撒拉语：修订间差异

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'''撒拉语'''（'''{{Lang|slr|Salarça}}'''）归属[[突厥语系]][[乌古斯语支]]，使用者是[[撒拉族]]，他們主要聚居于中华人民共和国青海省[[循化撒拉族自治县]]、[[化隆回族自治县]][[甘都镇]]、[[海西蒙古族藏族自治州]]、[[海北藏族自治州]]、[[海南藏族自治州]]、[[西宁市]]、甘肃省[[临夏回族自治州]][[临夏市]]、[[积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县]]、新疆维吾尔自治区[[伊犁哈萨克自治州]][[伊宁县]]。撒拉語是烏古斯語支分布的最東界，其他的烏古斯語言（[[土耳其語]]、[[亞塞拜然語]]、[[土庫曼語]]等）多使用於中亞及西亞。撒拉族約有105,000人口，其中70,000人只說撒拉語<ref name="report for language code:slr">'''Ethnologue.com''' :[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=slr report for language code:slr]</ref> 。
'''撒拉语'''（'''{{Lang|slr|Salarça}}'''）归属[[突厥语系]][[乌古斯语支]]，使用者是[[撒拉族]]，他們主要聚居于中华人民共和国青海省[[循化撒拉族自治县]]、[[化隆回族自治县]][[甘都镇]]、[[海西蒙古族藏族自治州]]、[[海北藏族自治州]]、[[海南藏族自治州]]、[[西宁市]]、甘肃省[[临夏回族自治州]][[临夏市]]、[[积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县]]、新疆维吾尔自治区[[伊犁哈萨克自治州]][[伊宁县]]。撒拉語是烏古斯語支分布的最東界，其他的烏古斯語言（[[土耳其語]]、[[亞塞拜然語]]、[[土庫曼語]]等）多使用於中亞及西亞。撒拉族約有105,000人口，其中70,000人只說撒拉語<ref name="report for language code:slr">'''Ethnologue.com''' :[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=slr report for language code:slr]</ref>。


根據撒拉口述傳統與漢文編年史，[[西突厥]][[烏古斯人]]（Oghuz）[[撒魯爾]]（Salur）部族有部分在[[唐代]]遷徙到青海-甘肅邊境<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YWAERgYmFgC&pg=PR11|title=Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3447053105|editor1-last=Erdal|editor1-first=Marcel|volume=Volume 60 of Turcologica Series|page=xi|access-date=24 April 2014|editor2-last=Nevskaya|editor2-first=Irina}}</ref><ref name="Cultural China2">{{cite web|url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|title=China's Minority Peoples - The Salars|date=2007–2014|website=Cultural-china.com|publisher=Cultural China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005111325/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref>，撒拉族即為他們的後裔。現代撒拉語則有受到[[漢語]]與[[安多方言|安多藏語]]影響。
根據撒拉口述傳統與漢文編年史，[[西突厥]][[烏古斯人]]（Oghuz）[[撒魯爾]]（Salur）部族有部分在[[唐朝]]遷徙到青海-甘肅邊境<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YWAERgYmFgC&pg=PR11|title=Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3447053105|editor1-last=Erdal|editor1-first=Marcel|volume=Volume 60 of Turcologica Series|page=xi|access-date=24 April 2014|editor2-last=Nevskaya|editor2-first=Irina}}</ref><ref name="Cultural China2">{{cite web|url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|title=China's Minority Peoples - The Salars|date=2007–2014|website=Cultural-china.com|publisher=Cultural China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005111325/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref>，撒拉族即為他們的後裔。現代撒拉語則有受到[[漢語]]與[[安多方言|安多藏語]]影響。


== 分布 ==
== 分布 ==
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根據2002年的統計，撒拉族約有105,000人口，其中70,000人只說撒拉語<ref name="report for language code:slr" />{{Update inline|date=July 2021}}。
根據2002年的統計，撒拉族約有105,000人口，其中70,000人只說撒拉語<ref name="report for language code:slr" />{{Update inline|date=July 2021}}。


撒拉語是[[循化撒拉族自治县]]與[[積石山保安族東鄉族撒拉族自治縣]]的官方語言<ref name="Martí" /> 。青海撒拉族人大多並用[[蘭銀官話]]與撒拉語，以漢文作書面語，口頭溝通則用撒拉語。都市撒拉族人受到[[回族]]的漢語影響，撒拉語說得不如鄉村的族人流利<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA90 90]}}</ref>。
撒拉語是[[循化撒拉族自治县]]與[[積石山保安族東鄉族撒拉族自治縣]]的官方語言<ref name="Martí" />。青海撒拉族人大多並用[[蘭銀官話]]與撒拉語，以漢文作書面語，口頭溝通則用撒拉語。都市撒拉族人受到[[回族]]的漢語影響，撒拉語說得不如鄉村的族人流利<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA90 90]}}</ref>。


== 發音 ==
== 發音 ==
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撒拉語有语音同化、弱化、减音、脱落现象。在固有词词汇当中，音节结构有V、VC、CV、CVC、CVV、CVVC六种，汉藏语借词分别按照各自原语言的音节规律。
撒拉語有语音同化、弱化、减音、脱落现象。在固有词词汇当中，音节结构有V、VC、CV、CVC、CVV、CVVC六种，汉藏语借词分别按照各自原语言的音节规律。


伊犁撒拉語中，當/i, y/在詞首時，會讓輔音[[軟顎近音|/j/]]變成[[濁軟顎擦音|/ʝ/]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA116 116]}}</ref> ，青海撒拉語也有類似的發展<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA212 212]}}</ref>
伊犁撒拉語中，當/i, y/在詞首時，會讓輔音[[軟顎近音|/j/]]變成[[濁軟顎擦音|/ʝ/]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA116 116]}}</ref>，青海撒拉語也有類似的發展<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&pg=PA212 212]}}</ref>


== 词汇 ==
== 词汇 ==
撒拉語的固有词与周边突厥语族的亲属语言（如维吾尔语、[[哈萨克语]]、[[西部裕固语]]等）拥有共同的词源，語言中含有[[古突厥语]]遗留的词汇底层（例词：*ajaq→ajaχ，“碗”），「做」在撒拉語為「''ät''」（土耳其語為''et''）<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&q=salars+oghuz&pg=PA665|title=The Handbook of Language Contact|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2010|isbn=978-1405175807|editor-last=Hickey|editor-first=Raymond|edition=illustrated|page=665|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>，分詞使用''miš''（土耳其語為''-mış''）<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHlCi_yws4YC&q=salar+oghuz&pg=PA201|title=Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12–14, 1998|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2000|isbn=978-3447042932|editor1-last=Göksel|editor1-first=Aslı|edition=illustrated|volume=Volume 46 of Turcologica Series|page=201|access-date=24 April 2014|editor2-last=Kerslake|editor2-first=Celia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hahn |first=Reinhard F. |date=1988 |title=Notes on the Origin and Development of the Salar Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm8hAQAAMAAJ&q=salar+oghuz |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2/3 |pages=248, 259, 260 |jstor=23657773}}</ref> 。此外，撒拉語有一个语言来源尚不明确的词汇底层（例：bɑt，“鸭”）。
撒拉語的固有词与周边突厥语族的亲属语言（如维吾尔语、[[哈萨克语]]、[[西部裕固语]]等）拥有共同的词源，語言中含有[[古突厥语]]遗留的词汇底层（例词：*ajaq→ajaχ，“碗”），「做」在撒拉語為「''ät''」（土耳其語為''et''）<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&q=salars+oghuz&pg=PA665|title=The Handbook of Language Contact|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2010|isbn=978-1405175807|editor-last=Hickey|editor-first=Raymond|edition=illustrated|page=665|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>，分詞使用''miš''（土耳其語為''-mış''）<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHlCi_yws4YC&q=salar+oghuz&pg=PA201|title=Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12–14, 1998|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2000|isbn=978-3447042932|editor1-last=Göksel|editor1-first=Aslı|edition=illustrated|volume=Volume 46 of Turcologica Series|page=201|access-date=24 April 2014|editor2-last=Kerslake|editor2-first=Celia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hahn |first=Reinhard F. |date=1988 |title=Notes on the Origin and Development of the Salar Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm8hAQAAMAAJ&q=salar+oghuz |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2/3 |pages=248, 259, 260 |jstor=23657773}}</ref>。此外，撒拉語有一个语言来源尚不明确的词汇底层（例：bɑt，“鸭”）。


由于撒拉族人长期与[[汉族]]、[[藏族]]、[[回族]]杂居，撒拉语词汇中掺有很多外来语借词。青海撒拉語受到漢語與藏語影響甚大<ref>{{cite book|title=Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages|editor1-first=Lars|editor1-last=Johanson|editor2-first=Bo|editor2-last=Utas|volume=Volume 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology|issn=0933-761X|year=2000|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H55NjkRtrpoC&pg=PA58|page=58|isbn=978-3110161588|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>，儘管有突厥語源，語言結構卻深受漢語影響。汉语借词约占20%以上，比周边其他的[[突厥语族]]、[[蒙古语族]]语言的汉语借词比例要高，主要为现代政治、经济、科技、文化等相关的词汇（例词：vunxuɑ，“文化”、dienjin，“电影”）。藏语借词约占10%以上（例词：ʃo，“酸奶”、lɑŋsɑ，“大背斗”）。撒拉語常常向周遭漢語借詞，反之，鄰近的官話方言也有部分詞彙受到撒拉語影響<ref name="Hickey 664">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&q=yellow+uyghurs&pg=PA664|title=The Handbook of Language Contact|author=Raymond Hickey|editor=Raymond Hickey|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|edition=illustrated|page=664|isbn=978-1-4051-7580-7|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> 。
由于撒拉族人长期与[[汉族]]、[[藏族]]、[[回族]]杂居，撒拉语词汇中掺有很多外来语借词。青海撒拉語受到漢語與藏語影響甚大<ref>{{cite book|title=Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages|editor1-first=Lars|editor1-last=Johanson|editor2-first=Bo|editor2-last=Utas|volume=Volume 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology|issn=0933-761X|year=2000|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H55NjkRtrpoC&pg=PA58|page=58|isbn=978-3110161588|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>，儘管有突厥語源，語言結構卻深受漢語影響。汉语借词约占20%以上，比周边其他的[[突厥语族]]、[[蒙古语族]]语言的汉语借词比例要高，主要为现代政治、经济、科技、文化等相关的词汇（例词：vunxuɑ，“文化”、dienjin，“电影”）。藏语借词约占10%以上（例词：ʃo，“酸奶”、lɑŋsɑ，“大背斗”）。撒拉語常常向周遭漢語借詞，反之，鄰近的官話方言也有部分詞彙受到撒拉語影響<ref name="Hickey 664">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&q=yellow+uyghurs&pg=PA664|title=The Handbook of Language Contact|author=Raymond Hickey|editor=Raymond Hickey|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|edition=illustrated|page=664|isbn=978-1-4051-7580-7|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>。


撒拉語中另有少部分[[波斯语]]和[[阿拉伯语]]的宗教用词（例词：kirid，（波）“钥匙”、dunjɑ，（阿）“世界”）。还有极少数的借词来自[[蒙古语]]、[[土族语]]和[[保安语]]。當代中國共產黨政府的政策是放大突厥語源，傾向在學術與口語上忽略漢語與藏語的影響<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=salar+han+chinese&pg=PA72|title=Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China|author=William Safran|editor=William Safran|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press|edition=illustrated|page=72|isbn=978-0-7146-4921-4|volume=Volume 1 of Cass series—nationalism and ethnicity|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>。
撒拉語中另有少部分[[波斯语]]和[[阿拉伯语]]的宗教用词（例词：kirid，（波）“钥匙”、dunjɑ，（阿）“世界”）。还有极少数的借词来自[[蒙古语]]、[[土族语]]和[[保安语]]。當代中國共產黨政府的政策是放大突厥語源，傾向在學術與口語上忽略漢語與藏語的影響<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=salar+han+chinese&pg=PA72|title=Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China|author=William Safran|editor=William Safran|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press|edition=illustrated|page=72|isbn=978-0-7146-4921-4|volume=Volume 1 of Cass series—nationalism and ethnicity|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>。
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== 文字 ==
== 文字 ==
撒拉语目前没有正式的官方语文管理机构，也没有正式的撒拉文字。撒拉语以前使用以阿拉伯字母为基础的“土尔克撒拉文”（又作“图尔克撒拉文”、“土耳克撒拉文”）<ref>{{Cite book |last=Embree |first=Ainslie Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilAYAAAAIAAJ&q=There+are+30000+speakers+of+Salar,+which+is+closely+related+to+Uighur,+virtually+all+of+whom+live+in+Gansu+Province,+China%3B+they+use+the+Arabic+script |title=Encyclopedia of Asian history |last2=Lewis |first2=Robin Jeanne |date=1988 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-18901-7 |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie Thomas |edition=2 |volume=4 |page=154}}</ref> ，土尔克文主要用于《[[古兰经]]》的释义以及其他宗教书刊的翻译（如手抄的土尔克文《古兰经》、别称《杂学本本》的《土耳克杂学》），至今民间仍保存着一些用土尔克文书写的文献，在傳統上意義重大<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=91}}</ref>。
撒拉语目前没有正式的官方语文管理机构，也没有正式的撒拉文字。撒拉语以前使用以阿拉伯字母为基础的“土尔克撒拉文”（又作“图尔克撒拉文”、“土耳克撒拉文”）<ref>{{Cite book |last=Embree |first=Ainslie Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilAYAAAAIAAJ&q=There+are+30000+speakers+of+Salar,+which+is+closely+related+to+Uighur,+virtually+all+of+whom+live+in+Gansu+Province,+China%3B+they+use+the+Arabic+script |title=Encyclopedia of Asian history |last2=Lewis |first2=Robin Jeanne |date=1988 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-18901-7 |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie Thomas |edition=2 |volume=4 |page=154}}</ref>，土尔克文主要用于《[[古兰经]]》的释义以及其他宗教书刊的翻译（如手抄的土尔克文《古兰经》、别称《杂学本本》的《土耳克杂学》），至今民间仍保存着一些用土尔克文书写的文献，在傳統上意義重大<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dwyer|2007|p=91}}</ref>。


拉丁字母部分，年輕一代的撒拉族人通常以土耳其語正字法拼寫撒拉語，於網路上使用撒拉語亦頗為流行。主要使用民间[[中国撒拉尔青年联盟]]（Çin Salır Yixdiler Birleşix）推行的TB30及“TB31拉丁文”，共31个字母，8个元音字母，23个辅音字母，不喜歡拉丁字母的族人則用漢字表記語音<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=salar+arabic+script&pg=PA77 |title=Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China |date=1998 |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=0-7146-4921-X |edition=illustrated |location=London |page=77}}</ref>。缺乏官方書寫系統，使撒拉族通常以漢文當作書面語，撒拉語當作口頭語<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding the Chinese Economies|first=Rongxing|last=Guo|year=2012|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0123978264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWc2I03-UQIC&pg=PA39|page=39|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923141105/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html|archive-date=23 September 2012|title= The Salar Nationality |date=2007–2014 |website= cultural-china.com |publisher= Cultural China |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522032517/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|archive-date=22 May 2012|title=China's Minority Peoples – The Salars |date= 2007–2014 |website=cultural-china.com |publisher= Cultural China |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Thammy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5w9M8n9_a8C&q=salar+arabic+script&pg=PA42 |title=Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China |date=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-158-6 |edition=illustrated |page=42 |language=en}}</ref>。中國政府曾經研發一套類似[[新維文]]的新撒拉拉丁字母，但與IPA對應不齊整，且無法在通常的拉丁字母鍵盤上輸入，後遭廢棄。[[语言学]]研究出版物通常直接使用[[国际音标]]书写。
拉丁字母部分，年輕一代的撒拉族人通常以土耳其語正字法拼寫撒拉語，於網路上使用撒拉語亦頗為流行。主要使用民间[[中国撒拉尔青年联盟]]（Çin Salır Yixdiler Birleşix）推行的TB30及“TB31拉丁文”，共31个字母，8个元音字母，23个辅音字母，不喜歡拉丁字母的族人則用漢字表記語音<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=salar+arabic+script&pg=PA77 |title=Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China |date=1998 |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=0-7146-4921-X |edition=illustrated |location=London |page=77}}</ref>。缺乏官方書寫系統，使撒拉族通常以漢文當作書面語，撒拉語當作口頭語<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding the Chinese Economies|first=Rongxing|last=Guo|year=2012|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0123978264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWc2I03-UQIC&pg=PA39|page=39|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923141105/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions842.html|archive-date=23 September 2012|title= The Salar Nationality |date=2007–2014 |website= cultural-china.com |publisher= Cultural China |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522032517/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/127Traditions9610.html|archive-date=22 May 2012|title=China's Minority Peoples – The Salars |date= 2007–2014 |website=cultural-china.com |publisher= Cultural China |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Thammy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5w9M8n9_a8C&q=salar+arabic+script&pg=PA42 |title=Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China |date=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-158-6 |edition=illustrated |page=42 |language=en}}</ref>。中國政府曾經研發一套類似[[新維文]]的新撒拉拉丁字母，但與IPA對應不齊整，且無法在通常的拉丁字母鍵盤上輸入，後遭廢棄。[[语言学]]研究出版物通常直接使用[[国际音标]]书写。


{{Tsl|en|Grigory Potanin|格列高里‧波塔寧|波塔寧}}與[[瓦西里·拉德洛夫|拉德洛夫]]在1893年的俄語著作《中國與蒙古的-{党}-項-吐蕃邊境》（''The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia''<ref name="Poppe 1953">{{Cite journal |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas |date=1953 |title=Remarks on the Salar Language |url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/POPPE/poppe_salar.pdf |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |pages=438–477 |doi=10.2307/2718250 |jstor=2718250 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316172207/http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/POPPE/poppe_salar.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>）中，曾以西里爾字母拼寫他蒐集到的撒拉語<ref name="Potanin1893 1">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crgQAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA426 |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |pages=1– |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893 2">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PwTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA426 |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |year=1893 |pages=426– |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893 3">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA426 |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |volume=2 |page=426 |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref>、[[西部裕固語]]與[[東部裕固語]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugurology |url=http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/yugurol.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005162152/http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/yugurol.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2003 |website=The Western Yugur Steppe |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Potanin1893">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crgQAQAAMAAJ |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QMyAQAAMAAJ |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |volume=2 |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893 1">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PwTAAAAIAAJ |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |year=1893 |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref>。[[柔克義]]1894年的著作《1891-1892蒙藏紀行》（ ''Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892''）中，則利用[[威妥瑪拼音]]記錄了一些撒拉語<ref name="Poppe 1953" /><ref name="Rockhill1894">{{cite book|author=William Woodville Rockhill|author-link=William Woodville Rockhill|title=Diary of a Journey Through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryajourneyth01rockgoog|year=1894|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diaryajourneyth01rockgoog/page/n457 373]–376}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockhill |first=W. W. |date=1892 |title=[Letter from W. W. Rockhill] |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |language=en |pages=598–602 |jstor=25197112}}</ref>。
{{Tsl|en|Grigory Potanin|格列高里‧波塔寧|波塔寧}}與[[瓦西里·拉德洛夫|拉德洛夫]]在1893年的俄語著作《中國與蒙古的-{党}-項-吐蕃邊境》（''The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia''<ref name="Poppe 1953">{{Cite journal |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas |date=1953 |title=Remarks on the Salar Language |url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/POPPE/poppe_salar.pdf |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |pages=438–477 |doi=10.2307/2718250 |jstor=2718250 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316172207/http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/POPPE/poppe_salar.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-16}}</ref>）中，曾以西里爾字母拼寫他蒐集到的撒拉語<ref name="Potanin1893 1">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crgQAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA426 |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |pages=1– |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893 2">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PwTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA426 |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |year=1893 |pages=426– |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893 3">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QMyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA426 |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |volume=2 |page=426 |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref>、[[西部裕固語]]與[[東部裕固語]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yugurology |url=http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/yugurol.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005162152/http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/yugurol.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2003 |website=The Western Yugur Steppe |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Potanin1893">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crgQAQAAMAAJ |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QMyAQAAMAAJ |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |volume=2 |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref><ref name="Потанин1893 1">{{Cite book |last=Potanin |first=Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PwTAAAAIAAJ |title=Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886 |date=1893 |publisher=Typ. A. S. Suvoryna |year=1893 |script-title=ru:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886}}</ref>。[[柔克義]]1894年的著作《1891-1892蒙藏紀行》（ ''Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892''）中，則利用[[威妥瑪拼音]]記錄了一些撒拉語<ref name="Poppe 1953" /><ref name="Rockhill1894">{{cite book|author=William Woodville Rockhill|author-link=William Woodville Rockhill|title=Diary of a Journey Through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryajourneyth01rockgoog|year=1894|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diaryajourneyth01rockgoog/page/n457 373]–376}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockhill |first=W. W. |date=1892 |title=[Letter from W. W. Rockhill] |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |language=en |pages=598–602 |jstor=25197112}}</ref>。
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/撒拉语”