ref>Arrow, Kenneth (1963). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812044?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care,"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812044?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |date=20201111164646 }} ''The American Economic Review'';53(5):941-973</ref>將兩者分開的因素包括政府的[[經濟干預主義|經濟干預]]、多方面的不確定性、[[資訊不對等]]、{{link-en|進入障礙|barriers to entry}}、[[外部性]]因素、加上第三方代理的存在。<ref>{{Citation |last=Phelps |first=Charles E. |year=2003 |title=Health Economics |edition=3rd |publisher=Addison Wesley |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-321-06898-9 }} [http://www.lavoisier.fr/notice/frLWOS6SXAORW32O.html Description] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lavoisier.fr/notice/frLWOS6SXAORW32O.html |date=20101207121952 }} and 2nd ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JajjFgTXwP8C&pg=PT18 preview].</ref>在醫療衛生事項中，所謂第三方代理是患者的醫療保險公司，這類公司對患者消費的醫療衛生產品和服務負有財務上的責任。
[[肯尼思·阿羅]]曾在1963年發表過一篇開創性文章，因而經常被推舉為開創健康經濟學，成為一門學科的先驅。他的理論把健康和其他商品之間劃分出不同的概念。<ref>Arrow, Kenneth (1963). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812044?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care,"] ''The American Economic Review'';53(5):941-973</ref>將兩者分開的因素包括政府的[[經濟干預主義|經濟干預]]、多方面的不確定性、[[資訊不對等]]、{{link-en|進入障礙|barriers to entry}}、[[外部性]]因素、加上第三方代理的存在。<ref>{{Citation |last=Phelps |first=Charles E. |year=2003 |title=Health Economics |edition=3rd |publisher=Addison Wesley |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-321-06898-9 }} [http://www.lavoisier.fr/notice/frLWOS6SXAORW32O.html Description] and 2nd ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JajjFgTXwP8C&pg=PT18 preview].</ref>在醫療衛生事項中，所謂第三方代理是患者的醫療保險公司，這類公司對患者消費的醫療衛生產品和服務負有財務上的責任。


健康經濟學家評估的財務事務包括成本、費用、和支出。
健康經濟學家評估的財務事務包括成本、費用、和支出。
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* Alastair M. Gray, Philip M. Clarke, Jane Wolstenholme, Sarah Wordsworth (2010) ''Applied Methods of Cost-effectiveness Analysis in Healthcare'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-922728-4}}
* Alastair M. Gray, Philip M. Clarke, Jane Wolstenholme, Sarah Wordsworth (2010) ''Applied Methods of Cost-effectiveness Analysis in Healthcare'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-922728-4}}
* Drummond, Michael F. (2005) ''Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-852945-7}}
* Drummond, Michael F. (2005) ''Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-852945-7}}
* Mahar, Maggie, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pOfrTRPgv_kC&printsec=frontcover ''Money-Driven Medicine: The Real Reason Health Care Costs So Much''] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOfrTRPgv_kC&printsec=frontcover |date=20200803103256 }}, Harper/Collins, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-06-076533-0}}
* Mahar, Maggie, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pOfrTRPgv_kC&printsec=frontcover ''Money-Driven Medicine: The Real Reason Health Care Costs So Much''] , Harper/Collins, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-06-076533-0}}
* {{Citation|first1=Joanna E.|last1=Siegel|first2=Louise B.|last2=Russell|first3=Milton C.|last3=Weinstein|first4=Marthe R.|last4=Gold|title=Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine|year=1996|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-19-510824-8|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195108248}}
* {{Citation|first1=Joanna E.|last1=Siegel|first2=Louise B.|last2=Russell|first3=Milton C.|last3=Weinstein|first4=Marthe R.|last4=Gold|title=Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine|year=1996|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-19-510824-8|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195108248}}
* [[Paul Starr|Starr, Paul]], ''[[The Social Transformation of American Medicine]]'', Basic Books, 1982. {{ISBN|0-465-07934-2}}
* [[Paul Starr|Starr, Paul]], ''[[The Social Transformation of American Medicine]]'', Basic Books, 1982. {{ISBN|0-465-07934-2}}
* {{citation |author=Wennberg J, Gittelsohn |title=Small area variations in health care delivery |journal=Science |volume=182 |issue=4117 |pages=1102–08 |date=December 1973 |pmid=4750608 |doi=10.1126/science.182.4117.1102 |first2=A.|last2=Gittelsohn |bibcode=1973Sci...182.1102W |s2cid=43819003 }}
* {{citation |author=Wennberg J, Gittelsohn |title=Small area variations in health care delivery |journal=Science |volume=182 |issue=4117 |pages=1102–08 |date=December 1973 |pmid=4750608 |doi=10.1126/science.182.4117.1102 |first2=A.|last2=Gittelsohn |bibcode=1973Sci...182.1102W |s2cid=43819003 }}
* Whittington, Ruth (2008). [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0954549457 ''Introduction to Health Economics: A Beginners Guide''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=7K0n_bxIsfoC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 Preview.] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7K0n_bxIsfoC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 |date=20151025155305 }} {{ISBN|978-0-9545494-5-9}}.
* Whittington, Ruth (2008). [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0954549457 ''Introduction to Health Economics: A Beginners Guide''] [https://books.google.com/books?id=7K0n_bxIsfoC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 Preview.] {{ISBN|978-0-9545494-5-9}}.
* {{Citation |author=Wise, David A. |title=Developments in the Economics of Aging |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-0-226-90335-4}}
* {{Citation |author=Wise, David A. |title=Developments in the Economics of Aging |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-0-226-90335-4}}
* [[A.J. Culyer]] and J.P. Newhouse, ed. (2000). ''Handbook of Health Economics'', Elsevier. 1A''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100803151228/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.careers/718229/description#description Description.] Elsevier.
* [[A.J. Culyer]] and J.P. Newhouse, ed. (2000). ''Handbook of Health Economics'', Elsevier. 1A''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100803151228/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.careers/718229/description#description Description.] Elsevier.
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