绝迹语言:修订间差异

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{{Redirect|死語|过去常用但目前罕用的词语|{{lj|廢語|廃語}}}}
{{Redirect|死語|过去常用但目前罕用的词语|廢語|}}
{{Expand english}}
[[File:Eteocypriot writing.jpg|thumb|right|240px|發現於[[賽普勒斯]]{{tsl|en|Amathous|Amathous|Amathous}}約[[公元前]]500年至300年之間的[[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]]文字模板,現藏於[[阿什莫林博物館]]]]
[[File:Eteocypriot writing.jpg|thumb|right|240px|發現於[[賽普勒斯]]{{tsl|en|Amathous|Amathous|Amathous}}約[[公元前]]500年至300年之間的[[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]]文字模板,現藏於[[阿什莫林博物館]]]]


'''絕跡言'''({{lang-en|Extinct language}}),又稱'''滅絕言'''、'''灭亡语言'''、'''死語''',指一已經不再有人以之作為[[母語]]的[[言]]。根據估計,每兩星期就有一人類的言滅亡,變成絕跡言。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/19/science/sci-language19|title=Researchers say a language disappears every two weeks|author=Thomas H. Maugh II|date=2007-09-19|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2018-06-06|archive-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125001843/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/19/science/sci-language19}}</ref>
'''絕跡言'''({{lang-en|Extinct language}}),又稱'''滅絕言'''、'''灭亡语言'''、'''死語''',指一已經不再有人以之作為[[母語]]的[[言]]。根據估計,每兩星期就有一人類的言滅亡,變成絕跡言。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/19/science/sci-language19|title=Researchers say a language disappears every two weeks|author=Thomas H. Maugh II|date=2007-09-19|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref>


但在一些特殊情況中,某些国家需藉助之前已滅亡国家的名义來保持自己的勢力及合法性,此时与该灭亡国家有關的绝迹言就得以持續被使用在[[科學]]、[[法律|律法]]、[[宗教]]等各種方面,从而保存下來,並繼續以非母語的方式使用。例如[[拉丁語]]與[[古希臘語]]被用來造科學方面的新詞,而其他如[[古教會斯拉夫語]]、[[阿維斯陀語]]、[[科普特語]]及[[吉茲語]]等則仍然用於宗教儀式或文学作品中。
但在一些特殊情況中,某些国家需藉助之前已滅亡国家的名义來保持自己的勢力及合法性,此时与该灭亡国家有關的绝迹言就得以持續被使用在[[科學]]、[[法律|律法]]、[[宗教]]等各種方面,从而保存下來,並繼續以非母語的方式使用。例如[[拉丁語]]與[[古希臘語]]被用來造科學方面的新詞,而其他如[[古教會斯拉夫語]]、[[阿維斯陀語]]、[[科普特語]]及[[吉茲語]]等則仍然用於宗教儀式或文学作品中。


其他有些組織則會為了特定情境、文化的氣氛營造,而偶爾使用這些絕跡言,例如[[美童軍]]就會在他們一個童軍儀式「[[聖箭盟]]」裡使用一[[北美印地安人]]的絕跡言[[倫尼萊納佩語]]。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g/|title=Boy Scouts Playing Indians|author=Charles Kader|date=2015-08-26|work=Indian Country Today|accessdate=2018-06-06|archive-date=2019-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606163129/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html|title=The Vigil Honor|accessdate=2018-06-06|publisher=Cowikee Lodge|archive-date=2009-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306171251/http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Boy-Scouts’-Order-of-the-Arrow-appropriating-Native-American-culture|title=Is the Boy Scouts’ Order of the Arrow appropriating Native American culture?|accessdate=2018-06-06|author=Bill Spencer|date=2017-03-12|publisher=Quora}}</ref>
其他有些组织則會為了特定情境、文化的氣氛營造,而偶爾使用這些絕跡言,例如[[美童軍]]就會在他們一個童軍儀式「[[聖箭盟]]」裡使用一[[北美印地安人]]的絕跡言[[倫尼萊納佩語]]。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/boy-scouts-playing-indians-X039STijO0q2mOW6AMEk_g/|title=Boy Scouts Playing Indians|author=Charles Kader|date=2015-08-26|work=Indian Country Today|accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alflcouncilbsa.org/OA_files/OA_Vigil.html|title=The Vigil Honor|accessdate=2018-06-06|publisher=Cowikee Lodge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Boy-Scouts’-Order-of-the-Arrow-appropriating-Native-American-culture|title=Is the Boy Scouts’ Order of the Arrow appropriating Native American culture?|accessdate=2018-06-06|author=Bill Spencer|date=2017-03-12|publisher=Quora}}</ref>


==近代已知滅亡言==
== 近代已知滅亡 ==


以最後一位將其作為[[母語]]的說話人之死亡日期為判定基準:
以最後一位將其作為[[母語]]的說話人之死亡日期為判定基準:
#[[立窝尼亚语]]:(2013年)
# [[立窝尼亚语]]:(2013年)
# [[阿岱語]](Adai):(19世紀末葉)
# [[阿岱語]](Adai):(19世紀末葉)
# [[阿卡波語]](Aka-Bo):Boa Sr(2010年)
# [[阿卡波語]](Aka-Bo):Boa Sr(2010年)
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# 埃塞倫語([[Esselen language|Esselen]]):report of a few speakers left in 1833, extinct before the end of the 19th century
# 埃塞倫語([[Esselen language|Esselen]]):report of a few speakers left in 1833, extinct before the end of the 19th century
-->
-->
# [[埃雅克語]](屬於[[納-德內系]]):{{tsl|en|Marie Smith Jones|Marie Smith Jones|瑪麗·史密斯·瓊斯}}(2008年1月21日)<ref name="save">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12483451&fsrc=rss|title=When nobody understands|author=|date=2008-10-23|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=2008-10-25|quote=The electronic age drives some languages out of existence, but can help save others|archive-date=2009-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224104102/http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12483451&fsrc=rss}}</ref>
# [[埃雅克語]](屬於[[納-德內系]]):{{tsl|en|Marie Smith Jones|Marie Smith Jones|瑪麗·史密斯·瓊斯}}(2008年1月21日)<ref name="save">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12483451&fsrc=rss|title=When nobody understands|author=|date=2008-10-23|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=2008-10-25|quote=The electronic age drives some languages out of existence, but can help save others}}</ref>
<!--
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# 加布列利諾語([[Tongva language|Gabrielino]],又稱通瓦語〔Tongva〕,一[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] language):elderly speakers last recorded in 1933
# 加布列利諾語([[Tongva language|Gabrielino]],又稱通瓦語〔Tongva〕,一[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] language):elderly speakers last recorded in 1933
# 贾法特語([[Gafat language|Gafat]],一[[Ethiopian Semitic languages|南埃塞俄比亞閃米特語]]):four speakers found in 1947 after much effort, no subsequent record
# 贾法特語([[Gafat language|Gafat]],一[[Ethiopian Semitic languages|南埃塞俄比亞閃米特語]]):four speakers found in 1947 after much effort, no subsequent record
# 加里斯語([[Galice language|Galice-Applegate]],一[[Athabaskan languages|阿薩巴斯卡語]])
# 加里斯語([[Galice language|Galice-Applegate]],一[[Athabaskan languages|阿薩巴斯卡語]])
## 加里斯方言(Galice dialect):Hoxie Simmons(1963年)
## 加里斯方言(Galice dialect):Hoxie Simmons(1963年)
-->
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# [[北波莫語]]:(1994年)
# [[北波莫語]]:(1994年)
<!--
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# ''[[Nottoway language|Nottoway]]''(an [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] language):(最後的記錄是在1836年之前)
# ''[[Nottoway language|Nottoway]]''(an [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] language):(最後的记录是在1836年之前)
# ''[[Pentlatch language|Pentlatch]]''(a [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] language):Joe Nimnim(1940年)
# ''[[Pentlatch language|Pentlatch]]''(a [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] language):Joe Nimnim(1940年)
# ''[[Pánobo language|Pánobo]]''(a [[Pano–Tacanan languages|Pano–Tacanan]] language):(1991年)
# ''[[Pánobo language|Pánobo]]''(a [[Pano–Tacanan languages|Pano–Tacanan]] language):(1991年)
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# ''[[Tunica language|Tunica]]'':[[Sesostrie Youchigant]](ca. mid 20th century)
# ''[[Tunica language|Tunica]]'':[[Sesostrie Youchigant]](ca. mid 20th century)
# ''[[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]'':[[Tevfik Esenç]](1992年10月)
# ''[[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]'':[[Tevfik Esenç]](1992年10月)
# Most dialects of ''[[Upper Chinook language|Upper Chinook]]''(a [[Chinookan languages|Chinook]]an language)are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. The ''[[Clackamas Indians|Clackamas]] dialect'' became extinct in the(1930's),other dialects have little documentation. (The [[Wasco-Wishram language]] is still spoken by five elders).<ref>[http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Culture/ Culture: Language.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20060323201356/http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Culture/ |date=2006-03-23 }} ''The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon.'' 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)</ref>
# Most dialects of ''[[Upper Chinook language|Upper Chinook]]''(a [[Chinookan languages|Chinook]]an language)are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. The ''[[Clackamas Indians|Clackamas]] dialect'' became extinct in the(1930's),other dialects have little documentation. (The [[Wasco-Wishram language]] is still spoken by five elders).<ref>[http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Culture/ Culture: Language.] ''The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon.'' 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)</ref>
# ''[[Upper Umpqua language|Upper Umpqua]]'':Wolverton Orton, last recorded in(1942年)
# ''[[Upper Umpqua language|Upper Umpqua]]'':Wolverton Orton, last recorded in(1942年)
# ''Vegliot [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]'':[[Tuone Udaina]](Italian: Antonio Udina,10 June 1898年6月10日)
# ''Vegliot [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]]'':[[Tuone Udaina]](Italian: Antonio Udina,10 June 1898年6月10日)
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# [[约拉语]]:中古英語的分支(19世紀中葉)
# [[约拉语]]:中古英語的分支(19世紀中葉)


==滅亡言列表==
== 滅亡言列表 ==
*[[亞洲滅亡言列表]]
* [[亞洲滅亡言列表]]
*[[欧洲灭亡语言列表|歐洲滅亡言列表]](List of extinct languages of Europe)
* [[欧洲灭亡语言列表|歐洲滅亡言列表]](List of extinct languages of Europe)


== 參見 ==
== 參見 ==
* [[瀕危言]]
* [[瀕危言]]
* [[言復興]]
* [[言復興]]
*[[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]]
* [[伊特拉塞浦路斯语]]


==註釋==
== 註釋 ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== 參考文獻 ==
== 參考文獻 ==
{{refbegin|2}}
{{refbegin|2}}
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* Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). ''Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7785-6.
* Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). ''Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7785-6.
* Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth(eds.,1977) ''Language death'' (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
* Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth(eds.,1977) ''Language death'' (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ |date=20071227170852 }}).
* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com ).
* Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0.
* Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
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{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== 外部連結 ==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193818/http://mypage.iu.edu/~shetter/miniatures/extinct.htm The Dodo's Fate: How languages become extinct]
* [http://linguistlist.org/ancientlgs.html Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages] {{Wayback|url=http://linguistlist.org/ancientlgs.html |date=20100125033026 }}&[http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/ancient-extinct-temp.html A list of ancient and extinct languages with temporary codes] {{Wayback|url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/ancient-extinct-temp.html |date=20090226043119 }}
* [http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm The Foundation of Endangered Languages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ogmios.org/home.htm |date=20180616051442 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181124171254/http://endangered-languages.com/ Endangered Languages]
{{refend}}

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[[Category:已灭亡语言| ]]
[[Category:已灭亡语言| ]]