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无编辑摘要 |
小 (机器人:清理不当的来源、移除无用的模板参数;整理源码) |
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{{Redirect|死語|过去常用但目前罕用的词语 |
{{Redirect|死語|过去常用但目前罕用的词语|廢語|}} |
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{{Expand english}} |
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[[File:Eteocypriot writing.jpg|thumb|right|240px|發現於[[賽普勒斯]]{{tsl|en|Amathous|Amathous|Amathous}}約[[公元前]]500年至300年之間的[[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]]文字模板,現藏於[[阿什莫林博物館]]]] |
[[File:Eteocypriot writing.jpg|thumb|right|240px|發現於[[賽普勒斯]]{{tsl|en|Amathous|Amathous|Amathous}}約[[公元前]]500年至300年之間的[[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]]文字模板,現藏於[[阿什莫林博物館]]]] |
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'''絕跡 |
'''絕跡语言'''({{lang-en|Extinct language}}),又稱'''滅絕语言'''、'''灭亡语言'''、'''死語''',指一种已經不再有人以之作為[[母語]]的[[语言]]。根據估計,每兩星期就有一种人類的语言滅亡,變成絕跡语言。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/19/science/sci-language19|title=Researchers say a language disappears every two weeks|author=Thomas H. Maugh II|date=2007-09-19|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref> |
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但在一些特殊情況中,某些国家需藉助之前已滅亡国家的名义來保持自己的勢力及合法性,此时与该灭亡国家有關的绝迹 |
但在一些特殊情況中,某些国家需藉助之前已滅亡国家的名义來保持自己的勢力及合法性,此时与该灭亡国家有關的绝迹语言就得以持續被使用在[[科學]]、[[法律|律法]]、[[宗教]]等各種方面,从而保存下來,並繼續以非母語的方式使用。例如[[拉丁語]]與[[古希臘語]]被用來造科學方面的新詞,而其他如[[古教會斯拉夫語]]、[[阿維斯陀語]]、[[科普特語]]及[[吉茲語]]等則仍然用於宗教儀式或文学作品中。 |
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其他有些 |
其他有些组织則會為了特定情境、文化的氣氛營造,而偶爾使用這些絕跡语言,例如[[美国童軍]]就會在他們一個童軍儀式「[[聖箭盟]]」裡使用一种[[北美印地安人]]的絕跡语言[[倫尼萊納佩語]]。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g/|title=Boy Scouts Playing Indians|author=Charles Kader|date=2015-08-26|work=Indian Country Today|accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html|title=The Vigil Honor|accessdate=2018-06-06|publisher=Cowikee Lodge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Boy-Scouts’-Order-of-the-Arrow-appropriating-Native-American-culture|title=Is the Boy Scouts’ Order of the Arrow appropriating Native American culture?|accessdate=2018-06-06|author=Bill Spencer|date=2017-03-12|publisher=Quora}}</ref> |
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==近代已知滅亡 |
== 近代已知滅亡语言 == |
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以最後一位將其作為[[母語]]的說話人之死亡日期為判定基準: |
以最後一位將其作為[[母語]]的說話人之死亡日期為判定基準: |
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#[[立窝尼亚语]]:(2013年) |
# [[立窝尼亚语]]:(2013年) |
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# [[阿岱語]](Adai):(19世紀末葉) |
# [[阿岱語]](Adai):(19世紀末葉) |
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# [[阿卡波語]](Aka-Bo):Boa Sr(2010年) |
# [[阿卡波語]](Aka-Bo):Boa Sr(2010年) |
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# 埃塞倫語([[Esselen language|Esselen]]):report of a few speakers left in 1833, extinct before the end of the 19th century |
# 埃塞倫語([[Esselen language|Esselen]]):report of a few speakers left in 1833, extinct before the end of the 19th century |
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# [[埃雅克語]](屬於[[納-德內 |
# [[埃雅克語]](屬於[[納-德內语系]]):{{tsl|en|Marie Smith Jones|Marie Smith Jones|瑪麗·史密斯·瓊斯}}(2008年1月21日)<ref name="save">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12483451&fsrc=rss|title=When nobody understands|author=|date=2008-10-23|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=2008-10-25|quote=The electronic age drives some languages out of existence, but can help save others}}</ref> |
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# 加布列利諾語([[Tongva language|Gabrielino]],又稱通瓦語〔Tongva〕,一 |
# 加布列利諾語([[Tongva language|Gabrielino]],又稱通瓦語〔Tongva〕,一种[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] language):elderly speakers last recorded in 1933 |
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# 贾法特語([[Gafat language|Gafat]],一 |
# 贾法特語([[Gafat language|Gafat]],一种[[Ethiopian Semitic languages|南埃塞俄比亞閃米特語]]):four speakers found in 1947 after much effort, no subsequent record |
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# 加里斯語([[Galice language|Galice-Applegate]],一 |
# 加里斯語([[Galice language|Galice-Applegate]],一种[[Athabaskan languages|阿薩巴斯卡語]]) |
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## 加里斯方言(Galice dialect):Hoxie Simmons(1963年) |
## 加里斯方言(Galice dialect):Hoxie Simmons(1963年) |
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# [[北波莫語]]:(1994年) |
# [[北波莫語]]:(1994年) |
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# ''[[Nottoway language|Nottoway]]''(an [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] language):(最後的 |
# ''[[Nottoway language|Nottoway]]''(an [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] language):(最後的记录是在1836年之前) |
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# ''[[Pentlatch language|Pentlatch]]''(a [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] language):Joe Nimnim(1940年) |
# ''[[Pentlatch language|Pentlatch]]''(a [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] language):Joe Nimnim(1940年) |
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# ''[[Pánobo language|Pánobo]]''(a [[Pano–Tacanan languages|Pano–Tacanan]] language):(1991年) |
# ''[[Pánobo language|Pánobo]]''(a [[Pano–Tacanan languages|Pano–Tacanan]] language):(1991年) |
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# ''[[Tunica language|Tunica]]'':[[Sesostrie Youchigant]](ca. mid 20th century) |
# ''[[Tunica language|Tunica]]'':[[Sesostrie Youchigant]](ca. mid 20th century) |
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# ''[[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]'':[[Tevfik Esenç]](1992年10月) |
# ''[[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]'':[[Tevfik Esenç]](1992年10月) |
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# Most dialects of ''[[Upper Chinook language|Upper Chinook]]''(a [[Chinookan languages|Chinook]]an language)are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. The ''[[Clackamas Indians|Clackamas]] dialect'' became extinct in the(1930's),other dialects have little documentation. (The [[Wasco-Wishram language]] is still spoken by five elders).<ref>[http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Culture/ Culture: Language.] |
# Most dialects of ''[[Upper Chinook language|Upper Chinook]]''(a [[Chinookan languages|Chinook]]an language)are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. The ''[[Clackamas Indians|Clackamas]] dialect'' became extinct in the(1930's),other dialects have little documentation. (The [[Wasco-Wishram language]] is still spoken by five elders).<ref>[http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Culture/ Culture: Language.] ''The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon.'' 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)</ref> |
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# ''[[Upper Umpqua language|Upper Umpqua]]'':Wolverton Orton, last recorded in(1942年) |
# ''[[Upper Umpqua language|Upper Umpqua]]'':Wolverton Orton, last recorded in(1942年) |
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# ''Vegliot [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]'':[[Tuone Udaina]](Italian: Antonio Udina,10 June 1898年6月10日) |
# ''Vegliot [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]'':[[Tuone Udaina]](Italian: Antonio Udina,10 June 1898年6月10日) |
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# [[约拉语]]:中古英語的分支(19世紀中葉) |
# [[约拉语]]:中古英語的分支(19世紀中葉) |
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==滅亡 |
== 滅亡语言列表 == |
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*[[亞洲滅亡 |
* [[亞洲滅亡语言列表]] |
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*[[欧洲灭亡语言列表|歐洲滅亡 |
* [[欧洲灭亡语言列表|歐洲滅亡语言列表]](List of extinct languages of Europe) |
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== 參見 == |
== 參見 == |
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* [[瀕危 |
* [[瀕危语言]] |
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* [[ |
* [[语言復興]] |
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*[[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]] |
* [[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]] |
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==註釋== |
== 註釋 == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== 參考文獻 == |
== 參考文獻 == |
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{{refbegin|2}} |
{{refbegin|2}} |
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* Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). ''Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7785-6. |
* Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). ''Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7785-6. |
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* Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth(eds.,1977) ''Language death'' (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton. |
* Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth(eds.,1977) ''Language death'' (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton. |
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* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com |
* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com ). |
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* Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0. |
* Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0. |
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* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X. |
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X. |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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== 外部連結 == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193818/http://mypage.iu.edu/~shetter/miniatures/extinct.htm The Dodo's Fate: How languages become extinct] |
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* [http://linguistlist.org/ancientlgs.html Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages] {{Wayback|url=http://linguistlist.org/ancientlgs.html |date=20100125033026 }}&[http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/ancient-extinct-temp.html A list of ancient and extinct languages with temporary codes] {{Wayback|url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/ancient-extinct-temp.html |date=20090226043119 }} |
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* [http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm The Foundation of Endangered Languages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm |date=20180616051442 }} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181124171254/http://endangered-languages.com/ Endangered Languages] |
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{{refend}} |
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[[Category:已灭亡语言| ]] |
[[Category:已灭亡语言| ]] |