2016年土耳其政變：修订间差异

求闻百科，共笔求闻
以互动方式浏览历史
添加的内容 删除的内容
可视化wikitext
（修改自此处；原许可：CC BY-SA 3.0［网站升级迁移］）
 
小 （机器人：删除1个模板：Wayback）
第80行： 第80行：
| casualties1 = 104名军人死亡<br>1架[[西科斯基飞机公司|西科斯基]]的直升机遭到击落<ref name="AP"/><br>22人死於獄中 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/attempted-military-coup-underway-turkey/story?id=40618135|title=Turkish PM Blames Coup Attempt on 'Terrorist Organization:' 161 Killed, 2,839 Detained|date=2016-07-16|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-16|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716125956/http://abcnews.go.com/International/attempted-military-coup-underway-turkey/story?id=40618135|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| casualties1 = 104名军人死亡<br>1架[[西科斯基飞机公司|西科斯基]]的直升机遭到击落<ref name="AP"/><br>22人死於獄中 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/attempted-military-coup-underway-turkey/story?id=40618135|title=Turkish PM Blames Coup Attempt on 'Terrorist Organization:' 161 Killed, 2,839 Detained|date=2016-07-16|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-16|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716125956/http://abcnews.go.com/International/attempted-military-coup-underway-turkey/story?id=40618135|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 62名警察与5名军人死亡<ref name="saved">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/top-commander-saved-but-others-remain-hostage-to-gulenist-coup-plotters-military.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101685&NewsCatID=341|title=LOCAL – Top commander saved but others remain hostage to Gülenist coup plotters: Military|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-16|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716173123/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/top-commander-saved-but-others-remain-hostage-to-gulenist-coup-plotters-military.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101685&NewsCatID=341|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 62名警察与5名军人死亡<ref name="saved">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/top-commander-saved-but-others-remain-hostage-to-gulenist-coup-plotters-military.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101685&NewsCatID=341|title=LOCAL – Top commander saved but others remain hostage to Gülenist coup plotters: Military|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-16|archive-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716173123/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/top-commander-saved-but-others-remain-hostage-to-gulenist-coup-plotters-military.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101685&NewsCatID=341|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| casualties3 = 179名平民死亡<ref name="saved"/><br />總計270-350人死亡和2,185人受伤<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2016/07/16/turkish-premier-country-under-full-government-control-after-coup-attempt/ Turkish premier: Country under full government control after coup attempt] {{Wayback|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2016/07/16/turkish-premier-country-under-full-government-control-after-coup-attempt/ |date=20200829223433 }}, ''[[华盛顿邮报|The Washington Post]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.rt.com/news/351537-turkey-coup-attempt-fails/ Over 2,800 arrested, 265 killed, 1,440 injured in Turkish coup attempt] {{Wayback|url=https://www.rt.com/news/351537-turkey-coup-attempt-fails/ |date=20160716110509 }}, ''RT''</ref><br>'''政變結束後：'''<br />
| casualties3 = 179名平民死亡<ref name="saved"/><br />總計270-350人死亡和2,185人受伤<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2016/07/16/turkish-premier-country-under-full-government-control-after-coup-attempt/ Turkish premier: Country under full government control after coup attempt] , ''[[华盛顿邮报|The Washington Post]]''</ref><ref>[https://www.rt.com/news/351537-turkey-coup-attempt-fails/ Over 2,800 arrested, 265 killed, 1,440 injured in Turkish coup attempt] , ''RT''</ref><br>'''政變結束後：'''<br />
15,846人被拘留 (包括10,012名軍人和1,481名司法人員)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2512989&Language=en |title=KUNA : 240 Turkey's regime supporters killed in failed coup attempt &nbsp;– Security &nbsp;– 19/07/2016 |access-date=2016-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818181251/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2512989&Language=en |archive-date=2016-08-18 |url-status=dead |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/military-says-8651-soldiers-participated-in-turkeys-coup-attempt-102137|title=Military says 8,651 soldiers participated in Turkey's coup attempt|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2020-10-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111502/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/military-says-8651-soldiers-participated-in-turkeys-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=102137&NewsCatID=341|dead-url=no}}</ref>，其中8,133人遭到逮捕（超過5名將軍與29名上校）<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com" /><br />
15,846人被拘留 (包括10,012名軍人和1,481名司法人員)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2512989&Language=en |title=KUNA : 240 Turkey's regime supporters killed in failed coup attempt &nbsp;– Security &nbsp;– 19/07/2016 |access-date=2016-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818181251/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2512989&Language=en |archive-date=2016-08-18 |url-status=dead |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/military-says-8651-soldiers-participated-in-turkeys-coup-attempt-102137|title=Military says 8,651 soldiers participated in Turkey's coup attempt|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2020-10-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111502/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/military-says-8651-soldiers-participated-in-turkeys-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=102137&NewsCatID=341|dead-url=no}}</ref>，其中8,133人遭到逮捕（超過5名將軍與29名上校）<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com" /><br />
48,222名政府官員和工人被停職<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/208-people-killed-by-coup-attempters-turkeys-pm--101745|title=208 people killed by coup attempters: Turkey's PM|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2020-10-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055659/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/208-people-killed-by-coup-attempters-turkeys-pm-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101745&NewsCatID=341|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MEB'te 15 bin kişi açığa alındı, 21 bin öğretmenin lisansı iptal |url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/mebte-15-bin-kisiaciga-alindi-21-bin-ogretmenin-lisansi-iptal,M0MP9gAjX0uGmGAe96Y5mA |publisher=[[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] |accessdate=2016-07-19 |language=tr |date=2016-07-19 |archive-date=2016-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720164357/http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/mebte-15-bin-kisiaciga-alindi-21-bin-ogretmenin-lisansi-iptal,M0MP9gAjX0uGmGAe96Y5mA |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-says-103-generals-admirals-detained-after-turkeys-failed-coup-attempt-101757|title=Turkey says 103 generals, admirals detained after Turkey's failed coup attempt|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2020-10-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055359/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-says-103-generals-admirals-detained-after-turkeys-failed-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101757&NewsCatID=509|dead-url=no}}</ref>
48,222名政府官員和工人被停職<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/208-people-killed-by-coup-attempters-turkeys-pm--101745|title=208 people killed by coup attempters: Turkey's PM|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2020-10-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055659/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/208-people-killed-by-coup-attempters-turkeys-pm-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101745&NewsCatID=341|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MEB'te 15 bin kişi açığa alındı, 21 bin öğretmenin lisansı iptal |url=http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/mebte-15-bin-kisiaciga-alindi-21-bin-ogretmenin-lisansi-iptal,M0MP9gAjX0uGmGAe96Y5mA |publisher=[[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] |accessdate=2016-07-19 |language=tr |date=2016-07-19 |archive-date=2016-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720164357/http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/mebte-15-bin-kisiaciga-alindi-21-bin-ogretmenin-lisansi-iptal,M0MP9gAjX0uGmGAe96Y5mA |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-says-103-generals-admirals-detained-after-turkeys-failed-coup-attempt-101757|title=Turkey says 103 generals, admirals detained after Turkey's failed coup attempt|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2020-10-18|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055359/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-says-103-generals-admirals-detained-after-turkeys-failed-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101757&NewsCatID=509|dead-url=no}}</ref>
第95行： 第95行：
自[[凯末尔]]上台后，他试图把土耳其改造成世俗化的民族国家，令宗教逐步脱离民众的正常生活。歷史上，土耳其軍方也被認為是[[穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克|凱末爾]]建立的世俗化土耳其共和國的捍衛者<ref name="ArangoNYT" />，现行土耳其宪法赋予了土耳其军队维护土耳其世俗化社会不被破坏的职责。土耳其自1946年施行多黨民主後，在土耳其社会走向伊斯兰化的关键时刻[[土耳其军事|土耳其军隊]]主導了三次政變，分別於[[1960年土耳其政變|1960年]]、{{link-en|1971年土耳其政變|1971 Turkish military memorandum|1971年}}、{{link-en|1980年土耳其政變|1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980年}}以及1997年的{{link-en|1997年土耳其政變|1997 Turkish military memorandum|軍事干預}}<ref name="ArangoNYT">{{cite news |author1=[[Tim Arango]] |author2=[[Ceylan Yeğinsu]] |date=2016-07-15 |title=President of Turkey Urges Resistance as Military Attempts Coup |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/world/europe/military-attempts-coup-in-turkey-prime-minister-says.html |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2016-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715205242/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/world/europe/military-attempts-coup-in-turkey-prime-minister-says.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
自[[凯末尔]]上台后，他试图把土耳其改造成世俗化的民族国家，令宗教逐步脱离民众的正常生活。歷史上，土耳其軍方也被認為是[[穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克|凱末爾]]建立的世俗化土耳其共和國的捍衛者<ref name="ArangoNYT" />，现行土耳其宪法赋予了土耳其军队维护土耳其世俗化社会不被破坏的职责。土耳其自1946年施行多黨民主後，在土耳其社会走向伊斯兰化的关键时刻[[土耳其军事|土耳其军隊]]主導了三次政變，分別於[[1960年土耳其政變|1960年]]、{{link-en|1971年土耳其政變|1971 Turkish military memorandum|1971年}}、{{link-en|1980年土耳其政變|1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980年}}以及1997年的{{link-en|1997年土耳其政變|1997 Turkish military memorandum|軍事干預}}<ref name="ArangoNYT">{{cite news |author1=[[Tim Arango]] |author2=[[Ceylan Yeğinsu]] |date=2016-07-15 |title=President of Turkey Urges Resistance as Military Attempts Coup |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/world/europe/military-attempts-coup-in-turkey-prime-minister-says.html |accessdate=2016-07-15 |archive-date=2016-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715205242/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/world/europe/military-attempts-coup-in-turkey-prime-minister-says.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。


土耳其總統[[埃爾多安]]所在的[[正义与发展党 (土耳其)|正義與發展黨]]被認為是土耳其成为共和国以来的第五代亲伊斯兰政党。[[正义与发展党 (土耳其)|正义与发展党]]认为，[[凯末尔主义]]导致伊斯兰信仰在土国内的瓦解是当今土耳其内政外交问题的根源，因此不断鼓动宗教情绪、恢复伊斯兰信仰。[[正义与发展党 (土耳其)|正義與發展黨]]的主张受到从凯末尔时代以来就被压制多年的宗教保守派人士的支持<ref>[https://www.jiemian.com/article/757912.html 为什么土耳其人喜欢“独裁者”埃尔多安？] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/757912.html |date=20180724062825 }}.界面.</ref><ref>[http://view.163.com/16/0717/01/BS4VMUAU00015AAR.html 土耳其政变，世俗主义对伊斯兰化的一次未遂反击] {{Wayback|url=http://view.163.com/16/0717/01/BS4VMUAU00015AAR.html |date=20180724062642 }}.网易新闻.</ref>。
土耳其總統[[埃爾多安]]所在的[[正义与发展党 (土耳其)|正義與發展黨]]被認為是土耳其成为共和国以来的第五代亲伊斯兰政党。[[正义与发展党 (土耳其)|正义与发展党]]认为，[[凯末尔主义]]导致伊斯兰信仰在土国内的瓦解是当今土耳其内政外交问题的根源，因此不断鼓动宗教情绪、恢复伊斯兰信仰。[[正义与发展党 (土耳其)|正義與發展黨]]的主张受到从凯末尔时代以来就被压制多年的宗教保守派人士的支持<ref>[https://www.jiemian.com/article/757912.html 为什么土耳其人喜欢“独裁者”埃尔多安？] .界面.</ref><ref>[http://view.163.com/16/0717/01/BS4VMUAU00015AAR.html 土耳其政变，世俗主义对伊斯兰化的一次未遂反击] .网易新闻.</ref>。


== 政变经过 ==
== 政变经过 ==
第155行： 第155行：


== 評論 ==
== 評論 ==
这场政变在国际和国内都遭到了批评声，土耳其主要的反对党发表了谴责<ref name=mhp_oppose>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opposition-parties-reject-the-military-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101670&NewsCatID=341 Opposition parties reject the military coup attempt] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opposition-parties-reject-the-military-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101670&NewsCatID=341 |date=20160716124930 }}, ''{{tsl|en|Hürriyet Daily News||Hürriyet Daily News}}'' (15 July 2016).</ref><ref name=hdp_oppose>{{cite tweet |author=Mutlu Civiroglu |user=mutludc |number=754084935456198656 |date=2016-07-15 |title=HDP Cochairs: "...HDP is under all circumstances and as a matter of principle against all kinds of coup..." }}</ref>，[[欧盟]]、[[北约]]和[[美国]]则认为应当尊重土耳其的民选政府。
这场政变在国际和国内都遭到了批评声，土耳其主要的反对党发表了谴责<ref name=mhp_oppose>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opposition-parties-reject-the-military-coup-attempt.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101670&NewsCatID=341 Opposition parties reject the military coup attempt] , ''{{tsl|en|Hürriyet Daily News||Hürriyet Daily News}}'' (15 July 2016).</ref><ref name=hdp_oppose>{{cite tweet |author=Mutlu Civiroglu |user=mutludc |number=754084935456198656 |date=2016-07-15 |title=HDP Cochairs: "...HDP is under all circumstances and as a matter of principle against all kinds of coup..." }}</ref>，[[欧盟]]、[[北约]]和[[美国]]则认为应当尊重土耳其的民选政府。


有意見認為埃爾多安可能會仿效1933年[[魏瑪共和國|德國]]總理[[阿道夫·希特勒]]利用[[国会纵火案]]作藉口，剝奪[[公民自由]]和大舉拘捕反對者。超過2,700名土耳其法官在政變後迅即被解除職務一事，加深了一些人的憂慮。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-coup-conspiracy-theory-erdogan-military-gift-from-god-soldiers-istanbul-a7140516.html |title=Turkey coup: Conspiracy theorists claim attempt was faked by Erdogan |publisher=The Independent |date=2016-07-16 |accessdate=2016-07-16 |archive-date=2016-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716132404/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-coup-conspiracy-theory-erdogan-military-gift-from-god-soldiers-istanbul-a7140516.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>被埃爾多安指摘是政變幕後黑手的[[法图拉·葛兰]]否認指控。葛蘭說本次政變有可能是政府策劃。葛蘭的一名顧問說7月15日的政變策劃不周，「實行得很差勁，所有事看來都是對埃爾多安有利」，留下許多大疑問。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan |title=Fethullah Gülen: Turkey coup may have been 'staged' by Erdoğan regime |publisher=The Guardian |date=2016-07-16 |accessdate=2016-07-17 |archive-date=2016-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716221649/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan |dead-url=no }}</ref>
有意見認為埃爾多安可能會仿效1933年[[魏瑪共和國|德國]]總理[[阿道夫·希特勒]]利用[[国会纵火案]]作藉口，剝奪[[公民自由]]和大舉拘捕反對者。超過2,700名土耳其法官在政變後迅即被解除職務一事，加深了一些人的憂慮。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-coup-conspiracy-theory-erdogan-military-gift-from-god-soldiers-istanbul-a7140516.html |title=Turkey coup: Conspiracy theorists claim attempt was faked by Erdogan |publisher=The Independent |date=2016-07-16 |accessdate=2016-07-16 |archive-date=2016-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716132404/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-coup-conspiracy-theory-erdogan-military-gift-from-god-soldiers-istanbul-a7140516.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>被埃爾多安指摘是政變幕後黑手的[[法图拉·葛兰]]否認指控。葛蘭說本次政變有可能是政府策劃。葛蘭的一名顧問說7月15日的政變策劃不周，「實行得很差勁，所有事看來都是對埃爾多安有利」，留下許多大疑問。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan |title=Fethullah Gülen: Turkey coup may have been 'staged' by Erdoğan regime |publisher=The Guardian |date=2016-07-16 |accessdate=2016-07-17 |archive-date=2016-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716221649/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan |dead-url=no }}</ref>
第185行： 第185行：


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3APDjZ2fVjs 央視官方頻道-政變導致土俄走近]{{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3APDjZ2fVjs |date=20200722052700 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3APDjZ2fVjs 央視官方頻道-政變導致土俄走近]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROkacUV6ThA 央視官方頻道-美土內鬨]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROkacUV6ThA 央視官方頻道-美土內鬨]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuOxyCEix-E 深度國際 - 俄羅斯插針土耳其]{{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuOxyCEix-E |date=20200722142534 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuOxyCEix-E 深度國際 - 俄羅斯插針土耳其]
*[http://news.cri.cn/20160716/9c9c8cd7-b35e-b91e-e27a-d38ef8037c45.html 國際在線-土政變失敗之謎]
*[http://news.cri.cn/20160716/9c9c8cd7-b35e-b91e-e27a-d38ef8037c45.html 國際在線-土政變失敗之謎]
{{-}}
{{-}}
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/2016年土耳其政變”