砂拉越：修订间差异

|G1=melayu

| name = 砂拉越<br>{{lang|ms|Sarawak}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10991834|title=砂拉越，沙巴和新加坡宣布独立|archivedate=1963 |publisher=The National Archives|archiveurl=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10991834}}</ref>

| nickname = [[犀鸟]]之乡<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profil Negeri Sarawak (Sarawak state profile) |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html |accessdate=2016-01-12 |publisher=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Information Department) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421063249/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html |archivedate=2015-04-21}}</ref><br />''{{small|Bumi Kenyalang}}''

| anthem = 《{{tsl|en|Ibu Pertiwiku|我的故鄉}}》<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak State Anthem |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174/ |accessdate=2016-01-12 |publisher=Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185320/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174/ |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>

| p10 = [[西连省]]<ref name="dv">{{Cite web |title=西连陞格为省份 |url=http://www.orientaldaily.com.my/east-malaysia/dm57447 |accessdate=2016-11-02 |date=2015-04-11 |publisher=东方日报 |archive-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182325/http://www.orientaldaily.com.my/east-malaysia/dm57447 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| p12 = [[斯里阿曼省]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Divisions and Districts |url=http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=160&subcatid=&polid=137 |accessdate=2015-07-23 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723154751/http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=160&subcatid=&polid=137 |archivedate=2015-07-23}}</ref>

| government_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yang di-Pertua Negeri |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/173/189/ |accessdate=2016-01-12 |publisher=Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907192409/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/173/189/ |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister of Sarawak |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/174/190/ |accessdate=2016-01-12 |publisher=Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907192340/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/174/190/ |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>

| area_footnotes = <ref name="State Planning Unit stats">{{Cite web |title=Sarawak – Facts and Figures 2011 |url=http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/downloads/Facts%20&%20Figures/Sarawak%202010%20Facts%20&%20Figures.pdf |accessdate=2015-11-24 |publisher=Sarawak State Planning Unit, Chief Minister Department |pages=5, 9, 15, 22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124002626/http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/downloads/Facts%20%26%20Figures/Sarawak%202010%20Facts%20%26%20Figures.pdf |archivedate=2015-11-24 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

| population_footnotes = <ref name="2015 population">{{Cite web |title=Population by States and Ethnic Group （各州的人口和民族统计） |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html |accessdate=2015-02-12 |year=2015 |publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia （马来西亚通讯和多媒体部） |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html |archivedate=2016-02-12 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

| timezone1 = [[马来西亚标准时间|MST]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts of Sarawak |url=http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129 |accessdate=2015-07-23 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723154012/http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129 |archivedate=2015-07-23}}</ref>

| postal_code = 93xxx<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postal codes in Sarawak |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |accessdate=2015-07-23 |website=cybo.com |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519202027/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>至 98xxx<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postal codes in Miri |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/ |accessdate=2015-07-23 |website=cybo.com |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093216/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| area_code = 082 <small>([[古晋]])</small>、 <small>([[三马拉汉]])</small><br />083 <small>([[斯里阿曼]])</small>、 <small>([[木中]])</small><br />084 <small>([[诗巫]])</small>、 <small>([[加帛]])</small>、 <small>([[泗里街]])</small>、 <small>([[沐膠]])</small><br />085 <small>([[美里]])</small>、 <small>([[林夢]])</small>、 <small>([[马鲁帝]])</small>、 <small>([[老越]])</small><br />086 <small>([[民都鲁]])</small>、 <small>([[布拉甲]])</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Area codes in Sarawak（砂拉越的电话区号） |url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |accessdate=2015-07-22 |website=cybo.com |archive-date=2018-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230029/https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| registration_plate = [[馬來西亞車輛號牌|QA 至 QK]] <small>(古晋)</small> <br />QB <small>(斯里阿曼)</small> <br />QC <small>(三马拉汉)</small> <br />QL <small>(林夢)</small> <br />QM <small>(美里)</small> <br />QP <small>(加帛)</small> <br />QR <small>(泗里街)</small> <br />QS <small>(诗巫)</small> <br />QT <small>(民都鲁)</small> <br />QSG <small>({{tsl|en|Government of Sarawak|砂拉越州政府}})</small><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates |first=Teh Wei |date=2015-03-23 |publisher=Malaysian Digest |accessdate=2015-07-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |archivedate=2015-07-08 |last1=Soon}}</ref>

| blank4_info_sec1 = 1963年7月22日<ref name="tna">{{Cite web |title=The National Archives DO 169/254 (Constitutional issues in respect of North Borneo and Sarawak on joining the federation) |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C760803 |accessdate=2015-04-23 |date=1961–1963 |publisher=The National Archives |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527103336/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C760803 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Porritt1997">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pBwAAAAMAAJ |title=British Colonial Rule in Sarawak, 1946–1963 |last=Vernon L. Porritt |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2016-05-07 |year=1997 |isbn=978-983-56-0009-8 |archive-date=2016-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617152249/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pBwAAAAMAAJ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Mathews2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 |last=Philip Mathews |date=2014-02-28 |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |isbn=978-967-10617-4-9 |pages=15– |access-date=2016-10-05 |archive-date=2016-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208181955/https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Welman">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-H-O8pxUnMC&pg=PA132 |title=Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 2 (婆罗洲砂拉越三部曲：第2卷） |last=Frans Welman |publisher=Booksmango |accessdate=2013-08-28 |isbn=978-616-245-089-1 |pages=132, 134, 136–138, 177 |archive-date=2016-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723020632/https://books.google.com/books?id=A-H-O8pxUnMC&pg=PA132 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| blank5_name_sec1 = [[馬來西亞協定]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Act 1963 (Chapter 35) |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf |accessdate=2011-08-12 |format=PDF |work=The National Archives |publisher=United Kingdom legislation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114081253/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf |archivedate=2012-11-14 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

| blank5_info_sec1 = 1963年9月16日{{smallsup|a}}<ref name="Agreement relating to Malaysia">{{cite wikisource |title= Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore |wslink= Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore

|last= Governments of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1963 |publisher= |location= |page= 1|pages= |scan=}}</ref>

| footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} 儘管馬來西亞於1963年9月16日開始存在，8月31日（馬來亞獨立日）卻被選為馬來西亞的獨立日。 2010年以來，9月16日被認定為[[馬來西亞日]]。這是一個馬來西亞公共假期，為的是紀念北婆羅洲、馬來亞、砂拉越和新加坡以同等夥伴的地位參組馬來西亞。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2009%2f10%2f19%2fnation%2f20091019103509&sec=nation |title=Malaysia Day now a public holiday, says PM |first=Ai Chun |date=2009-10-19 |accessdate=2015-08-07 |last1=Yeng |archive-date=2017-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225836/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2009%2f10%2f19%2fnation%2f20091019103509&sec=nation |dead-url=no }}</ref>

根据官方解释，“砂拉越”（{{lang|ms|Sarawak}}）一词来自砂拉越{{le|马来语|Malay}}中“[[锑]]”一词（{{lang|ms|serawak}}）。同时，民间也存在着非官方但有一定知名度的解释，即据称在1841年汶莱苏丹的舅舅班根丁·木达·哈新（Pangeran Muda Hashim）将砂拉越让给[[詹姆斯·布鲁克]]时，曾说道“我把它交给你了”（{{lang|ms|Saya serah pada awak}}），于是这块土地便由这句话中四个马来语词的缩写而命名<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origin of Place Names – Sarawak |url=http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=35 |accessdate=2010-06-03 |year=2000年 |publisher=National Library of Malaysia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209105740/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=35&section=sm03 |archivedate=2008-02-09 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。不過上述說法有許多不合理之處，砂拉越這個名字早在布鲁克到砂拉越之前就已經存在，而「awak」這個字是在馬來西亞成立後，才開始出現在砂拉越马来语中<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kris|first1=Jitab|title=Wrong info on how Sarawak got its name|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1295&dat=19910223&id=xJVUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_o8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6766,1316351&hl=en|accessdate=2015-11-14|publisher=New Sunday Times|date=1991-02-23|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117043402/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1295&dat=19910223&id=xJVUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_o8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6766,1316351&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

[[馬來西亞華語規範理事會]]在2004年成立後，中文譯名由原來的“砂𦛨越”統一為“砂拉越”，至此马来西亚全国的教科书、传媒等皆使用“砂拉越”作为本州之中文译名<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/908547 |title=改，希望会更好! |date=2012-12-26 |publisher=星洲网 |accessdate=2016-10-11 |last1=陈洁 |archive-date=2016-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003354/http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/908547 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://intimes.com.my/yeo-html/yeo542.htm |title=马来西亚华语规范理事会简介 |date=2008-07-20 |publisher=国际时报 (砂拉越) |accessdate=2016-10-11 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620070730/http://intimes.com.my/yeo-html/yeo542.htm |archive-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>。中华人民共和国一般将其记作“沙捞越”<ref>{{cite book |author=中国地名委员会 |title=外国地名译名手册 |location=[[北京]] |publisher=[[商务印书馆]] |date=1983 |csbn=12017·276 }}</ref>{{rp|420}}<ref>{{cite book |author=周定国 主编 |title=世界地名翻译大辞典 |location=[[北京]] |publisher=[[中国对外翻译出版公司]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-7-5001-0753-8 }}</ref>{{rp|870}}。

[[File:The main entrance to the Niah Caves at sunset..jpg|缩略图|左|尼亞洞入口]]

距今四万年前，婆羅洲仍與東南亞大陸連接時，首批覓食者開始在[[尼亞洞]]的西口定居<ref name="Sarawakforestry">{{Cite web |title=Niah National Park – Early Human settlements |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-niah.html |accessdate=2015-03-23 |publisher=Sarawak Forestry |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218010128/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-niah.html |archivedate=2015-02-18}}</ref>。當時尼亞洞的地形比現在乾燥和顯露。史前時期，尼亞洞被灌木、綠地、沼澤、河流所組成的茂密森林所包圍，而居於尼亞洞的覓食者以打獵、捕魚、飼養[[软体动物]]和種植食用植物為生<ref name="worldarcheology">{{Cite book |url=http://www.world-archaeology.com/features/niah-cave-sarawak-borneo.htm |title=Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo |first=Neil |date=2003-11-07 |publisher={{tsl|en|Current World Archaeology||Current World Archaeology}} Issue 2 |accessdate=2015-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323011312/http://www.world-archaeology.com/features/niah-cave-sarawak-borneo.htm |archivedate=2015-03-23 |last1=Faulkner}}</ref>。1958年，{{tsl|en|Tom Harrisson|湯姆·哈里森}}在尼亞洞的深海溝發現暱稱為「深頭骨」（{{lang|en|Deep Skull}}）的現代人類頭骨，證明了這個觀點<ref name=Sarawakforestry /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Great Cave of Niah |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/niahcave/history.htm |accessdate=2015-03-23 |publisher=[[澳大利亚广播公司|Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122214440/http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/niahcave/history.htm |archivedate=2014-11-22}}</ref>。「深頭骨」亦是東南亞最古老的现代人類頭骨<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niah Cave |url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/niah-cave |accessdate=2015-03-23 |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122105146/http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/niah-cave |archivedate=2013-11-22 |website=humanorigins.si.edu}}</ref>。該頭骨可能屬於一個年齡介乎16至17歲的少女<ref name=worldarcheology />。此外，一具公元前三万年的[[穿山甲]]骸骨亦在尼亞洞附近被發現<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&pg=PA50 |title=Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia |first=Fumiko-Ikawa |date=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |accessdate=2015-03-23 |isbn=90-279-7899-9 |page=50 |last1=Smith |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227122705/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&pg=PA50 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，另外，尼亞洞內亦發現[[中石器時代]]和[[新石器时代]]的墓葬遗址<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niah Cave (Borneo, Malaysia) – Anatomically modern humans in Borneo |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/nterms/qt/niah_cave.htm |accessdate=2015-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184121/http://archaeology.about.com/od/nterms/qt/niah_cave.htm |archivedate=2013-11-05 |last1=Hirst |first1=K. Kris |website=about.com |dead-url=no }}</ref>。尼亞洞周圍的地區其後被劃作國家公園<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niah National Park, Miri |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/niah-national-park-miri/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226131410/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/niah-national-park-miri/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>。

其他考古遗址分佈於砂拉越的中部和南部。1949年，哈里森在[[山都望山]]（今古晋附近）發現[[唐朝|唐]][[宋朝|宋]]年間的中国陶瓷，以此推斷山都望山直至[[元朝|元]][[明朝|明]]時期可能都是砂拉越的一個主要港口<ref>{{Cite web |title=山都望回想 |url=http://www.intimes.com.my/talking/wdg009g.htm |accessdate=2016-10-10 |publisher=国际时报 (砂拉越) |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305003952/http://www.intimes.com.my/talking/wdg009g.htm |archive-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=fLL5BQj9Xf0C&pg=PA49 |title=Studies in Chinese Archeology |first=Dekun |date=1982-01-01 |publisher=[[The Chinese University Press]] |accessdate=2015-12-29 |isbn=9789622012615 |pages=49, 50 |quote=In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D. |last1=Zheng |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094547/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=fLL5BQj9Xf0C&pg=PA49 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越的考古遗址還包括{{tsl|en|Kapit|加帛}}、{{tsl|en|Song, Sarawak|桑 (砂拉越)|桑}}、[[西连]]和[[石隆門]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archeology |url=http://www.museum.sarawak.gov.my/index.php/en/collection/archaeology |accessdate=2015-12-28 |publisher=Sarawak Muzium Department |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012223113/http://www.museum.sarawak.gov.my/index.php/en/collection/archaeology |archivedate=2015-10-12}}</ref>。

[[File:Edward Augustus Inglefield West view of the river from Anchorage off Sarawak Borneo.jpg|缩略图|右|一幅描绘砂拉越河沿岸景色的19世纪画作，來自倫敦[[國家航海博物館]]]]

在16世紀，砂拉越的古晉地带<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo (在16世紀和17世紀的婆羅州地名) |first=Jan O.M. |date=1962 |journal={{tsl|en|Imago Mundi||Imago Mundi}} |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/03085696208592208 |volume=16 |page=134 |jstor=1150309 |quote=Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong. |last1=Broek}}</ref>被葡萄牙[[地图学]]者称为「{{lang|pt|''Cerava''}}」<ref name="Welman" />，是婆羅洲島上的五大港口之一。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC&pg=PA581 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume{{nbsp}}I: The Century of Discovery, Book{{nbsp}}1 (在歐洲塑造下的亞洲，第1卷 - 100年的新发现，第一册） |first=Lach |date=2008-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Publications [[芝加哥大學]]出版社 |accessdate=2016-03-21 |isbn=978-0-226-46708-5 |page=581 |quote=... but Castanheda lists five great seaports that he says were known to the Portuguese. In his transcriptions they are called "Moduro" (Marudu?), "Cerava" (Sarawak?), "Laue" (Lawai), "Tanjapura" (Tanjungpura), and "Borneo" (Brunei) from which the island derives its name. |last1=Donald F |archive-date=2016-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403104830/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC&pg=PA581 |dead-url=no }}</ref>当时砂拉越位處[[汶萊帝國]]的势力范围，由蘇丹登加管理。<ref name="srwk">{{Cite web |title=Sultan Tengah — Sarawak's first Sultan （蘇丹登加 - 砂拉越第一位蘇丹） |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan |accessdate=2014-04-03 |author=Rozan Yunos |date=2008-12-28 |publisher=The Brunei Times （汶萊时报） |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403100218/http://www.bt.com.bn/golden_legacy/2008/12/28/sultan_tengah_sarawaks_first_sultan |archivedate=2014-04-03 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>19世紀初，汶萊蘇丹逐渐失去對砂拉越的控制<ref name="Welman" />，只能管轄砂拉越的沿海地带，這些地區由半獨立的[[马来族]]领袖管理；内陸地區则由[[伊班族]]、卡扬族、和肯雅族的部落戰爭所主导，这些族群積極擴張他們的領土。<ref name="Fairlandsarawak">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=U80cU8Fx1kAC&pg=PA10 |title=Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official (公平的國土砂拉越：外籍官員的一些回憶) |first=Morrison |date=1993-01-01 |publisher=SEAP Publications（東南亞研究計劃出版社） |accessdate=2015-10-29 |isbn=978-0-87727-712-5 |pages=10, 14, 95, 118–120 |quote=...the great Iban, and Kayan-Kenyah migrations were taking place inland, destroying or absorbing many of the former much less organised occupants of the land.(page 10) … Although nominal control of Sarawak coast continued, it came to exercised largely by semi-independent Malay chiefs, many of part Arab blood.(page 10)... There has been serious differences between Rajah and his brother and nephew (page 14) … The first Communist group to be formed in Sarawak... (page 95) … The first political party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)...(page 118)... By 1962, there were six parties...(page 119) |last1=Alastair |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227140502/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=U80cU8Fx1kAC&pg=PA10 |dead-url=no }}</ref>在古晉地區發現銻礦后，班根丁·馬哥達（Pangeran Indera Mahkota，汶萊蘇丹的代表）自1824年至1830年開始建设该地区。随着锑矿產量的逐年增加，汶萊蘇丹亦在当地不断增加税收<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA497 |title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places （亞洲和大洋洲：歷史区域的國際詞典） |first=Ring |last2=Noelle |first2=Watson |last3=Paul |first3=Schellinger |date=2012-11-12 |publisher=SEAP Publications（東南亞研究計劃出版社） |accessdate=2015-10-29 |isbn=978-0-87727-712-5 |page=497 |quote=The sultan of Brunei also had nominal control of the region, but he was interested in exacting a minor tax from the region. However, he interest grew when antimony (an element used in alloys and medicine) was discovered in the area in approximately 1824. Pangeran Mahkota, a Brunei prince, moved to Sarawak in the early nineteenth century and developed Kuching between 1824 and 1830. … As antimony mining increased, the Brunei Sultanate demanded higher taxes from Sarawak. This highly unpopular move led to civil unrest, which culminated in a revolt. |last1=Trudy |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227151404/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA497 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，導致砂拉越社會出现動盪和混乱<ref name="Welman" />。1839年，汶萊苏丹{{le|奥马尔·阿里·赛义夫丁二世|Omar Ali Saifuddin II}}指派{{tsl|ms|Pangeran Muda Hashim|班根丁·木达·哈新}}（汶萊苏丹的舅舅）派兵恢復秩序。此时英国探险家詹姆斯·布魯克到達砂拉越。<ref name="Welman" />班根丁·木达·哈新要求布鲁克援助维稳，但布魯克拒絕了他的请求<ref name="Welman" />。随后哈新二度接触布鲁克，布氏最终同意了哈新的請求。1841年，木达·哈新簽署條約将砂拉越割让给布魯克。1841年9月24日，<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empire in Your Backyard – Sir James Brooke （在你後院的帝國 - 詹姆斯·布魯克爵士） |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/plymouth/jamesbrooke.htm |accessdate=2015-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317112803/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/plymouth/jamesbrooke.htm |archivedate=2015-03-17 |last1=R |first1=Reece}}</ref>木达·哈新任布鲁克为砂拉越首長。1846年，木达·哈新去世，布魯克成為砂拉越的唯一统治者，建立白人拉惹王朝。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl9tx4MJYf4C&pg=PA41 |title=Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World（新加坡：改變世界的戰役） |last=James Leasor |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=House of Stratus |isbn=978-0-7551-0039-2 |pages=41– |access-date=2016-08-25 |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210080022/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl9tx4MJYf4C&pg=PA41 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Rajah Brooke and the Victorians （拉惹布魯克和維多利亞時代） |author=Alex Middleton |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0018246X10000063 |date=June 2010 |journal=The Historical Journal |accessdate=2014-12-24 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X10000063 |volume=53 |pages=381–400 |issn=1469-5103}}</ref>

[[File:Sir James Brooke (1847) by Francis Grant.jpg|缩略图|左|砂拉越首任拉惹詹姆斯·布魯克爵士]]

詹姆斯·布魯克統治砂拉越後，砂拉越的領土向北擴張。1868年，詹姆斯逝世，由其姪子{{tsl|en|Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak|查爾斯·布魯克 (砂拉越拉惹)|查尔斯·安东尼·约翰逊·布鲁克}}繼位，其後再由其子{{tsl|en|Charles Vyner Brooke|查尔斯·怀纳·布鲁克}}繼位，並由其弟{{tsl|en|Bertram Willes Dayrell Brooke|伯特伦·威尔斯·戴里尔·布鲁克|伯特伦·布鲁克}}輔政<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review of "The Name of Brooke – The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak" by R.H.W. Reece, Sarawak Literary Society, 1993 (书评：“布鲁克的名字 - 白人拉惹砂拉越统治的终结”R.H.W.里斯著，砂拉越文学社 1993年出版) |url=http://www1.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html |accessdate=2015-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030608223530/http://www1.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html |archivedate=2003-06-08 |last1=Mike |first1=Reed |website=sarawak.com.my}}</ref>。詹姆斯和查爾斯均與汶萊簽約，作為擴張砂拉越領土的策略。1861年，汶萊割讓民都鲁給詹姆斯，其後在1883年，砂拉越的領土擴張至{{tsl|en|Baram River|峇南河}}一帶。1885年，布鲁克家族又購入[[林夢]]一帶的土地，並在1890年將其納入砂拉越的版圖。砂拉越的擴張活動直至1905年汶萊割讓[[老越]]給砂拉越後方告終止<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&pg=PA982 |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 2 |first=Stuart Olson |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |accessdate=2015-10-29 |isbn=978-0-313-29367-2 |page=982 |quote=Brooke and his successors enlarged their realm by successive treaties of 1861, 1882, 1885, 1890, and 1905. |last1=James |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105030445/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&pg=PA982 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/chronology-of-sarawak-throughout-the-brooke-era-to-malaysia-day/ |title=Chronology of Sarawak throughout the Brooke Era to Malaysia Day |date=2011-09-16 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206205544/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/chronology-of-sarawak-throughout-the-brooke-era-to-malaysia-day/ |archivedate=2015-02-06 |quote=1861 Sarawak is extended to Kidurong Point. … 1883 Sarawak extended to Baram River. … 1885 Acquisition of the Limbang area, from Brunei. … 1890 Limbang added to Sarawak. … 1905 Acquisition of the Lawas Region, from Brunei.}}</ref>。砂拉越當時設有5個省份，其邊界對應了布鲁克家族多年來的土地收購順序，而各省由一名參政司領導<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/ |title=A look at the civil administration of Sarawak |first=Kian Hock |date=2011-09-16 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206232438/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/ |archivedate=2015-02-06 |quote=It seems the idea of dividing the state into divisions by the Brooke government was not implemented purely for administrative expediency but rather the divisions mark the new areas ceded by the Brunei government to the White Rajahs. This explains why the original five divisions of the state were so disproportionate in size. |last1=Lim}}</ref>。1850年，砂拉越被美国承認為獨立國家，其後[[英國]]亦在1864年承認。砂拉越在1858年發行其法定貨幣{{tsl|en|Sarawak dollar|砂拉越元}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=tmOYCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1058 |title=Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues, 1368–1960 |first=George S |date=2014 |publisher=F+W Media |accessdate=2016-01-13 |isbn=978-1-4402-4267-0 |page=1058 |quote=Sarawak was recognised as a separate state by the United States (1850) and Great Britain (1864), and voluntarily became a British protectorate in 1888. |last1=Cuhaj |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083628/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=tmOYCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1058 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=NJwkGzNAZnoC&pg=PA82 |title=Rujukan Kompak Sejarah PMR (Compact reference for PMR History subject) |date=2009 |publisher=Arah Pendidikan Sdn Bhd |accessdate=2016-01-13 |isbn=9789833718818 |page=82 |language=ms |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090236/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=NJwkGzNAZnoC&pg=PA82 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[File:Sarawak 1888-97 Sc13.jpg|缩略图|150px|右|1888年的砂拉越郵票，印有時任拉惹查爾斯·布魯克的照片]]

布鲁克王朝以「{{tsl|en|White Rajahs|白人拉惹}}」的身份統治砂拉越一百年<ref name="Borneotrilogy">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=BCrEN6gUkHEC&pg=PA177 |title=Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1 |first=Welman |date=2011 |publisher=Booksmango |accessdate=2015-11-02 |isbn=9786162450822 |location=Bangkok, Thailand |page=177 |quote=The Brooke Dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the "White Rajahs", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the Indian Princes. |last1=Frans |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227151220/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=BCrEN6gUkHEC&pg=PA177 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。在布鲁克王朝統治下，砂拉越政府採納[[爱国主义]]政策，以保障土著權益和福利。砂拉越政府成立了由馬來人為首的最高委員會，對政府的決策提出建議<ref name="Empirenationalism">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=RzVUOidajPAC&pg=PA7 |title=Post-war Borneo, 1945–50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building |first=Keat Gin |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |accessdate=2015-11-02 |isbn=978-1-134-05803-7 |page=7,93,98 |quote=Personal rule with heavy dose of parternalism was adopted by the first two Rajahs, who saw themselves as enlightened monarchs entrusted with a mandate to rule on behalf of indigenous peoples' and well being … A Supreme Council comprising Malay Datus (non-royal chefs) advised rajah on all aspects of governance … The entry of western capitalist enterprises were greatly restricted. Christian missionaries tolerated, and Chinese immigration promoted as catalyst of economic development (mining, commerce, agriculture).(page 7)...This denial of entry to Anthony...(page 93)...The anti-cession movement was by the early 1950s effectively "strangled" a dead letter.(page 98) |last1=Ooi |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227150513/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=RzVUOidajPAC&pg=PA7 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。最高委員會的首次會議於1867年在民都鲁舉行。最高委員會亦成為了馬來西亞聯邦歷史最悠久的立法機關<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bintulu – Places of Interest |url=http://www.bda.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=49&menu_id=0&sub_id=66 |accessdate=2015-07-19 |publisher={{tsl|en|Bintulu Development Authority||Bintulu Development Authority}} |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20161119121306/http://www.bda.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=49&menu_id=0&sub_id=66 |archivedate=2016-11-19 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。同時，伊班族人和達雅族人亦被聘用作[[民兵]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC&pg=PA1182 |title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 9 |first=Cavendish |date=2007 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |accessdate=2015-11-02 |isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9 |location=Bangladesh |page=1182 |quote=Malays worked in the administration, Ibans (indigenous peoples of Sarawak) in the militia, and Chinese as workers in the plantations. |last1=Marshall |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227124928/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC&pg=PA1182 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。布魯克王朝亦鼓勵華商移民到砂拉越以協助砂拉越的經濟發展，尤其是在發展矿业和农业方面<ref name="Empirenationalism" />。當時，西方[[资本主义|資本家]]被限制進入砂拉越，但砂拉越政府亦容許基督教傳教士到砂拉越傳教<ref name="Empirenationalism" />。 當時的砂拉越政府亦禁止[[海盗]]、[[奴隶制度]]和[[猎首]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=4uyHHyMoGhMC&pg=PA117 |title=Imperialism and the Anti-Imperialist Mind |first=Samuel Feuer |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |accessdate=2015-11-02 |isbn=978-1-4128-2599-3 |quote=Brooke made it his life task to bring to these jungles "prosperity, education, and hygiene"; he suppressed piracy, slave-trade, and headhunting, and lived simply in a thatched bungalow. |last1=Lewis |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105025101/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=4uyHHyMoGhMC&pg=PA117 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。1856年，{{tsl|en|Borneo Company Limited|婆羅洲有限公司}}成立，並在砂拉越從事各种业务，包括貿易、銀行、農業、採擴及發展等行業<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Borneo Company Limited |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1248_2007-07-02.html |accessdate=2016-01-25 |publisher=National Library Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012024013/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1248_2007-07-02.html |archivedate=2015-10-12}}</ref>。

詹姆斯·布魯克原本居於古晉的一家馬來風格的屋子內。1857年，以[[刘善邦]]為首的[[石隆门]][[客家民系|客家]]華人淘金者破壞布魯克的居所。詹姆斯逃離後，與查尔斯<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/04/05/the-bau-rebellion-what-sparked-it-all/ |title=The Bau Rebellion: What sparked it all? |first=Danielle |date=2015-04-05 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322084126/http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/04/05/the-bau-rebellion-what-sparked-it-all/ |archivedate=2016-03-22 |quote=The Rajah then came back days later with a bigger army and bigger guns aboard the Borneo Company steamer, the Sir James Brooke together with his nephew, Charles Brooke. Most of the Chinese miners were killed in Jugan, Siniawan where they had set up their defences while some managed to escape to Kalimantan. |last1=Sendou Ringgit}}</ref>及其馬來族、伊班族支持者召集了一支規模更大的軍隊<ref name="Empirenationalism" />。幾天後，布魯克的軍隊成功截斷華人叛軍的逃走路線，並在2個月後殲滅叛軍<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://intimes.com.my/write-html/0806Hokkien26.htm |title=石隆门华工起义 |date=2008-09-13 |publisher=国际时报 [International Times (Sarawak)] |accessdate=2016-03-22 |language=zh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124071903/http://intimes.com.my/write-html/0806Hokkien26.htm |archivedate=2013-01-24}}</ref>。布魯克家族其後在古晉[[砂拉越河]]畔建立新居所，亦即現今的{{tsl|en|The Astana, Sarawak|阿斯塔纳皇宫}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonialism and Brooke administration: Institutional buildings and infrastructure in 19th century Sarawak |url=http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/mai/files/2012/07/johnting.pdf |accessdate=2016-01-13 |publisher=University of Melbourne |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922232507/http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/mai/files/2012/07/johnting.pdf |archivedate=2015-09-22 |quote=Brooke also indigenised himself in terms of housing – his first residence was a Malay house. (page 9) … Government House (Fig. 3) was built after Brooke's first house was burnt down during the 1857 coup attempt. (page 10) |last1=Ting |first1=John}}</ref><ref name="Kingdominjungle">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html?pagewanted=all |title=SARAWAK: A KINGDOM IN THE JUNGLE |first=Elegant |date=1986-07-13 |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=2015-11-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102083010/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html?pagewanted=all |archivedate=2015-11-02 |quote=The Istana, the palace built by the Brookes on a bend in the Sarawak River, still looks coolly over the muddy waters into the bustle of Kuching, the trading town James Brooke made his capital. … Today, the Istana is the State Governor's residence, … To protect his kingdom, Brooke built a series of forts in and around Kuching. Fort Margherita, named after Ranee Margaret, the wife of Charles, the second Rajah, was built about a mile downriver from the Istana. |last1=Simon}}</ref>。随后，布魯克家族于1860年在[[木膠]]打败了汶萊皇室的反布魯克王朝派系，又平息了包括伊班族領袖仁答和馬來族領袖{{tsl|en|Syarif Masahor|沙里夫·马沙荷}}在内的知名反抗者<ref name="Empirenationalism" />。砂拉越政府在古晉周圍興建炮台，以巩固拉惹的權力，其中便包括1879年建成的{{tsl|en|Fort Margherita|玛格烈达堡}}<ref name=Kingdominjungle/>。1891年，查尔斯·安东尼·布鲁克成立婆羅洲歷史最悠久的博物館[[砂拉越博物馆]]<ref name=Kingdominjungle /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/23/thrill-is-gone-state-museum-stuck-in-time-public/ |title=Thrill is gone, state museum stuck in time — Public |first=Bahari |date=2015-06-23 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-11-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002091817/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/23/thrill-is-gone-state-museum-stuck-in-time-public/ |archivedate=2015-10-02 |quote=The Sarawak Museum, being Borneo's oldest museum, should look into allocating a curator to be present and interacting with visitors at all times, he lamented. |last1=Saiful}}</ref>。

1941年布魯克王朝統治砂拉越100周年之際，《{{tsl|en|1941 constitution of Sarawak|1941年砂拉越憲法}}》制訂，《宪法》限制了拉惹的權力，讓砂拉越人民在政府運作上扮演更大的角色<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19410924.2.68.aspx |title=Centenary of Brooke rule in Sarawak – New Democratic Constitution being introduced today |date=1941-09-24 |publisher=[[海峽時報|The Straits Times]] (Singapore) |accessdate=2015-11-02 |archive-date=2015-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211105742/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19410924.2.68.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>。但是，草擬的憲法包含了违规行为，包括查尔斯·怀纳·布鲁克和英國政府官員之間的秘密協議，該秘密協議訂明怀纳·布鲁克將砂拉越割讓給英國成為直轄殖民地，而英國則給予怀纳·布鲁克及其家庭经济补偿<ref name="Borneotrilogy" /><ref name="Anthonybrooke">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1367066/The-White-Rajahs-The-extraordinary-story-Victorian-adventurer-subjugated-vast-swathe-Borneo.html |title=The last of the White Rajahs: The extraordinary story of the Victorian adventurer who subjugated a vast swathe of Borneo |first=Leafe |date=2011-03-17 |publisher=Daily Mail (UK) |accessdate=2015-11-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714045902/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1367066/The-White-Rajahs-The-extraordinary-story-Victorian-adventurer-subjugated-vast-swathe-Borneo.html |archivedate=2015-07-14 |quote=He denied these charges, but he was never allowed to inherit the rule of Sarawak because in 1946 Vyner agreed to cede it to the British Crown in return for a substantial financial settlement for him and his family. So it became Britain's last colonial acquisition. |last1=David}}</ref>。

[[File:Batu Lintang POW camp, Sarawak, Borneo taken on or after 29 August 1945.jpg|缩略图|{{tsl|en|Batu Lintang camp|巴都林当战俘营}}的航拍照片，摄于1945年8月29日（或晚于此）]]

[[第二次世界大战]]时期，{{le|查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克|Charles Vyner Brooke}}统治的布鲁克王朝于域内进行了备战部署，于古晋、{{tsl|en|Oya, Sarawak|乌驿}}、[[木胶]]、[[民都鲁]]和[[美里]]建设了简易的机场跑道。1941年，英军主力撤出砂拉越，被调往[[新加坡]]，砂拉越地区基本无军防备。因此，布鲁克政权制定了[[焦土政策]]的防御方针，计划在美里失守时炸毁当地的油田，若古晋沦陷，则将当地机场炸毁。日军参战后南下进占[[北婆三邦]]，以保护[[马来亚战役]]的日军侧翼，并计划以此为踏板，进占[[荷属东印度]]的[[苏门答腊]]和[[西爪哇省|西爪哇]]。马来亚战役爆发8日后的1941年12月16日，{{link-ja|川口清健|川口清健}}率军于美里登陆，于24日征服古晋，守军指挥官C·M·莱恩中校撤退至[[加里曼丹|荷属婆罗洲]]的边境城市[[山口洋]]。1942年4月1日，经过10周的战斗，盟军守军决定投降<ref>{{Cite web |title=日军进攻古晋 官员比百姓还惊慌 |url=http://intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau21.htm |accessdate=2016-09-18 |date=2006-06-25 |dead-url=yes |last1=Klemen |first1=L |website=风暴原记录 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515152809/http://www.intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau21.htm |archive-date=2016-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942 |url=http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/sarawak.html |accessdate=2015-11-03 |date=1999 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401045406/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/sarawak.html |archivedate=2015-04-01 |last1=Klemen |first1=L |website=dutcheastindies.webs.com |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。而在日军开始入侵砂拉越时，查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克便已逃亡至澳大利亚的[[悉尼]]；其下属官员多为日军所俘虏，被押送至{{tsl|en|Batu Lintang camp|巴都林当战俘营}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Japanese Occupation (1941－1945) |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/235/246/ |accessdate=2015-11-03 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |archive-date=2015-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008032040/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/235/246/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[File:The unconditional surrender ceremony of the Japanese to the Autralian forces in Kuching, Sarawak.jpg|左|缩略图|1945年9月11日，日军军官于[[古晋]]向[[澳大利亚]]士兵投降]]

[[大日本帝国|日本]]共统治砂拉越3年8个月。砂拉越、北婆罗洲和[[文莱]]一并被日本划入[[英属婆罗洲日占时期|北婆罗地区]]（{{lang-ja|北ボルネオ}}）<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Wartime Borneo, 1941–1945: a tale of two occupied territories |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Wartime+Borneo,+1941-1945%3A+a+tale+of+two+occupied+territories.-a0375949172 |first=Ooi Keat |date=2013-01-01 |journal=Borneo Research Bulletin |accessdate=2015-11-03 |quote=Occupied Borneo was administratively partitioned into two halves, namely Kita Boruneo (Northern Borneo) that coincided with pre-war British Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo) was governed by the IJA,... |last1=Gin |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114556/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Wartime+Borneo,+1941-1945%3A+a+tale+of+two+occupied+territories.-a0375949172 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，由[[日本陆军]][[第37軍 (日本陸軍)|第37軍]]负责防御，驻地设于古晋（日本称久镇）。日本将英国殖民政府的省制区划废除，分为久镇州、美里州、志布州三个州划，各州由州长官治理。但日本并未完全废除英国殖民政府的行政架构，只是将新任日籍官员派驻进入旧政府，替代原英籍官员。内陆地区则多交予当地警员和村长管理，由日方监督。当地的[[马来人]]大抵接受日本的统治权，也有部分土著部族因政府下派义务劳动、食品征收、枪支没收等差别政策而主张反抗，包括[[伊班族]]、{{tsl|en|Kayan people (Borneo)|卡扬族}}、{{tsl|en|Kenyah|肯亚族}}、{{tsl|en|Kelabit people|加拉畢族}}和[[弄巴湾族|伦巴旺族]]等。但日本占领砂拉越后，许多[[华人]]自城区迁往内地，避免与日本人打交道。对于[[华人]]，日本采取趋于放任的态度，因当地华人大多不关心政事<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=NZWqvMBu80kC&pg=PA136 |title=Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire |first=Kratoska |date=2013-05-13 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |accessdate=2015-11-03 |isbn=978-1-136-12506-5 |pages=136–142 |last1=Paul H |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227135734/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=NZWqvMBu80kC&pg=PA136 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

1942年6月，[[同盟國 (第二次世界大戰)|盟军]]设立{{tsl|en|Z Special Unit|Z特种部队}}以破坏日军于东南亚的军事行动进程。而盟军的规模性反攻直至1945年才正式开始进行。当年3月，Z特种部队发起{{tsl|en|Operation Semut|螞蟻行动}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=利旺拉甘：以抗日事迹．激发新生代献身精神 |url=http://www.intimes.com.my/nws/mar12/nws12032705.htm |accessdate=2016-11-02 |date=2012-03-27 |dead-url=yes |website=国际时报（砂拉越） |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182326/http://www.intimes.com.my/nws/mar12/nws12032705.htm |archive-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>，将军事将领空投至婆罗洲丛林，于砂拉越建立起数个军事行动据点。盟军亦于当地训练有数百名原住民军人，以期发动对日反攻。螞蟻行动据点为以澳军为首的盟军部队提供了有力的军事情报，1945年5月，盟军发动{{tsl|en|Operation Oboe Six|双簧管六号行动}}顺利攻占婆罗洲大部分领土<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Prelude to invasion: covert operations before the re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944{{ndash}}45 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/borneo.asp |first=Keat Gin |journal=Journal of the [[澳大利亞戰爭紀念館|Australian War Memorial]] |accessdate=2015-11-03 |quote=However, as the situation developed, the SEMUT operations were divided into three distinct parties under individual commanders: SEMUT 1 under Major {{tsl|en|Tom Harrisson||Tom Harrisson}}; SEMUT 2 led by Carter; and SEMUT 3 headed by Captain W.L.P. ("Bill") Sochon. The areas of operation were: SEMUT 1 the Trusan valley and its hinterland; SEMUT 2 the Baram valley and its hinterland; SEMUT 3 the entire Rejang valley. {22} Harrisson and members of SEMUT 1 parachuted into Bario in the {{tsl |en |Kelabit Highlands |Kelabit Highlands}} during the later part of March 1945. Initially, Harrisson established his base at [[巴里奥|Bario]]; then, in late May, shifted to Belawit in the Bawang valley (inside the former Dutch Borneo) upon the completion of an airstrip for light aircraft built entirely with native labour. In mid-April, Carter and his team (SEMUT 2) parachuted into Bario, by then securely an SRD base with full support of the {{tsl |en |Kelabit people |Kelabit people}}. Shortly after their arrival, members of SEMUT 2 moved to the Baram valley and established themselves at {{tsl |en |Long Akah |Long Akah}}, the heartland of the Kenyahs. Carter also received assistance from the Kayans. Moving out from Carter's party in late May, Sochon led SEMUT 3 to {{tsl |en |Belaga, Sarawak |Belaga}} in the Upper Rejang where he set up his base of operation. Kayans and Ibans supported and participated in SEMUT 3 operations. |last1=Ooi}}</ref>，9月10日，日军于[[纳闽]]向澳军投降<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Monument – Surrender Point |url=http://www.pl.gov.my/en/web/guest/tugu-penyerahan-jepun;jsessionid=10C59E905CBE1CA017EA2CC8600CEF41 |accessdate=2015-11-03 |publisher=Labuan Corporation |website=Official Website of Labuan Corporation |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025545/http://www.pl.gov.my/en/web/guest/tugu-penyerahan-jepun;jsessionid=10C59E905CBE1CA017EA2CC8600CEF41 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surrender to Major-General Wootten at Labuan |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F07316/ |accessdate=2015-11-03 |publisher=[[澳大利亞戰爭紀念館|Australian War Memorial]] |last1=Rainsford |first1=Keith Carr |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032036/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F07316/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，翌日在停泊于古晋的澳军{{tsl|en|HMAS Kapunda|卡潘达号护卫舰}}甲板上举行了受降仪式<ref>{{Cite web |title=HMAS Kapunda |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-kapunda |accessdate=2016-06-12 |publisher=[[澳洲皇家海軍|Royal Australian Navy]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327060526/http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-kapunda |archivedate=2016-03-27}}</ref>。而英国在重归砂拉越后临时划其为[[英國軍事管制區 (婆羅洲)|軍事管制區]]，至1946年4月重新建立起殖民体系<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Military Administration (August 1945 – April 1946) |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/236/247/ |accessdate=2015-11-03 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |archive-date=2015-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008031508/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/236/247/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[File:Sarawak anti-cession demonstration.JPG|缩略图|1946年，布鲁克家族决定将砂拉越交给英王直接管辖。为此，一些砂拉越民众走上街头进行抗议]]

战争结束后，布鲁克政权回归砂拉越，但布政权没有足够资源重建砂拉越。而布鲁克家族内部，也面临继承争端——由于二人之间的政治隔阂，查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克亦不愿将权力交付给侄子{{tsl|en|Anthony Brooke|安东尼·布鲁克|安东尼}}<ref name=Fairlandsarawak />；维纳之妻{{tsl|en|Sylvia Brett|西尔维娅·布蕾特}}亦试图破坏安东尼的名声，以便令自己的女儿获得继承权。最终维纳·布鲁克决定将砂拉越的治权交回至英王，成立{{tsl|en|Crown Colony of Sarawak|英属砂拉越|直辖殖民地}}<ref name=Anthonybrooke />。随后经过内格里会议（今[[砂拉越州议会|砂州立法议会]]）持续三日的讨论，1946年5月17日，让渡法案以19票支持比16票反对的微弱优势，正式通过。其中支持让渡者大多为欧裔官员，反对者大多为马来族官员。{{cn}}让渡法案的通过也在砂拉越民间引发起一阵风波，上百名马来族官员走上街头进行示威，而后续的反让渡浪潮持续数年，史称[[砂拉越反让渡运动]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=华侨青年积极反让渡 |url=http://intimes.com.my/write-html/06padungan03.htm |accessdate=2016-09-17 |publisher=国际时报（砂拉越） |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004404/http://intimes.com.my/write-html/06padungan03.htm |archive-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>。在此期间的1949年12月3日，时任英属砂拉越总督{{tsl|en|Duncan Stewart (British diplomat)|邓肯·斯图尔特}}爵士更是遭到了当地民族主义者{{tsl|en|Rosli Dhobi|羅斯里多比}}的刺杀<ref>{{Cite web |title=马来西亚50年去殖省思（下） |url=http://www.ehornbill.com/v12/2012-11-06-11-52-08/2012-11-06-11-53-37/2627-50 |accessdate=2016-09-17 |publisher=犀乡资讯网 |archive-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183516/http://www.ehornbill.com/v12/2012-11-06-11-52-08/2012-11-06-11-53-37/2627-50 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak as a British Crown Colony (1946–1963) |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/237/248/ |accessdate=2015-11-07 |publisher=The Official Website of the Sarawak Government |archive-date=2017-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113608/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/237/248/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

安东尼·布鲁克是让渡的反对者，被传与反让渡组织有所联系，尤其是在邓肯·斯图尔特爵士遇刺后<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17299633 |title=The stabbed governor of Sarawak |first=Thomson |date=2012-03-14 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2015-11-03 |last1=Mike |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123649/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17299633 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。虽然砂拉越在1946年7月1日已正式成为英属直辖殖民地，但是安东尼·布鲁克仍宣称自己作为砂拉越王公，对砂拉越拥有治权<ref name=Anthonybrooke />，因此他被殖民当局逐出砂拉越<ref name="Empirenationalism" />，直至17年后才得以复归访问，而当时砂拉越已经是新独立的马来西亚的一部分<ref name="Anthonylegal" />。1950年，殖民政府加大力度镇压反让渡运动，得以基本平息乱局<ref name=Fairlandsarawak />。1951年，安东尼·布鲁克于[[英國樞密院]]采取的法律行动亦宣告失败，最终安东尼只得放弃其对于砂拉越治权的全部要求<ref name="Anthonylegal">{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8365045/Anthony-Brooke.html |title=Anthony Brooke |date=2011-03-06 |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=2015-11-03 |quote=...when his legal challenge to the cession was finally dismissed by the Privy Council in 1951, he renounced once and for all his claim to the throne of Sarawak and sent a cable to Kuching appealing to the anti-cessionists to cease their agitation and accept His Majesty's Government. The anti-cessionists instead continued their resistance to colonial rule until 1963, when Sarawak was included in the newly independent federation of Malaysia. Two years later, Anthony Brooke was welcomed back by the new Sarawak Government for a nostalgic visit. |archive-date=2011-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309215120/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8365045/Anthony-Brooke.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[File:Sarawak during the formation of Malaysia (16 September 1963).jpg|缩略图|右|第一任砂州首长{{tsl|en|Stephen Kalong Ningkan|史蒂芬·甘隆宁甘}}于1963年9月16日宣布[[馬來西亞聯邦]]成立]]

1962年1月17日，{{tsl|en|Cobbold Commission|科博爾德委員會}}成立，以调查砂拉越和沙巴對于联合邦计划的支持度。1962年2月至4月期間，該委員會调查了4,000多人，并收到了來自各團體的2,200份備忘錄，委員會報告显示婆洲居民对于联合议题存在分歧<ref name="ArkibMalaysia" />根据委員會報告，，80%的砂拉越人民支持共组马来西亚，唯前提是要保障砂拉越以及砂拉越各民族和宗教人群。<ref name="ArkibMalaysia">{{Cite web |title=Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963 (1963年9月16日：馬來西亞形成） |url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-1963?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Oj0d&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=1 |accessdate=2015-11-08 |publisher=National Archives of Malaysia |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307120947/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-1963?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Oj0d&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-inner-3&p_p_col_count=1&page=1 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/formation-of-malaysia/ |title=Formation of Malaysia |first=Fong |date=2011-09-16 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-11-08 |last1=JC |archive-date=2014-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716175727/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/formation-of-malaysia/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>砂拉越起草《[[十八点协议]]》以維護它在聯邦裡的地位。1962年9月26日，砂拉越议会通過了支持成立馬來西亞聯邦的決議，但前提是砂拉越人民的利益不會受到損害。1962年10月23日，砂拉越五個政黨結成統一陣線以支持共組馬來西亞聯邦<ref name="Tai 2008">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=ue77C4zp4pcC&pg=PA155 |title=Creating "Greater Malaysia": Decolonization and the Politics of Merger |first=Yong Tan |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |accessdate=2015-11-08 |isbn=9789812307477 |pages=154–169 |chapter=Chapter Six: Borneo Territories and Brunei |quote=Underlying this was a general fear that without strong political institutions, ... |last1=Tai |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227154225/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=ue77C4zp4pcC&pg=PA155 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

1963年7月22日， 砂拉越被賦予[[砂拉越自治日|自治权]]<ref name="tna" /><ref name="Porritt1997" /><ref name="Mathews2014" /><ref name="ND">{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C335927 |title=Self-government: Amendment of the constitution of Sarawak, leading towards self-government|archivedate=1952 |publisher=The National Archives|archiveurl=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C335927}}</ref>，1963年9月16日，砂拉越与馬來亞联合邦、北婆羅洲和新加坡共同组成馬來西亞。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trust and Non-self governing territories |url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm |accessdate=2016-04-02 |publisher=United Nations |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183847/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm#3 |archivedate=2011-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Member States |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm#_edn16 |accessdate=2016-04-01 |date=2006-07-03 |publisher=United Nations |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033119/http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm |archivedate=2016-03-05}}</ref>

[[File:Malaysian Rangers, Malay-Thai border (AWM MAL-65-0046-01).JPG|缩略图|左|1965年，砂拉越突擊隊乘坐[[澳大利亚皇家空军]][[UH-1直升機]]守衛受共產黨潜袭威脅的马泰边界]]

馬來西亞的成立引起了菲律賓、印尼、[[汶莱人民黨]]和[[北加里曼丹共产党|砂拉越共产党]]的反對。菲律賓和印尼宣稱，英國將会通过馬來西亞以[[新殖民主义]]的方式来统治婆羅洲的州属。<ref name="Ohiopress">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=2YH3lULL6-MC&pg=PA87 |title=Between Frontiers: Nation and Identity in a Southeast Asian Borderland |first=Noboru |date=2010-03-15 |publisher=Ohio University Press |accessdate=2015-11-09 |isbn=978-0-89680-476-0 |pages=86–88,140,169 |quote=The word "Malay" is widely used in Sarawak because in 1841 James Brooke brought it with him from Singapore, where it had been vaguely applied to all the coast-dwelling seafaring Muslims of the Indonesia Archipelago, particularly those of Sumatra and the Malayan Peninsula. |last1=Ishikawa |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227152417/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=2YH3lULL6-MC&pg=PA87 |dead-url=no }}</ref>同时，汶莱人民党主席{{tsl|en|A. M. Azahari|阿查哈里}}于1962年12月策動[[汶莱起義]]反对汶萊加入馬來西亞<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei Revolt breaks out – 8 December 1962 |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/521bbca2-d44c-47bc-ba06-c3e1763e5a10 |accessdate=2015-11-09 |publisher=Singapore National Library Board |quote=The sultan of Brunei regarded the Malaysia project as "very attractive" and had indicated his interest in joining the federation. However, he was met with open opposition from within his country. The armed resistance challenging Brunei's entry into Malaysia that followed became a pretext for Indonesia to launch its policy of Konfrontasi (or Confrontation, 1963–1966) with Malaysia. |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222172511/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/521bbca2-d44c-47bc-ba06-c3e1763e5a10 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。阿查哈里占领了砂拉越的[[林夢]]（Limbang）和{{tsl|en|Bekenu|柏戈奴}}，但最终被來自新加坡的英國軍隊擊敗。印尼总统[[蘇卡諾]]聲稱汶萊起義是民众反對馬來西亞的確鑿證據，并决定进攻砂拉越。最初印尼派遣武裝志願军進入砂拉越，後來则直接派軍干涉。1962至1966年，砂拉越成为马印對抗的最前线。<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia |url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdf |accessdate=2011-08-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011000000/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdf |archivedate=2010-10-11 |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord |url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdf |accessdate=2011-08-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012141416/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-12 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>除了砂共产党以外，砂拉越人民多数不支持马印兩國之間的對峙。數以千計的砂共成員進入[[加里曼丹]]接受[[印尼共產黨]]的培訓。砂印對抗期間，約有10,000至15,000人組成的英國軍隊駐紮在砂拉越，此外亦有澳大利亞和新西兰部隊驻扎于砂拉越。[[蘇哈托]]成为印尼总统后，馬來西亞和印尼重启談判。1966年8月11日，马印冲突結束。1967年，双方签署了新協議：任何通過砂拉越-加里曼丹邊境的人士，需要持有邊境管制站的许可通行證才可通过。<ref name=Ohiopress />

1949年中华人民共和国成立，[[毛泽东思想]]開始滲透到砂拉越华人學校。砂拉越的第一個共產主義組织於1951年在古晉中華中學成立。1954年，該組织改组为砂拉越解放同盟（解盟），亦即砂共，活跃于各學校、工會和農村之中。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau40.htm |title=砂劳越解放同盟（上） |date=2006-08-08 |publisher=国际时报 (砂拉越) |accessdate=2015-02-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317132115/http://www.intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau40.htm |archivedate=2012-03-17 |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau41.htm |title=砂劳越解放同盟（下） |date=2006-08-29 |publisher=国际时报 (砂拉越) |accessdate=2015-02-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317085414/http://www.intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau41.htm |archivedate=2012-03-17 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>砂共主要在砂州的南部和中部地區集中活动，文铭权和{{tsl|en|Bong Kee Chok|黄紀作}}是砂共的兩位主要領導者。砂共亦成功滲透[[砂拉越人民联合党]]，試圖通過憲法建立社会主义國家。在[[印尼－马来西亚对抗|马印對抗]]時期，砂共开始反政府武裝鬥爭<ref name=Fairlandsarawak />。此後，砂拉越政府開始沿古晉-西連道路建立新村，以防止公眾幫助共產黨。1970年，砂共改组为[[北加里曼丹共产党]]（北加共）。1973年，黃紀作向首席部長{{tsl|en|Abdul Rahman Ya'kub|阿都拉曼耶谷}}投降，共產黨实力大损。而自1960年代開始在中國領導砂共的文铭权则主张持續与政府对抗。1974年後，砂共在[[拉讓江]]繼續进行武裝鬥爭。1989年，[[馬來亞共產黨]]（馬共）與大馬政府簽署了和平協議，其後北加共也随之重新與砂政府談判，並於1990年10月17日簽署斯里阿曼和平協議（Peace Declaration of Sri Aman）。共产党余部随后相继投降，最後一批約50人的北加共[[游擊戰|游擊隊]]投降后，砂拉越恢复和平<ref>{{Cite web |title=北加里曼丹革命四十年 |url=http://www.of21.com/files/pdf/borneo.pdf |accessdate=2015-02-11 |publisher=of21.com |pages=99–102 |website=21 老友 |archive-date=2015-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211142925/http://www.of21.com/files/pdf/borneo.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review: The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak 1940–1990 |url=http://kyotoreview.org/book-review/book-review-the-rise-and-fall-of-communism-in-sarawak-1940-1990/ |accessdate=2015-11-10 |publisher=Kyoto Review of South East Asia |last1=James |first1=Chin |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014928/http://kyotoreview.org/book-review/book-review-the-rise-and-fall-of-communism-in-sarawak-1940-1990/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="chanwong">{{Cite web |title=Saga of communist insurgency in Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/saga-of-communist-insurgency-in-sarawak/ |accessdate=2013-01-10 |date=2011-09-16 |publisher=The Borneo Post |last1=Chan |first1=Francis |last2=Wong |first2=Phyllis |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224195925/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/saga-of-communist-insurgency-in-sarawak/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[File:Timeline of evolution of political parties in Sarawak zh simplified.svg|缩略图|upright=1.3636|右|砂拉越政黨54年的演变]]

砂拉越[[砂拉越州元首列表|州元首]]（{{lang-ms|Yang di-Pertua Negeri}}，可简称为“TYT”或“总督”）。该职位和其他[[马来西亚州]]的苏丹/拉惹拥有一样的地位，即作为州内土著习俗和伊斯兰的统治者。该职位由[[马来西亚最高元首]]委任，<ref name="Governance">{{Cite web |title=About Sarawak – Governance（關於砂拉越 - 治理） |url=http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/governance.html |accessdate=2015-11-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913195537/http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/governance.html |archivedate=2013-09-13 |website=Official website of State Planning Unit – Chief Minister's Department of Sarawak （州策劃單位官方網站 - 砂拉越首長署）}}</ref>而州元首拥有委任砂拉越[[政府首脑]]——即[[砂拉越州首席部长列表|首席部长]]的权力，现任砂拉越州元首为[[泰益玛目]]。拥有大多數州立法議员支持的政黨領袖将被任命為首席部長。每位民選州立法議會代表被稱為州議員，目前一共有82名{{cn}}。砂拉越州議會负责通過州内的法律，如土地管理、就業、森林、移民、商業航運和漁業。砂拉越州内阁是由首席部長、內閣部長和助理部長所组成的。<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Constitution: Sabah, Sarawak and special interests（我的憲法：沙巴、砂拉越、和它们的特殊利益） |url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/constitutional_law_committee/my_constitution_sabah_sarawak_and_special_interests.html |accessdate=2015-11-13 |date=2011-02-02 |publisher=Malaysian Bar（马来西亚律师公会） |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20161119121428/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/constitutional_law_committee/my_constitution_sabah_sarawak_and_special_interests.html |archivedate=2016-11-19 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

砂拉越也有自身的土著法院，并可從聯邦政府那里獲得特別津貼。砂拉越土著可享有特權，如公共服務、獎學金、大學申请、就業和營業許可證的配額。<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Constitution: About Sabah and Sarawak （我的憲法：關於沙巴和砂拉越） |url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/constitutional_law_committee/my_constitution_about_sabah_and_sarawak.html |accessdate=2015-11-13 |date=2011-01-10 |publisher=Malaysian Bar |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120204222005/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/constitutional_law_committee/my_constitution_about_sabah_and_sarawak.html |archivedate=2012-02-04 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>除此之外，砂拉越州政府辖下的[[马来西亚地方政府|地方政府]]不受马来西亚国會所頒布的地方政府法令约束。<ref name="95D">[[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 95d|Article 95D]], Constitution of Malaysia （大馬憲法第95D條文）. 訪問于2008年8月6日。</ref>

[[File:DUN Sarawak.JPG|缩略图|左|坐落于砂拉越河旁的砂拉越立法議會大厦。]]

砂拉越主要政黨可以分為三大類，即非穆斯林土著、穆斯林土著和非土著政黨。但是大部分的政党成员由多个族群组成。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=_kiaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |title=Malaysia: New States in a New Nation（馬來西亞：新州属在新的國家里） |first=Milne |last2=K.J |first2=Ratnam |date=2014 |publisher=[[羅德里奇]] |accessdate=2015-11-14 |isbn=978-1-135-16061-6 |page=71 |quote=... the major parties in each state fall quite neatly into three categories: native-non-Muslim, native-Muslim, and non-native. |last1=R.S |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105021214/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=_kiaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |dead-url=no }}</ref>目前砂拉越州立法议会由[[砂拉越政党联盟]]（GPS）占多数，而来自砂土保党阿邦佐哈里是现任[[砂拉越州首席部长列表|州首长]]。现为中央政府执政联盟的[[希望联盟]]也在砂拉越州议会拥有若干席位，反对党领袖则由现任[[马来西亚国内贸易及消费人事务部]]副部长，来自民主行动党的[[张健仁]]出任{{cn}}。

于1959年成立的[[砂拉越人民联合党]]（人联党，SUPP）是砂拉越第一個政黨。其他早期政党还有{{tsl|ms|Parti Negara Sarawak|砂拉越国家党}}（PANAS，1960年成立）、{{le|砂国民党|Sarawak National Party}}（SNAP，1961年成立）和{{le|砂保守党|Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu}}（PESAKA，1962年成立）<ref name=Fairlandsarawak />。自1963年馬來西亞成立以来，砂拉越一直是当时的執政黨[[联盟 (马来西亚)|联盟]]以及联盟的扩充版——[[國民陣線|國陣]]的大本營。1963年，来自砂国民党的{{le|史蒂芬·甘隆宁甘|Stephen Kalong Ningkan}}在議會選舉获得壓倒性勝利后，成为砂拉越首任[[砂拉越州首席部长列表|首席部长]]。但是史蒂芬仅任职3年，1966年便被砂保守党的{{le|達威斯里|Tawi Sli}}在[[马来西亚政府|中央政府]]的协助下拉下台，引发{{le|1966年砂拉越憲法危機|1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis}}。<ref name=Fairlandsarawak />在这之后，砂州政治局面趋向穩定，直至{{le|1987年明阁事件|1987 Ming Court Affair}}。这起政變是由時任首席部長[[泰益瑪目]]的舅舅所發起的，目的是为了推翻以泰益為首的國陣；但最终政變失敗，泰益继续成为该州的首席部長。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/51574 |title=SPECIAL REPORT: The Ming Court Affair (subscription required)（特別報導：明阁事件（需要訂閱）） |date=2013-01-09 |publisher=[[当今大马]] |accessdate=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2014-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518004236/http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/51574 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

1970年是砂拉越参组马来西亚后的第一届砂拉越州選舉。砂拉越州立法議會成員有選民直選，并標誌著馬蘭諾民族领袖如{{tsl|en|Abdul Rahman Ya'kub|阿都拉曼耶谷}}和泰益瑪目领导砂拉越政治。同年，[[北加里曼丹共產黨]]（北加共，NKCP）成立，开始与新當選的砂政府进行游擊戰。该黨于1990年签署和平協議後便宣告解散。<ref name="chanwong" />1973年，砂拉越土著保守党由土著党和保守党合并。<ref name="DAPJOURNAL">{{Cite journal |title=The Sarawak Chinese Voters and Their Support for the Democratic Action Party（砂拉越华人選民和他們對民主行動黨的支持） |url=http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/56593/1/KJ00000131931.pdf |first=James |journal=Southeast Asian Studies （東南亞研究） |publisher=Kyoto University Research Information Repository （京都大學研究信息庫） |accessdate=2014-06-19 |issue=2 |year=1996 |volume=34 |pages=387–401 |last1=Chin |archive-date=2014-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221034756/http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/56593/1/KJ00000131931.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>這個政黨後來成為砂拉越國陣的中堅力量。相反的，自1983年以來，由達雅族组成的砂国民党因领导危机而分裂成若干小政黨。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/01/09/snap-faces-more-resignations-over-bn-move/ |title=SNAP faces more resignations over BN move （对于重新加入國陣的课题上，砂国民党面臨更多辭職） |last=Tawie |first=Joseph |date=2013-01-09 |publisher=Free Malaysia Today（新今日大马） |accessdate=2014-06-19 |archive-date=2015-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164442/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/01/09/snap-faces-more-resignations-over-bn-move/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/analysis-party-loyalty-counts-for-little-in-sarawak |title=Analysis: Party loyalty counts for little in Sarawak (分析：在砂拉越,黨员的忠誠度很小） |last=Mering |first=Raynore |date=2014-05-23 |publisher=The Malay Mail（馬來郵报） |accessdate=2014-06-19 |archive-date=2014-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531174530/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/analysis-party-loyalty-counts-for-little-in-sarawak |dead-url=no }}</ref>砂拉越州選舉最初是與全国大選同步举行的。然而在1978年，當時的首席部長阿都拉曼耶谷决定延遲州選舉一年，以做好準備面对来自新成立的反對黨的挑戰，另外需要更多时间来解决砂国民党加入砂州國陣后的议席分配。<ref name="Faisal">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=nhAU_JcFNZ0C&pg=PA86 |title=Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak(統治和論爭：砂拉越穆斯林土著的政治） |first=S Hazis |date=2012 |publisher=[[東南亞研究所]] |accessdate=2015-12-11 |isbn=9789814311588 |pages=84, 86, 97 |quote=Rahman was responsible for inserting a provision on Islam, known as Article{{nbsp}}4(1) and (2), in the ''negeri'' constitution, which states that "The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the Head of religion of Islam in Sarawak" and the Council Negri is empowered to make provisions for regulating Islamic affairs through a Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong."(page{{nbsp}}86){{nbsp}}... Rahman also introduced several policy changes aimed at accelerating the central state's Malaysianisation process. First, the strongman-politician introduced a motion in the Council Negri to make Bahasa Malaysia and English as ''negeri''-{}-'s official languages. The motion was unanimously passed on 26 March 1974.(page{{nbsp}}84){{nbsp}}... The strongman-politician postponed the ''negeri'' election because he was not ready to face the wrath of opposition parties, especially PAJAR. Furthermore, SBN was facing an internal conflict over the allocation of ''negeri'' seats, especially after the inclusion of SNAP as the third member of the coalition. So, for the first time, parliamentary and ''negeri'' elections were held separately.(page{{nbsp}}91) |last1=Faisal}}</ref>自此以后，砂拉越成为馬來西亞目前唯一不和全国国会和州议会选举同步举行的州属。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/04/07/why-sarawak-is-electorally-unique/ |title=Why Sarawak is electorally unique （為什麼砂拉越選舉是獨特的） |first=Lian |date=2013-04-07 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623190736/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/04/07/why-sarawak-is-electorally-unique/ |archivedate=2015-06-23 |quote=For this reason, Sarawak held its state and parliamentary elections separately and has been adhering to the practice since 1979 whereas all the other states still hold the two elections concurrently (see Table). |last1=Cheng}}</ref>

1978年，原为西马政党的[[民主行动党 (马来西亚)|民主行动党]]（DAP）开始于砂拉越设立支部<ref name=DAPJOURNAL />。自2006年州選舉後，该黨获得多數城市华裔选民的支持，成為目前砂拉越最大反對黨。<ref>{{cite news|title=BN retains Sarawak, Taib sworn in as CM（國陣保留砂拉越，泰益宣誓就任首长）|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2011/04/16/unofficial-results-bn-retains-sarawak/|date=2011-04-16|last=|first=|publisher=Free Malaysia Today（新今日大马）|accessdate=2014-06-23|archive-date=2015-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113155746/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2011/04/16/unofficial-results-bn-retains-sarawak/|dead-url=no}}</ref>2010年，它与[[人民公正黨]]（PKR）和[[马来西亚伊斯兰党]]（PAS）成立了[[人民联盟 (马来西亚)|民联]]。後兩黨在1996年和2001年之間才开始活躍于砂拉越政坛。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/4/24/nation/6125445&sec=nation |title=DAP: Sarawak Pakatan formed to promote two-party system （民主行动党：砂拉越民联形成以促進兩线制） |last=Chua |first=Andy |date=2010-04-24 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |publisher=Star Publications（马来西亚星报） |accessdate=2014-06-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425074915/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F4%2F24%2Fnation%2F6125445&sec=nation |archivedate=2010-04-25 }}</ref>砂拉越在2018年大选前是馬來西亞唯一一个没有国阵西马成员党的州属，其中该政治联盟内最大的政党[[巫統]]也不在当地参选。<ref>{{cite news |title= Muhyiddin: Umno need not be in Sarawak （慕尤丁：巫統不必在砂拉越） |url= http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/02/14/Muhyiddin-Umno-need-not-be-in-Sarawak/ |date= 2014-02-14 |last= Ling |first= Sharon |publisher= [[马来西亚星报]] |accessdate= 2014-06-23 |archive-date= 2014-03-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140312061249/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/02/14/Muhyiddin-Umno-need-not-be-in-Sarawak/ |dead-url= no }}</ref>随着[[2018年马来西亚大选]]举行后，由民主行动党、人民公正党、[[国家诚信党]]和[[土著团结党]]组成的[[希望联盟]]成功获得多数国会席位，并在砂拉越国会席位中从原有的6个增加至13个{{cn}}。为了应付预计于2021年举行的砂拉越州选举，砂拉越的四个国阵成员党在大选后一齐退出国阵，成立[[砂拉越政党联盟]]取而代之，使砂拉越成为唯一一个没有国阵议员的马来西亚州属{{cn}}。

和[[马来西亚半岛]]其他州属不同的是，砂拉越州以下的第一級行政區是省（{{lang|ms|Bahagian}}），而不是[[马来西亚县份|縣]]（{{lang|ms|Daerah}}）。每個省都由省长领导。截至2018年，砂拉越州内一共有[[马来西亚省份|12個省]]<ref name=Governance /><ref name=Divisiondistrict>{{cite web|title=Sarawak population|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/|website=The Official Portal of the Sarawak Government|accessdate=2015-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907190444/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/|archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>：

省以下分為由縣長領導的縣，縣以下又分為由砂拉越行政官（Sarawak Administrative Officer, SAO）領導的副县。截至2015年，整個州一共分為40個縣。砂州各省、縣都設有發展官一職（Development Officer），發展官的職責是推行轄區的發展項目。砂州各省每一條村的村長（稱為''ketua kampung''或''penghulu''）都會由州政府任命<ref name=Governance /><ref name=Divisiondistrict />。砂拉越州39個地方政府都處於砂拉越地方政府與社區發展部的管轄之下<ref>{{cite web|title=Organisation Structure |url=http://www.kktpk.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=80&menu_id=0&sub_id=123 |website=Official Website of Ministry of Local Government and Community Development |accessdate=2015-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907172156/http://www.kktpk.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=80&menu_id=0&sub_id=123 |archivedate=2014-09-07 }}</ref>。砂拉越州各省、縣、副縣的列表如下<ref name="State Planning Unit stats"/>：

砂拉越第一支準軍事武裝部隊是由布魯克王朝在1862年建立的兵團，稱為[[砂拉越突擊隊]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=BqGBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT319 |title=Imperialism in Southeast Asia |first=Taring |date=2003-08-29 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |accessdate=2015-12-23 |isbn=978-1-134-57081-2 |page=319 |quote=Charles Brooke set up the Sarawak Rangers in 1862 as a paramilitary force for pacifying 'ulu' Dayaks. |last1=Nicholas |archive-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223091351/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=BqGBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT319 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。這支兵團曾經協助布魯克家族平定砂拉越王國，並參加對日軍的游擊戰，以及在[[馬來亞緊急狀態]]和{{tsl|en|Sarawak Communist Insurgency|砂拉越共產黨叛亂}}期間對共產黨的游擊戰。這支以叢林跟蹤技能聞名的軍團在馬來西亞成立之後便併入馬來西亞軍隊，成為{{tsl|en|Royal Ranger Regiment|皇家遊騎兵團}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Ranger Regiment (Malaysia) |url=http://discovermilitary.com/world-military/royal-ranger-regiment-malaysia/ |accessdate=2015-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208045818/http://discovermilitary.com/world-military/royal-ranger-regiment-malaysia/ |archivedate=2012-12-08 |website=discovermilitary.com}}</ref>。砂拉越在1888年和毗鄰的[[北婆羅洲]]、汶萊一起成為英國的[[保护国]]，自此砂拉越便把外交事務交由英國負責，以換取英國的軍事保護<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=hS0_GehsGPwC&pg=PA723 |title=Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei |first=de Ledesma |last2=Mark |first2=Lewis |last3=Pauline |first3=Savage |date=2003 |publisher={{tsl|en|Rough Guides||Rough Guides}} |accessdate=2015-11-02 |isbn=978-1-84353-094-7 |page=723 |quote=In 1888, the three states of Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei were transformed into protectorates, a status which handed over the responsibility for their foreign policy to the British in exchange for military protection. |last1=Charles |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105021506/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=hS0_GehsGPwC&pg=PA723 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越的安保工作也曾經是[[澳大利亚]]和[[新西兰]]的責任<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FFdKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA608 |title=The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts |last2=Bernard Wasserstein |date=2013-12-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-19255-6 |pages=608– |author1=John Grenville |access-date=2016-08-25 |archive-date=2016-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208181652/https://books.google.com/books?id=FFdKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA608 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。馬來西亞成立後，該國的外交政策和軍隊事務便由[[馬來西亞政府|馬來西亞聯邦政府]]全權負責<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ninth schedule – Legislative lists |url=http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html |accessdate=2015-12-22 |publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915024439/http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html |archivedate=2014-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2011/09/27/can-sarawak-have-an-army/ |title=Can Sarawak have an army? |first=Wong |date=2011-09-27 |publisher=Free Malaysia Today |accessdate=2015-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222072234/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2011/09/27/can-sarawak-have-an-army/ |archivedate=2015-12-22 |last1=Chin Huat}}</ref>。

砂拉越和邻邦文莱、印尼以及在[[南海]]岛屿主权上与中国等多个国家有着领土争端<ref>{{Cite web |title=China Coast Guard vessel found at Luconia Shoals |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/03/china-coast-guard-vessel-found-at-luconia-shoals/ |accessdate=2015-06-03 |author=Jenifer Laeng |date=2015-06-03 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-date=2015-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607022036/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/03/china-coast-guard-vessel-found-at-luconia-shoals/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/ |accessdate=2015-09-28 |date=2015-09-27 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-date=2015-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越在2009年解決了與汶萊之間關於[[林夢省]]的主權爭議，最後汶萊放棄了對這片土地的主權要求<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang |accessdate=2013-08-23 |author=Ubaidillah Masli |date=2009-03-17 |publisher=The Brunei Times |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang |archivedate=2014-07-12 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。砂拉越主張[[曾母暗沙]]（Beting Serupai）和的[[北康暗沙]]（Beting Raja Jarum/Patinggi Ali）是其[[专属经济区]]的一部分<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loss of James Shoal could wipe out state’s EEZ |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/05/loss-of-james-shoal-could-wipe-out-states-eez/ |accessdate=2014-05-17 |date=2014-02-05 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-date=2014-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716101828/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/05/loss-of-james-shoal-could-wipe-out-states-eez/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，另外幾項關於砂拉越－加里曼丹邊界的問題也尚未與印尼解決<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802 |accessdate=2015-10-16 |date=2015-10-16 |publisher={{tsl|en|Daily Express (Malaysia)||Daily Express}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216030658/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802 |archivedate=2016-02-16 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。

[[File:Borneo 19 May 2002.jpg|缩略图|右|從[[美国国家航空航天局]]衛星影像可見砂拉越位在婆羅洲西北部。]]

砂拉越的陸地總面積近124,450平方公里，佔馬來西亞總面積的37.5%，坐落在北緯0度50分至5度、東經109度36分至115度40分之間<ref name="stateplanning">{{cite web|title=Geography of Sarawak|url=http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/geography.html|website=Official website of state planning unit Chief Minister's Department of Sarawak|accessdate=2015-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423011032/http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/geography.html|archivedate=2015-04-23}}</ref>。此州擁有一大片具有豐富動植物物種的[[热带雨林]]<ref name="Welman"/>。

砂拉越州的海岸線長達{{convert|750|km|mi}}，其中北部海岸線隔斷著約有150公里的汶萊海岸線。砂拉越和[[加里曼丹]]之间由婆羅洲的中央山脈隔开。這些山脉在北部更加高耸，而最高的陡峭则位于{{tsl|en|Baram River|峇南河}}的源頭附近，即[[巴杜拉威山]]和[[姆禄山]]。[[毛律山]]為砂拉越最高峰<ref name="Welman" />。[[兰卑尔山国家公园]]则以各種形式的瀑布聞名<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambir Hills National Park |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-lambir.html |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530045056/http://xn--www-8v1er01o.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-lambir.html |archivedate=2015-05-30 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。位在[[姆禄山国家公园]]的[[砂拉越洞厅]]為世界最大的地下洞穴大廳。該國家公園內的其他景點也包含了{{le|鹿洞|Deer Cave}}，也是世界最大的洞穴通道<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Cave and Lang's Cave |url=http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-deer-langs.php |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=Mulu National Park |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712112352/http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-deer-langs.php |archivedate=2015-07-12}}</ref>以及拥有[[东南亚]]最大的洞穴系統的{{le|清水洞|Clearwater Cave}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clearwater cave and Wind Cave |url=http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-clearwater-wind.php |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=Gunung Mulu National Park |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712094552/http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-clearwater-wind.php |archivedate=2015-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunung Mulu National Park |url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/sarawak/gunung-mulu-national-park |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017082915/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/sarawak/gunung-mulu-national-park |archivedate=2015-10-17}}</ref>。該國家公園也是[[联合国教育、科学及文化组织]]所評定的[[马来西亚世界遗产列表|世界遗产]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunung Mulu National Park |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1013 |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=UNESCO |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016060027/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1013 |archivedate=2015-10-16}}</ref>。

砂拉越一般上被分為三個[[生態區]]。其中沿海地带的地勢平坦，并由沼澤和潮濕環境以及平原组成。砂拉越海灘包括位于古晋的巴西班让海滩（Pasir Panjang）<ref>{{Cite web |title=巴西班让, 古晋 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/pasir-panjang/ |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227125143/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/pasir-panjang/ |archivedate=2015-12-27}}</ref>和达迈海滩（Damai Beach）、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Damai Beach Resort |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/damai-beach-resort/ |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227125311/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/damai-beach-resort/ |archivedate=2015-12-27}}</ref>民都鲁的丹绒巴都海滩（Tanjung Batu Beach）<ref>{{Cite web |title=丹绒巴都海滩, 民都鲁 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/tanjung-batu-beach/ |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117112532/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/tanjung-batu-beach/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>和丹绒罗邦公园（Tanjung Lobang）<ref>{{Cite web |title=布莱登海滩 / 丹绒罗邦公园 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%e5%b8%83%e8%8e%b1%e7%99%bb%e6%b5%b7%e6%bb%a9%e4%b8%b9%e7%bb%92%e7%bd%97%e9%82%a6%e5%85%ac%e5%9b%ad/ |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413155555/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/brighton-beach-tanjung-lobang/ |archivedate=2015-04-13}}</ref>和美里的夏威夷沙滩。<ref>{{Cite web |title=夏威夷沙滩 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%e5%a4%8f%e5%a8%81%e5%a4%b7%e6%b2%99%e6%bb%a9/ |accessdate=2015-12-27 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413162747/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/hawaii-beach/ |archivedate=2015-04-13}}</ref>其中多數市鎮都坐落于沿海地带或是河流旁，如古晋（砂拉越河）和[[詩巫]]（拉让江）的港口便是建立在河流旁，距离海岸有一段距離。民都魯和美里坐落于海岸線旁，面向南中国海。第三个區域是靠近着加里曼丹北方的高山地带。其中包括位于{{tsl|en|Kelabit Highlands|加拉畢高原}}的[[峇里奥]]、姆禄高原（Murut Highlands）的{{tsl|en|Ba'kelalan|峇卡拉兰}}和位于肯雅高原（Kenyah Highlands）的{{tsl|en|Usun Apau Plieran|乌山阿包}}。<ref name="Welman" />

[[File:Rajang delta.jpg|缩略图|左|[[拉让江]]為馬來西亞最長的河流]]

[[File:Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica) (15489798050).jpg|缩略图|在馬來西亞砂拉越州尼亞洞里的灰鶲（''Muscicapa dauurica''）。]]

[[红树林]]和[[水椰]]林覆蓋著砂拉越的海岸線。 它形成砂拉越森林總面積的百分之二，在最常見古晉、泗裡街、和林夢的[[河口]]。在這裡可找到的樹木主要包括：巴哥（[[红树属]]）、尼帕棕榈（[[水椰]]）和尼红树（''Oncosperma tigillarium''）。 涵蓋了砂州林地16％泥炭沼澤森林主要集中在美裡南部和巴南谷。 在泥炭沼澤森林的主要樹種有： {{tsl|en|Gonystylus bancanus|拉敏白木}}、梅兰蒂（[[娑羅屬]]種類）和絨廣木（''Dactylocladus stenostachys''）。[[巽他荒原森林]]佔森林總面積的百分之五，而[[龙脑香科]]树林佔據山區。<ref name="stateplanning" />一些植物已用来研究它們的藥性。<ref>{{cite news|title=Medicinal plants around us|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/24/medicinal-plants-around-us/|accessdate=2015-11-16|work=The Malaysian Nature Society|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2014-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830015043/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/24/medicinal-plants-around-us/|archivedate=2014-08-30}}</ref>

[[File:Nepenthes rafflesiana ant.jpg|缩略图|左|一只螞蟻從[[萊佛士豬籠草]]中寻蜜。]]

世界范围内的一高密度物種的雨林也生长在砂拉越境内。 該州有大約185種哺乳動物、530種鳥類、166種蛇、104種蜥蜴和113種兩棲動物。砂州還有19％的哺乳動物、6％的鳥、20％的蛇和32％的蜥蜴的[[特有種|特有物種]]。這些物種可在保護區中找到。砂拉越还有2000種樹種、1000種蘭花、757種蕨類植物和260種棕櫚。<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak National Park – Biodiversity Conservation|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department|accessdate=2015-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128010731/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html|archivedate=2015-11-28|dead-url=no}}</ref>該州也是瀕危動物的棲息地，其中包括[[婆罗洲象]]、[[長鼻猴]]、 [[婆羅洲猩猩]]、和[[犀牛]]。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 1) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=2014-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085015/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |archivedate=2011-02-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=6 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 2) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=2014-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208012219/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=6 |archivedate=2011-02-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 3) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=2014-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |archivedate=2011-02-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/05/05/sumatran-orangutans-rainforest-home-faces-new-threat/|title=Sumatran Orangutans' rainforest home faces new threat|work=[[法新社|Agence France-Presse]]|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2013-05-05|accessdate=2014-08-21|archive-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531104947/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/05/05/sumatran-orangutans-rainforest-home-faces-new-threat/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Meijaard, E., Nijman, V. & Supriatna, J.|year=2008|id=14352|title=Nasalis larvatus|downloaded=4 January 2009}}</ref>马当野生动物中心（Matang Wildlife Centre，位于[[库巴国家公园]]）、 实蒙古野生动物护育中心（Semenggoh Nature Reserve）、和{{tsl|en|Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary|兰扎恩地茂野生保护区}}<ref>{{cite web|title=25 success stories |url=http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2796&no=0&disp=inline |publisher={{tsl|en|International Tropical Timber Organization||International Tropical Timber Organization}} (ITTO) |accessdate=2015-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613011444/http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id%3D2796%26no%3D0%26disp%3Dinline |archivedate=2015-06-13 |pages=44–45 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>著名于他們的猩猩保護計劃。<ref>{{cite web|title=Semenggoh Nature Reserve|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508013152/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/|archivedate=2015-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matang Wildlife Centre|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514234944/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/|archivedate=2015-05-14}}</ref>达郎沙当国家公园（Talang-Satang National Park）著名于它的海龜保護措施。<ref>{{cite web|title=Talang-Satang National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116071641/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/|archivedate=2015-11-16}}</ref>[[观鸟]]活動可在不同的國家公園里进行，如[[姆魯山國家公園]]、[[蘭卑爾山國家公園]]、<ref>{{cite web|title=Birding in Sarawak|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085037/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/|archivedate=2015-05-16}}</ref>和{{tsl|en|Similajau National Park|西米拉遥国家公园}}。<ref>{{cite web|title=西米拉遥国家公园|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/similajau-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Toursim Board|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508014847/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/|archivedate=2015-05-08}}</ref>{{tsl|en|Miri-Sibuti Coral Reef National Park|美里－实务地珊瑚礁国家公園}}著名于它的珊瑚礁、<ref>{{cite web|title=到美里－实务地珊瑚礁国家公园潜水|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%E5%88%B0%E7%BE%8E%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%8A%A1%E5%9C%B0%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E7%A4%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4/|publisher=砂拉越旅游局|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504000343/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/|archivedate=2015-05-04}}</ref>和加丁山國家公園（Gunung Gading National Park）著名于它的[[大花草屬|大王花]]。<ref>{{cite web|title=加丁山国家公园|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%E5%8A%A0%E4%B8%81%E5%B1%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD/|publisher=砂拉越旅游局|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085552/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/|archivedate=2015-05-16}}</ref>[[峇哥国家公园]]，是砂拉越最古老的國家公園。它以其275種長鼻猴著称。<ref>{{cite web|title=巴哥国家公园|url=https://sarawaktourism.com/zh-hans/attraction/bako-national-park/|publisher=砂拉越旅游局官方网站|accessdate=2016-11-02|archive-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119184004/https://sarawaktourism.com/zh-hans/attraction/bako-national-park/|dead-url=no}}</ref>另一方面，巴达旺豬籠草花園（Padawan Pitcher Plant & Wild Orchid Centre）為它的各種豬籠草著称。<ref>{{cite web|title=Padawan Pitcher Plant & Wild Orchid Centre|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409045310/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/|archivedate=2015-04-09}}</ref>[[馬來犀鳥]]是砂拉越的州鳥。<ref>{{cite news|title=The magnificent hornbills of Sarawak|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/12/the-magnificent-hornbills-of-sarawak/|accessdate=2015-11-16|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2015-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806050124/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/12/the-magnificent-hornbills-of-sarawak/|archivedate=2015-08-06}}</ref>

砂拉越州政府頒布了若干法律，以保護森林和瀕危野生物種，其中包括1958年森林條例、<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/forests_ordinance_chapter_126.pdf |title=Forests Ordinance Chapter 126 (1958 edition) |date=1998-07-31 |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |accessdate=2015-11-16 |location=Kuching, Sarawak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024436/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/forests_ordinance_chapter_126.pdf |archivedate=2015-11-16}}</ref>1998年野生動物保護條例<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/wildlife_protection_ordinance98_chap26.pdf |title=Wild Life Protection Ordinance, 1998 – Chapter 26 |date=1998 |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |accessdate=2015-11-16 |location=Kuching, Sarawak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024720/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/wildlife_protection_ordinance98_chap26.pdf |archivedate=2015-11-16}}</ref>和砂拉越自然公園和自然保護區條例。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia:Sarawak Natural Parks and Nature Reserve Ordinance |url=http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104012:sarawak-natural-parks-and-nature-reserves-ordinance-1998-new&catid=259 |accessdate=2015-11-16 |publisher=GlobinMed |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024950/http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104012%3Asarawak-natural-parks-and-nature-reserves-ordinance-1998-new&catid=259 |archivedate=2015-11-16 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>受保護的物種有[[猩猩屬|猩猩]]、[[綠蠵龜|綠海龜]]、飛狐猴、和管道犀鳥。根據1998年野生動物保護條例，砂拉越原住民被賦予權限來獵取有限的野生動物，但不應該擁有超過{{convert|5|kg}}的肉。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/ |title=Protected wildlife on the menu |first=Cheng |date=2013-03-31 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401105507/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/ |archivedate=2013-04-01 |quote=Hunting wild animals for food is a culture of Sarawak natives. Though most of them have adapted to modern ways, there are some groups such as the Penans still relying on wild animals as the main source of protein. As such, it is permissible for them to possess the meat of animals listed under the "restricted" category. These are wildlife which are protected but breeding in large number such as the wild boars. However, the meat to be taken should not exceed five kgs [sic] under the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 (Amendment 2003). |last1=Lian}}</ref>砂拉越森林部成立於1919年，以保護其森林資源。<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=75&menu_id=0&sub_id=115 |accessdate=2015-11-16 |publisher=Official website of Forest Department Sarawak |dead-url=yes |quote=Mr. J.P. Mead became the first Conservator of Forests, Sarawak Forest Department, in 1919. The objectives of the Department were to manage and conserve the State's forest resources. |archive-url=https://archive.is/20161119121104/http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=75&menu_id=0&sub_id=115 |archive-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>繼砂拉越伐木業在國際社會受到批評，州政府決定縮減砂拉越森林部並於1995年創建砂拉越林業公司（SFC，Sarawak Forestry Corporation）。<ref>{{Cite web |title=6. INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai412e/AI412E10.htm |accessdate=2015-11-16 |publisher=[[联合国粮食及农业组织|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719063139/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai412e/AI412E10.htm |archivedate=2012-07-19 |last1=Barney |first1=Chan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Forestry Corporation – About Us – FAQ |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/aboutus-faq.html |accessdate=2015-11-16 |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512164659/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/aboutus-faq.html |archivedate=2015-05-12}}</ref>砂拉越生物多樣性中心成立於1997年，為的是保存、保護、并维持生物多樣性的长期發展。<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Sarawak Biodiversity Centre – Profile |url=http://www.sbc.org.my/about-sbc |accessdate=2015-11-16 |publisher=Sarawak Biodiversity Centre |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075233/http://www.sbc.org.my/about-sbc |archivedate=2014-12-06}}</ref>

[[File:Sarawak, Cultural Village 11.jpg|缩略图|沿着拉讓江一带的伐木營地。]]

砂拉越目前的森林覆蓋率一直存在爭議。 當時的首席部長泰益瑪目聲稱，砂州在2011年拥有70％的森林覆蓋率，但是2012年却减至48％。<ref name="Taibawangforests">{{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Tawie|title='What's really left of our forest, Taib?'(泰益，我們的森林覆蓋率到底是多少？)|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2012/10/25/whats-really-left-of-our-forest-taib/|accessdate=2015-11-16|publisher=Free Malaysia Today|date=2012-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121203/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2012/10/25/whats-really-left-of-our-forest-taib/|archivedate=2012-11-02}}</ref>然而，在2012年他的內閣部長却聲稱，森林覆蓋率為80％。<ref name="Taibawangforests" />砂州政府還計劃在未來幾年保持60％的森林覆蓋率。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lim|first1=How Pim|title=Sarawak to maintain its 60 pct forest cover — Awang Tengah (砂拉越将維持其60巴仙的森林覆蓋率 - 阿旺登加）|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/28/sarawak-to-maintain-its-60-pct-forest-cover-awang-tengah/|accessdate=2015-11-16|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2014-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116100011/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/28/sarawak-to-maintain-its-60-pct-forest-cover-awang-tengah/|archivedate=2015-11-16}}</ref>砂拉越森林部門認為，2012年的森林覆蓋率为80％。<ref>{{cite web|title=Types and Categories of Sarawak's Forests （砂拉越州的森林分類和類型）|url=http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=593&menu_id=0&sub_id=160|publisher=Sarawak Forest Department|accessdate=2015-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122014750/http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=593&menu_id=0&sub_id=160|archivedate=2016-11-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref>相比之下，國外媒體稱，砂拉越已經失去了90％的森林覆蓋率<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rhett|first1=A. Butler|title=Google Earth reveals stark contrast between Sarawak’s damaged forests and those in neighboring Borneo states（谷歌地球發現砂拉越所破壞的森林和婆羅州其他的鄰國形成鮮明的對比）|url=http://news.mongabay.com/2011/03/google-earth-reveals-stark-contrast-between-sarawaks-damaged-forests-and-those-in-neighboring-borneo-states/|accessdate=2015-11-16|publisher={{tsl|en|Mongabay||Mongabay}}|date=2011-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Deforestation in Sarawak – Log tale（在砂拉越砍伐森林 - 木头的故事）|url=http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21565622-new-investigation-accuses-hsbc-ignoring-its-own-sustainability-policies-log|accessdate=2015-11-16|publisher=The Economist|date=2012-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013212241/http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21565622-new-investigation-accuses-hsbc-ignoring-its-own-sustainability-policies-log|archivedate=2015-10-13}}</ref>只剩下3％到5％左右的森林。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jerome|first1=Chove|last2=Jane|first2=E Bryan|last3=Philip|first3=L Shearman|last4=Gregory|first4=P Asner|last5=David|first5=E Knapp|last6=Geraldine|first6=Aoro|last7=Barbara|first7=Lokes|title=Extreme Differences in Forest Degradation in Borneo: Comparing Practices in Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei（婆羅洲森林退化的極端差異-比較在砂拉越，沙巴和文萊的伐木做法）|journal=[[PLOS ONE|Plos One]]|date=2013-07-17|volume=8|issue=7|pages=e69679|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069679|pmc=3714267}}</ref>根據[[濕地國際]]的研究报告，10％的砂拉越森林的和33％的泥炭沼澤森林在2005年至2010年間被清除，這是亞洲总伐木率的3.5倍和亞洲泥炭沼澤森林伐木率的11.7倍。<ref>{{cite web|title=New figures: palm oil destroys Malaysia’s peatswamp forests faster than ever （新的數字：棕櫚油比以往更快的速度破壞馬來西亞的泥炭沼澤森林）|url=http://www.wetlands.org/News/Pressreleases/tabid/60/ID/2583/New-figures-palm-oil-destroys-Malaysias-peatswamp-forests-faster-than-ever.aspx|publisher=（Wetlands International）湿地国际|accessdate=2015-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627052602/http://www.wetlands.org/News/Pressreleases/tabid/60/ID/2583/New-figures-palm-oil-destroys-Malaysias-peatswamp-forests-faster-than-ever.aspx|archivedate=2015-06-27 |date=2011-02-01|quote=Between 2005–2010 almost 353,000 hectare of the one million hectare peat swamp forests were opened up at high speed; largely for palm oil production. In just 5 years time, almost 10% of all Sarawak's forests and 33% of the peat swamp forests have been cleared. Of this, 65% was for conversion to palm oil production.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysia destroying its forests three times faster than all Asia combined（馬來西亞比所有亞洲国家更快三倍摧毀它自己的森林）|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/8295896/Malaysia-destroying-its-forests-three-times-faster-than-all-Asia-combined.html|accessdate=2015-11-17|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=2011-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117083103/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/8295896/Malaysia-destroying-its-forests-three-times-faster-than-all-Asia-combined.html|archivedate=2015-11-17|quote="Total deforestation in Sarawak is 3.5 times as much as that for entire Asia, while deforestation of peat swamp forest is 11.7 times as much," the report said.}}</ref>

[[伐木]]业和棕櫚油園的需求逐漸造成砂拉越雨林消耗殆盡。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/02/malaysian-palm-oil-forests |title=Malaysian palm oil destroying forests, report warns （報告警告馬來西亞棕油业正在毀壞森林） |first=Young |date=2011-02-02 |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2015-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234141/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/02/malaysian-palm-oil-forests |archivedate=2014-05-29 |quote=The report from Wetlands International said palm oil plantations are being greatly expanded, largely in the Malaysian state of Sarawak on Borneo island. Unless the trend is halted, none of these forests will be left by the end of this decade, said Marcel Silvius, a senior scientist at Wetlands International. "As the timber resource has been depleted, the timber companies are now engaging in the oil palm business, completing the annihilation of Sarawak's peat swamp forests," he explained. |last1=Tom}}</ref>当瑞士社運分子[[布鲁诺·曼瑟]]（Bruno Manser）從1984年到2000年進入砂拉越时，砂拉越[[本南族]]的人權和森林砍伐课題成為一個國際性的環境课題。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,172580,00.html |title=Without a Trace（沒有踪影） |last=Elegant |first=Simon |date=2001-09-03 |publisher=[[時代 (雜誌)]] |accessdate=2014-08-14 |subscription=yes |archive-date=2014-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722072024/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,172580,00.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>森林的砍伐影響了土著部落的生活，尤其是本南人。他们的生計非常依賴於森林產品。這導致了20世紀的80年代和90年代，土著族群开始封鎖通往他们部落的道路，以阻止伐木公司侵占他們的土地。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak and the Penan（砂拉越和本南人） |url=http://bmf.ch/en/about-us/sarawak-and-the-penan/ |accessdate=2015-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708203915/http://www.bmf.ch/en/about-us/sarawak-and-the-penan/ |archivedate=2015-07-08 |quote=When rainforest clearance began in the 1980s, it brought a massive upheaval to the Penan's way of life. Logging destroys not only nature, the basis of the Penan's livelihood,{{nbsp}}... By erecting blockades on logging roads, they attempted to prevent further incursions by the timber companies. This resistance attracted a lot of international attention to the Penan, especially in the 1990s.}}</ref>在一些情況下，土著習俗地在沒有當地人的許可下，被賦予伐木和種植公司。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Customary Rights in Sarawak（砂拉越的土著習俗權利） |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/native-customary-rights-sarawak |accessdate=2015-11-17 |publisher={{tsl|en|Cultural Survival||Cultural Survival}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005075934/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/native-customary-rights-sarawak |archivedate=2015-10-05 |quote=Thus, the Ministry of Forestry possesses few official records distinguishing Native Customary Rights Land from timberland. Nevertheless, it consistently fails to conduct thorough investigations to determine boundaries, and approves logging concessions even though Native Customary Rights Land exists in a certain area.}}</ref>土著已經使用法律途径，以恢復其土著習俗地的權利。2001年砂拉越高等法庭完全恢復了诺雅崴人的土著習俗地，不過，在2005年，上诉庭却推翻部分判决。但是，这项2001年的判决成为了先例，并隨後的幾年導致更多的土著習俗地的權利得到高級法庭的維護。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumah Nor: A Land Rights Case for Malaysia （Rumah Nor:馬來西亞的土地權案例） |url=http://borneoproject.org/our-work/rumah-nor-a-land-rights-case-for-malaysia |accessdate=2015-11-17 |publisher=The Borneo Project （婆羅洲計劃 ） |quote=In that precedent-setting court case of 2001, the High Court decided that Rumah Nor did indeed have sufficient evidence to claim native customary rights over all of their traditional territory … Though many High Court decisions since 2008 have chosen to uphold native land rights as defined in the Rumah Nor 2001 decision, hundreds of indigenous communities across Sarawak continue to face illegal land grabbing by government and corporations. |archive-date=2016-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208085935/http://borneoproject.org/our-work/rumah-nor-a-land-rights-case-for-malaysia |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth Island News – Borneo Project – Indigenous victory overturned （地球島新聞 - 婆羅洲計劃 - 土著的勝利被推翻） |url=http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/borneo_project2/ |accessdate=2015-11-17 |publisher={{tsl|en|Earth Island Institute||Earth Island Institute}} |last1=Jessica |first1=Lawrence |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062810/http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/borneo_project2/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>砂拉越大型水壩的政策，如[[巴贡水电站]]和{{tsl|en|Murum Dam|姆伦水壩}}已淹沒數千公頃的森林并造成數千人土著居民流離失所。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power, profit, and pollution: dams and the uncertain future of Sarawak （電力、利潤、和污染：水壩和砂拉越州不確定的未來） |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2009/09/power-profit-and-pollution-dams-and-the-uncertain-future-of-sarawak/ |accessdate=2015-11-17 |publisher=Mongabay |quote=One dam has already displaced 10,000 native people and will flood an area the size of Singapore. |last1=Rhett |first1=Butler |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070053/http://news.mongabay.com/2009/09/power-profit-and-pollution-dams-and-the-uncertain-future-of-sarawak/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakun Dam（巴贡水电站） |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/bakun-dam |accessdate=2015-11-17 |publisher=International Rivers（国际河流组织） |archive-date=2015-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118051029/https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/bakun-dam |dead-url=no }}</ref>自2013年起，巴南水壩項目已被展延因为當地土著部落正在進行水壩抗議活動。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak, Malaysia（馬來西亞砂拉越） |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/sarawak-malaysia |accessdate=2015-11-17 |publisher=International Rivers([[国际河流组织]]) |quote=Work on access roads to the dam site began but came to a halt in October 2013 when local communities launched two blockades to stop construction and other project preparations from proceeding. |archive-date=2015-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118070004/https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/sarawak-malaysia |dead-url=no }}</ref>自2014年以來，在新的首席部長丹斯里阿德南開始打擊非法伐木活動，并使砂州經濟多樣化。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.establishmentpost.com/battle-illegal-logging-sarawak-begins/ |title=Battle Against Illegal Logging in Sarawak Begins（打擊砂拉越非法伐木活动已開始） |first=Nadaraj |date=2015-09-21 |publisher=The Establishment Post |accessdate=2015-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921054212/http://www.establishmentpost.com/battle-illegal-logging-sarawak-begins/ |archivedate=2015-09-21 |last1=Vanitha}}</ref>在2016年，有超過200萬英畝的森林被列為保護區。这些保護區大多数是猩猩的棲息地<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/sarawak-announces-department-of-national-parks-and-wildlife-to-open-next-year/ |title=Sarawak establishes 2.2M acres of protected areas, may add 1.1M more (砂拉越建立220萬英畝的保護區，可能还會增加110萬英畝) |author=Mike Gaworecki |date=2016-08-19 |newspaper=Mongabay |accessdate=2016-08-22 |archive-date=2016-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820180110/https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/sarawak-announces-department-of-national-parks-and-wildlife-to-open-next-year/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

| caption=砂拉越各行業佔GDP份額（2019年）<ref name="Sarawakeconomy">{{Cite web |title=The State of Sarawak |url=http://www.marc.com.my/index.php/economic-research/country-reports/country-reports-2015/757-the-state-of-sarawak-18-august-2015/file |accessdate=2015-11-12 |publisher=Malaysia Rating Corporation Berhad |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118060310/http://www.marc.com.my/index.php/economic-research/country-reports/country-reports-2015/757-the-state-of-sarawak-18-august-2015/file |archivedate=2015-11-18}}</ref>

[[File:Bintulu LNG port.jpg|缩略图|左|一座位於砂拉越民都魯的[[液化天然气]]港]]

砂拉越擁有豐富的自然資源。在2013年，採礦、農業、畜牧業等[[第一產業]]的產值佔全州經濟產量的32.8%<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />。砂拉越製造業產值的主要貢獻者是飲食業、木工業與[[藤]]器製造業、初级金属產品制造业和{{tsl|en|petrochemical|石油化學產品|石油化工業}}<ref name="State Planning Unit stats"/>，而服務業產值的主要貢獻者則包括貨運運輸業、航空業和旅遊業<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />。在2000年至2009年期間，砂拉越[[國內生產總值]]（GDP）的年均增長率是5.0%<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chang|first1=Ngee Hui|title=High Growth SMEs and Regional Development – The Sarawak Perspective|url=http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900|publisher=State Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief MInister Department|accessdate=2015-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121023827/http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900|archivedate=2015-11-21|date=2009}}</ref>。2006年至2013年期間當地GDP的年度增長率水平並不穩定，幅度由負2%（2009年）至7%（2010年）不等，[[標準差]]為3.3％。在2013年之前的九年內，砂拉越州的GDP總量對馬來西亞國內生產總值的贡献率為10.1%，是全國經濟總量第三大州，僅次於[[雪蘭莪]]（22.2%）和[[吉隆坡]]（13.9%）<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />。砂拉越的GDP已經從1963年的5.27億[[馬來西亞令吉|令吉]]（1.713億美元）增加到2013年的580億令吉（174億美元）<ref>{{cite web|title=Zoom on historical exchange rate graph (MYR to USD)|url=http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates-graph-zoom.php?C1=MYR&C2=USD&A=1&DD1=15&MM1=06&YYYY1=1967&DD2=15&MM2=06&YYYY2=2016&LARGE=2&LANG=en&VAR=0&MM1M=0&MM3M=0&MM1Y=0|publisher=fxtop.com|accessdate=2016-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326001521/http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates-graph-zoom.php?C1=MYR&C2=USD&A=1&DD1=15&MM1=06&YYYY1=1967&DD2=15&MM2=06&YYYY2=2016&LARGE=2&LANG=en&VAR=0&MM1M=0&MM3M=0&MM1Y=0|archivedate=2016-03-26}}</ref>，增幅達110倍。與此同時，當地的人均GDP也已經從1963年的688令吉躍升至2013年的46,000令吉，增幅達67倍<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adrian|first1=Lim|title=Sarawak achieves strong economic growth|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/28/sarawak-achieves-strong-economic-growth/|accessdate=2015-11-18|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2014-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707164923/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/28/sarawak-achieves-strong-economic-growth/|archivedate=2015-07-07}}</ref>。砂拉越的[[人均收入|人均GDP]]（44,437令吉，即11,133美元）在馬來西亞排名第三，僅次於吉隆坡和納閩<ref>{{cite news|title=Selangor leads GDP contribution to national economy|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/selangor-leads-gdp-contribution-to-national-economy|accessdate=2015-11-18|publisher={{tsl|en|Malay Mail||Malay Mail}}|date=2015-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031115138/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/selangor-leads-gdp-contribution-to-national-economy|archivedate=2015-10-31}}</ref>。油氣事業為砂拉越州政府貢獻了34.8%的稅收，因此州政府在2013年以前的7年內一直能夠維持財政盈餘。砂拉越還吸引了總值96億令吉（28.8億美元）的外國投資，其中90%的投資額都流向{{tsl|en|Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy|砂拉越再生能源走廊}}（Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy, SCORE）；砂拉越再生能源走廊是馬來西亞第二大經濟走廊<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />。

砂拉越经济在很大程度上属于向外出口型，因此易受全球大宗商品價格所影响。砂州出口總額和砂州生產總值的比例為100％以上，而2013年，貿易總額超過了130％。 [[液化天然气]] (LNG) 出口額佔砂州的總出口的一半以上；同時，原油出口佔20.8％。 與此同時，棕櫚油、原木、和[[木材]]佔出口總額的9.0％左右。<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />砂拉越目前收到的5％的石油[[版稅|稅]]（礦業公司以石油產量的比例支付給[[贌]]的拥有者）是由[[馬來西亞國家石油]]公司在砂拉越水域勘探石油后所支付的。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desmond|first1=Davidson|title=Adenan pledges to keep fighting for 20% oil royalty|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty|accessdate=2015-11-19|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=2015-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812052453/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty|archivedate=2015-08-12|quote=Sarawak Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem today admitted the oil and gas royalty negotiations – for a hike of 15% from 5% to 20% – with Petronas and Putrajaya have ended in deadlock, but has vowed to fight for it “as long as I'm alive”.}}</ref>石油和天然氣的大部分都儲藏於民都魯和美裡離岸的地方、万年烟盆地、巴南盆地、和靠近[[北康暗沙]]岛屿。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rasoul|first1=Sorkhabi|title=Borneo's Petroleum Plays|date=2012|volume=9|issue=4|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays|accessdate=2015-11-20|publisher=GEO Ex Pro|quote=A simplified map showing the distribution of major sedimentary basins onshore and offshore Borneo.|journal=|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121030834/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays|dead-url=no}}</ref>砂拉越也是世界上最大的[[硬木]]出口國之一，并在2000年佔馬來西亞總原木出口的65％。 2001年[[联合国]]估計砂拉越在1996至2000年之間，每年的平均原木出口是{{convert|14,109,000|m3}}。<ref>{{cite web|title=An overview of forest products statistics in South and Southeast Asia – National forest products statistics, Malaysia|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm|publisher=[[联合国粮食及农业组织|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)|accessdate=2015-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724070615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm|archivedate=2015-07-24|quote=In 2000, of the country’s total sawlog production of 23 million m3, Peninsular Malaysia contributed 22 percent, Sabah 16 percent, and Sarawak 62 percent. Sawlog production figures for 1996–2000 are shown in Table 2.}}</ref>1955年，[[華僑銀行]]是第一个在砂拉越开设分行的外国銀行。除了國內銀行，砂拉越也有18個歐洲銀行、10個中東銀行、11個亞洲銀行、和五個北美銀行在當地開設分行。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharon|first1=Kong|title=Foreign banks in Sarawak|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/|accessdate=2015-11-21|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2013-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912015846/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/|archivedate=2013-09-12}}</ref>砂拉越也有幾家本地公司涉及各项经济活动，如：{{tsl|en|Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad|砂州日光集团}}、{{tsl|en|Rimbunan Hijau|常青集团}}、啟德行集團（KTS Group）、纳因控股公司（Naim Holdings）、三林（Samling）、升阳控股（Shin Yang）、大安集团（Ta Ann Holdings）和黃傳寬控股（WTK Holdings）<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarawak shakers|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=/2010/3/27/business/5917875|accessdate=2015-11-21|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2010-03-27|quote=|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121035518/http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2010%2F3%2F27%2Fbusiness%2F5917875|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

砂拉越[[消費者物價指數]] (CPI) 與馬來西亞消費者物價指數有高度相關性。砂州從2009年至2013年間的平均通膨率是在2.5至3.0巴仙之间。但是2008年通膨率却高达10.0%，而在2009年却创下-4.0％的最低点。<ref name="Sarawakeconomy" />砂拉越收入不均从1980年至2009年並沒有出现顯著的變化，其[[基尼系数]]在0.4和0.5之間波動。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Looi|first1=Kah Yee|title=A study the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Malaysia: 1970–2002 (Chapter 5)|date=2004|publisher=Universiti Malaya (Master Thesis)|page=86|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/378/6/CHAP5.pdf|accessdate=2015-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121025301/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/378/6/CHAP5.pdf|archivedate=2015-11-21|chapter=Chapter 5 – Income Inequality effects on growth-poverty relationship|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Midin|first1=Salad|last2=Yu|first2=Ji|title=Addressing the poor-rich gap|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2011%2F11%2F23%2Fsarawak%2F9957525|accessdate=2015-11-21|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2011-11-23|quote=PKR’s Batu Lintang assemblyman See Chee How told the house a week ago that, in 2009, Sarawak recorded 0.448 on the index. A decade before that, Sarawak had better results at 0.407.|archive-date=2015-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121030126/http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2011%2F11%2F23%2Fsarawak%2F9957525|dead-url=no}}</ref>砂拉越的[[貧窮]]率从1975年的56.5%減少至 2015年的1%。<ref name="Poverty 2014">{{cite news|title=Poverty in Sarawak now below 1%|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/08/27/Poverty-in-Sarawak-now-below-1/|accessdate=2015-11-23|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2015-08-27|archive-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123031942/http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/08/27/Poverty-in-Sarawak-now-below-1/|dead-url=no}}</ref>失业率也从2010年的4.6％<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarawak unemployment at 4.6 pct in 2010|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/03/16/sarawak-unemployment-at-4-6-pct-in-2010-new/|accessdate=2015-11-23|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=2012-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027161213/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/03/16/sarawak-unemployment-at-4-6-pct-in-2010-new/|archivedate=2014-10-27}}</ref>下滑至2014年的3%。<ref name="Poverty 2014" />

[[File:Bakun Dam Power House.jpg|缩略图|在巴贡水电站發電廠房裡面的[[涡轮发动机]]。该水壩是砂拉越主要的電能供应者。]]

{{tsl|en|Sarawak Energy|砂能源公司}} (SEB) 負責發電、輸電、以及分配電力到整個砂拉越。<ref name="Sarawak Energy Portfolio">{{cite web|title=Generation Portfolio|url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/what-we-do/generation-portfolio|publisher={{tsl|en|Sarawak Energy||Sarawak Energy}}|accessdate=2015-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124061528/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/what-we-do/generation-portfolio|archivedate=2013-11-24}}</ref>截至2015年，砂拉越有三個正在运作的水壩：[[峇丹艾]]、<ref name="Sarawaak HEP Plan">{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power Dams in Sarawak|url=http://www.siwrs.com.my/modules/iwrm/page.php?id=8|publisher=Sarawak Integrated Water Resources – Management Master Plan|accessdate=2015-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014245/http://www.siwrs.com.my/modules/iwrm/page.php?id=8|archivedate=2015-11-23}}</ref>[[巴贡水电站]]、<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jack|first1=Wong|title=Bakun at 50% capacity producing 900MW|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/07/22/Bakun-at-50-capacity-Sarawak-dam-producing-an-average-of-900MW-By-Jack-Wong-starbizthestarcommy/?style=biz|accessdate=2015-11-23|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2014-07-22|archive-date=2015-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731080301/http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/07/22/Bakun-at-50-capacity-Sarawak-dam-producing-an-average-of-900MW-By-Jack-Wong-starbizthestarcommy/?style=biz|dead-url=no}}</ref>和{{tsl|en|Murum Dam|姆伦水壩}}。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Christopher|first1=Lindom|title=Making HEPs in Sarawak safe|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/47149/Making-HEPs-in-Sarawak-safe/|accessdate=2015-11-23|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=2015-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014941/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/47149/Making-HEPs-in-Sarawak-safe/|archivedate=2015-11-23|quote=... Murum HEP had officially started commercial operation on 8 June 2015,"...}}</ref>还有几个水壩在研究和規劃当中。<ref name="Sarawaak HEP Plan" />砂拉越也从燃煤電廠和液化天然氣[[热力发电厂]]得到其電能。<ref name="Sarawak Energy Portfolio" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Core Business Activities|url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/core-business-activities|publisher={{tsl|en|Sarawak Energy||Sarawak Energy}}|accessdate=2015-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710003252/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/core-business-activities|archivedate=2015-07-10}}</ref>砂州發電總容量預計将在2025年達到7,000兆瓦。<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Jack|title=Sarawak Energy needs to raise generating capacity to 7,000 MW|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/05/12/SEB-needs-to-raise-generating-capacity-to-7000-MW/?style=biz|accessdate=2015-11-23|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2014-05-12|archive-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123020707/http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/05/12/SEB-needs-to-raise-generating-capacity-to-7000-MW/?style=biz|dead-url=no}}</ref>除了为本地居民供电，砂拉越能源公司還出口電力到鄰近的[[西加里曼丹省]]。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Malaysia-exports-electricity-to-Indonesia|title=Malaysia exports electricity to Indonesia|author=CK Tan|publisher=[[日本經濟新聞|Nikkei Asian Review]]|date=2016-05-12|accessdate=2016-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515075142/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Malaysia-exports-electricity-to-Indonesia |archivedate=2016-05-15|deadurl=yes}}</ref>替代能源如[[生物质]]、[[潮汐能]]、[[太陽能]]、[[風能]]和微水電站也被探索其潛在的發電用处。<ref>{{cite web|title=Research and Development – Introduction To Renewable Energy|url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/r-d|publisher={{tsl|en|Sarawak Energy||Sarawak Energy}}|accessdate=2015-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709233834/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/r-d|archivedate=2015-07-09}}</ref>

{{tsl|en|Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy|砂拉越再生能源走廊}}（SCORE）成立於2008年，並計劃至2030年進一步利用豐富的能源如：姆伦水壩、{{tsl|en|Baram Dam|巴南水壩}}、巴类水壩（Baleh Dam）和燃煤電廠<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Strategy |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/development-strategy/ |accessdate=2015-11-22 |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185928/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/development-strategy/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>以及發展10项優先行業<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is SCORE? |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/what-is-score/ |accessdate=2015-11-22 |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015931/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/what-is-score/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>如鋁、玻璃、鋼鐵、石油、漁業、畜牧業、木材、和旅遊等等。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy – Register your interest |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/priority-sectors/register-your-interest/ |accessdate=2015-07-26 |publisher=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627141532/http://www.recoda.com.my/priority-sectors/register-your-interest/ |archivedate=2014-06-27}}</ref>區域走廊發展局（RECODA）負責管理砂拉越再生能源走廊。<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is RECODA |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/about-recoda/what-is-recoda/ |accessdate=2015-11-22 |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185839/http://www.recoda.com.my/about-recoda/what-is-recoda/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>砂拉越再生能源走廊覆蓋整个砂拉越中區，包括三个主要地方：三馬拉如（靠近民都魯）、丹絨馬尼、和[[沐胶]]。<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCORE Areas |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/ |accessdate=2015-07-31 |publisher=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627141442/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/ |archivedate=2014-06-27}}</ref>自2008年，三馬拉如将被計劃開發成一個工業區，<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samalaju – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/samalaju/ |accessdate=2015-11-22 |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117183904/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/samalaju/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>并把丹絨馬尼作為[[清真#符合“清真”的食物|清真]]食品中心，<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanjung Manis – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/tanjung-manis/ |accessdate=2015-11-22 |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117085730/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/tanjung-manis/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>和把沐胶作為SCORE的行政中心，着重於資源研究和開發。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukah – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/mukah/ |accessdate=2015-11-22 |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117162533/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/mukah/ |archivedate=2015-11-17}}</ref>

[[File:French Gypsy band performing during RWMF 2006.jpg|缩略图|法國吉普賽樂隊GYPSY IT UP在2006年{{tsl|en|Rainforest World Music Festival|熱帶雨林世界音樂節}}中演出]]

旅游业是砂拉越州的重要经济产业。2015年，旅游业佔砂拉越州內生產總值的9.3%<ref name="tourist2015">{{cite web|title=Fewer tourists visited Sarawak last year, DUN told|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/16/fewer-tourists-visited-sarawak-last-year-dun-told/#ixzz4BiYr0pTx|publisher=The Borneo Post|accessdate=2016-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625005211/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/16/fewer-tourists-visited-sarawak-last-year-dun-told/#ixzz4BiYr0pTx|archivedate=2016-06-25|dead-url=no}}</ref>。砂拉越旅遊局（Sarawak Tourism Board）是砂拉越旅遊部（Ministry of Tourism Sarawak）的下轄機構，負責推廣砂拉越旅遊。與此同時，砂拉越私營旅行社亦組成砂拉越旅遊聯合會（STF, Sarawak Tourism Federation）。砂勞越會議局（SCB, Sarawak Convention Bureau）則負責吸引大会、会议和企业活动前往{{tsl|en|Borneo Convention Centre Kuching|古晉婆羅洲會議中心}}（BCCK）舉行相關活動<ref name="Oxford Business Group Tourism">{{cite web|title=Sarawak's tourism strategy focuses on sustainable development|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-tourism-strategy-focuses-sustainable-development|publisher=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=2015-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121001355/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-tourism-strategy-focuses-sustainable-development|archivedate=2015-11-21}}</ref>。砂拉越犀鸟旅游奖（RWMF, Rainforest World Music Festival）每兩年舉辦一次，以表揚最佳的旅遊業從業者<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ava|first1=Lai|title=Valuable prizes await Hornbill winners|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/07/29/Valuable-prizes-await-Hornbill-winners/|accessdate=2015-11-20|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2015-07-29|quote=The awards are co-organised by the Ministry of Tourism Sarawak and Sarawak Tourism Federation to recognise individuals or organisations’ contribution to the development of tourism in Sarawak and to create a culture of excellence, creativity, quality services and best practices.|archive-date=2015-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120155457/http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/07/29/Valuable-prizes-await-Hornbill-winners/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

砂拉越的主要商場包括位處古晉的新欣廣場（tHe Spring）、富丽华广场（Boulevard）、{{lang|en|CityONE}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping Malls in Kuching |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/malls-in-kuching/ |accessdate=2015-12-28 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228001618/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/malls-in-kuching/ |archivedate=2015-12-28}}</ref>、独立广场（Plaza Merdeka）和[[永旺集團|永旺]]（ÆON）；位處美里的星城霸級廣場（Bintang Megamall）、富丽华广场（Boulevard）和帝宮城市廣場（Permaisuri Imperial City）<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping Malls in Miri |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/shopping-malls-in-miri/ |accessdate=2015-12-28 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204143926/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/shopping-malls-in-miri/ |archivedate=2015-02-04}}</ref>；诗巫的{{tsl|en|Wisma Sanyan|三洋广场}}和大星广场（Star Megamall）；民都鲁的百乐城（Paragon），以及民都鲁新欣廣場（tHe Spring）和2020年中建成的富丽华广场（Boulevard）。砂拉越的首府古晉亦被評為馬來西亞國内其中一個適合退休養老的城市。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/on-retirement/2012/12/10/exotic-retirement-spot-remains-largely-unknown |title=The Most Interesting Retirement Spot You’ve Never Heard Of |first=Peddicord |date=2012-12-10 |publisher=[[美国新闻与世界报道|U.S. News & World Report]] |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410150854/http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/on-retirement/2012/12/10/exotic-retirement-spot-remains-largely-unknown |archivedate=2014-04-10 |last1=Kathleen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Retirement Abroad: 5 Unexpected Foreign Cities |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/100214/retirement-abroad-5-unexpected-foreign-cities.asp |accessdate=2015-11-21 |publisher=[[Investopedia]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420211929/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/100214/retirement-abroad-5-unexpected-foreign-cities.asp |archivedate=2015-04-20 |last1=Jean |first1=Fogler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Malaysia is one of the top 3 countries for retirement |url=https://www.hsbc.com.my/1/PA_ES_Content_Mgmt/content/website/personal/investments/liquid/5559.html |accessdate=2015-11-21 |publisher=[[馬來西亞滙豐銀行|HSBC Bank Malaysia]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907010141/http://www.hsbc.com.my/1/PA_ES_Content_Mgmt/content/website/personal/investments/liquid/5559.html |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>。

2019年首5个來砂拉越觀光的国家包括了汶莱30万4,823人、印尼9万4,303人、菲律宾1万4,419人、中国大陸是9,983人以及新加坡9,024人；砂拉越2018年旅客達443萬人次；<ref name=sh0507/>2017年访客达485.7万人次，主要来自[[汶萊]]（173.9万；2014年为195.2万，下同）、[[印尼]]（51.3万；54.7万）、[[菲律宾]]（6.8万；13.6万）、[[新加坡]]（4.2万；4.9万）、[[中国大陸]]（3.8万；4.0万）及[[泰国]]（1.6万；未知）。<ref name="Pulling more tourists to Sarawak">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/27/pulling-more-tourists-to-sarawak/ |title=Pulling more tourists to Sarawak |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-07-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065556/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/27/pulling-more-tourists-to-sarawak/ |archivedate=2015-08-19}}</ref><ref name="sh0924">{{Cite web |title=去年约486万旅客来砂 摆脱连续两年负成长窘境 |url=http://news.seehua.com/?p=344660 |accessdate=2018-09-24 |date=2018-02-27 |website=诗华日报online |archive-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924111507/http://news.seehua.com/?p=344660 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=李景胜望能开辟更多砂中直航 |url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1775272 |accessdate=2018-09-28 |date=2018-07-18 |website=星洲网 |archive-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200717/http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1775272 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>Pg.7 [http://www.wtwy.com/files/reports/WTWY%2520SP%2520Bulletin%25202H%25202016.pdf PROPERTY MARKET REVIEW 2016 AND OUTLOOK 2017] CH Williams Talhar Wong & Yeo Sdn Bhd，2016年12月</ref>

|+ 砂拉越旅客統計<ref name="tourist2015" /><ref name="Pulling more tourists to Sarawak" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Visitor Arrivals into Sarawak 2015 |url=http://www.mot.sarawak.gov.my/upload/file_folder/va2015.pdf |accessdate=2016-05-31 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701023910/http://www.mot.sarawak.gov.my/upload/file_folder/va2015.pdf |archivedate=2016-07-01 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

相較於[[马来西亚半岛]]，砂拉越州整體基礎設施的發展較為不足<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=9UPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234 |title=OECD Investment Policy Reviews OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013 |date=2013-10-30 |publisher=[[经济合作与发展组织|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) Publishing |accessdate=2015-12-17 |isbn=9789264194588 |page=234 |quote=All the same, there are important variations in the quantity and quality of infrastructure stocks, with infrastructure more developed in peninsular Malaysia than in Sabah and Sarawak. |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132744/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=9UPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越州的基礎設施發展和通信部門（MIDCom）負責砂拉越州的基礎設施及電信服務<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.midcom.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=60 |accessdate=2015-12-17 |publisher=MIDCom |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140647/http://www.midcom.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=60 |archivedate=2015-12-22 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。砂拉越州有21個工業區，有四個主要機構負責其建設及發展<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industrial Estate by Division |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/211/227/ |accessdate=2015-12-17 |publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223851/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/211/227/ |archivedate=2015-07-04}}</ref>。2009年時，都市有94%有供應電力，鄉村供電比例從2009年的67%<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Potential application of renewable energy for rural electrification in Malaysia |url=http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf |first=Borhanazad |last2=S. |first2=Mekhilef |date=2013 |journal=Renewable Energy |accessdate=2015-11-23 |volume=59 |page=211 |last3=R |first3=Saidur |last4=G. |first4=Boroumandijazi |last1=H. |archive-date=2015-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123025730/http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>，成長到2014年的91%<ref name="water and electricity">{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/ |title=Infrastructure crucial to state's goals |first=Lorna |date=2015-10-09 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |last2=Doreen |first2=Ling |accessdate=2015-12-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165506/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/ |archivedate=2015-12-16 |quote="In 2014, 82% of houses located in Sarawak rural areas have access to water supply in comparison to 59% in 2009." Fadillah also said that the rural electricity coverage had improved over the last few years with 91% of the households in Sarawak having access to electricity in 2014 compared to 67% in 2009. |last1=Alexandra}}</ref>，展望2020年達到97%並在2025年達到100%。砂拉越州目前的电流覆盖率为95巴仙，其中的91巴仙享有24小时的供应<ref>[https://www.intimes.com.my/news2a/index.php/2018-07-09-11-40-04/2018-07-09-11-46-38/item/16020-97-24] 國際時報，2019年5月22日</ref>。

在通訊上，2013年傳統固定式電話的覆蓋率為25.5%，而使用手機的人達到93.3%。同一年有使用電腦的比率為45.9%。都市有上網的人有58.5%，鄉村則有29.9%<ref>{{Cite web |title=New technologies play a major role in Sarawak’s development plans |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans |accessdate=2015-12-17 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217003141/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans |archivedate=2015-12-17}}</ref>。砂拉越州的Sacofa有限公司（Sacofa{{nbsp}}Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd）全权負責架設砂拉越州的通訊塔<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/04/02/cahya-mata-sarawak-buys-50pct-of-sacofa-for-rm186m/?style=biz |title=Cahya Mata Sarawak buys 50% of Sacofa for RM186m |first=Hafiz Mahpar |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2015-12-17 |last1=Mohd |archive-date=2015-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409134714/http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2015/04/02/Cahya-Mata-Sarawak-buys-50pct-of-Sacofa-for-RM186m/?style=biz |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越資訊系統有限公司（Sarawak Information Systems Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd，簡稱SAINS）負責砂拉越州資訊科技系統（IT）的架設及發展<ref>{{Cite web |title=About SAINS – Corporate Profile |url=http://www.sains.com.my/content.php?id=49 |accessdate=2015-12-17 |publisher=Sarawak Information Systems Sdn Bhd |archive-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20161119121354/http://www.sains.com.my/content.php?id=49 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。2012年時，砂拉越州有63個郵局、40個迷你郵局及5個流動郵務局<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/02/15/pos-malaysia-wheels-brings-mobile-postal-service-to-lawas-latest/ |title=Pos Malaysia wheels brings mobile postal service to Lawas |date=2012-02-15 |publisher=Bernama |accessdate=2015-12-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217022313/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/02/15/pos-malaysia-wheels-brings-mobile-postal-service-to-lawas-latest/ |archivedate=2015-12-17}}</ref>。2015年，鄉村的郵務覆蓋率為60%<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/postal-services-improving-sabah-and-s%E2%80%99wak |title=Postal services improving in Sabah and S’wak |first=Povera |date=2015-10-29 |publisher=New Straits Times |accessdate=2015-12-17 |last1=Adib |archive-date=2015-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030144926/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/10/postal-services-improving-sabah-and-s%E2%80%99wak |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

古晉水务局（KWB）及詩巫水务局（SWB）負責相關區域的供水管理。LAKU管理有限公司（LAKU Management Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd）负责管理美里、民都魯及林夢的供水<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure">{{Cite web |title=Transport and Infrastructure |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/ |accessdate=2015-12-17 |publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907183756/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/ |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>。鄉村供水部管理局则负责剩餘地區的供水<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/ |title=New department being set up |first=Jau |date=2015-08-08 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |accessdate=2015-12-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217041741/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/ |archivedate=2015-12-17 |last1=Harun}}</ref>。2014年鄉村地區中有82%有自來水供應<ref name="water and electricity" />。

[[File:KIA newterminal.jpg|右|缩略图|[[古晉國際機場]]航站楼]]

[[File:RTG at Bintulu International Container Terminal (BICT).jpg|右|缩略图|位于民都鲁港的民都鲁国际集装箱码头（BICT）]]

{{as of|2013}}，砂拉越州拥有总长{{convert|32091|km}}的道路，其中近半❲{{convert|18003|km}}❳为州政府建設的铺设道路、{{convert|8313|km}}为由林业公司建設的泥路、{{convert|4352|km}}为碎石路、{{convert|1424|km}}为联邦公路。砂拉越州最重要的公路是{{le|泛婆罗洲大道|Pan Borneo Highway|泛婆大道}}，起自[[砂拉越州]][[古晋省]]辖下[[三马丹]]，穿过[[汶莱]]，到达[[沙巴州]]的[[斗湖]]<ref name="Oxford transport" />。然而，砂拉越道路的路況因為危险的急弯、盲点、坑洞和路面侵蝕的问题而被批評<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/09/13/Deadly-reminder-after-grim-toll-Repair-Pan-Borneo-Highway-now-says-Bintulu-MP-following-latest-fatal.aspx/ |title=Repair Pan Borneo Highway now, says Bintulu MP following latest fatal accident |last=Then |first=Stephen |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2014-06-23 |archive-date=2016-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206023625/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/09/13/deadly-reminder-after-grim-toll-repair-pan-borneo-highway-now-says-bintulu-mp-following-latest-fatal/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，聯邦政府亦曾在財政預算中撥出資金用作改善砂拉越的道路。砂拉越州作為{{tsl|en|Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy|砂拉越再生能源走廊|再生能源走廊}}經濟地帶的一部份，亦興建了連接大型水電站、[[民都魯]]和[[加帛]]的道路<ref name="Oxford transport" />。

砂拉越州的主要城鎮亦設有公共交通服務，包括[[巴士]]、[[的士]]及豪华[[轿车]]，現已有[[共享汽車]][[Grab]]入駐，于[[古晉]]、[[美里]]、[[詩巫]]與[[民都魯]]四大城鎮及[[泗裡街]]提供服務。砂拉越州亦設有前往沙巴州、汶萊和印尼[[坤甸]]的巴士服務<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure" />，目前古晉與民都魯已有冷氣長途巴士總站，而詩巫亦正建設中。砂拉越道路使用{{tsl|en|dual carriageway|双车道}}設計，並[[道路通行方向|靠左行駛]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA98 |title=Borneo:Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak |first=Tamara |date=2012 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |accessdate=2016-01-26 |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |page=98 |quote=All major roads are dual carriageways; there are no multi-lane expressways. In Malaysia, you drive on the left-hand side of the road and cars are right-hand drive. |last1=Thiessen |archive-date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201063921/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA98 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越州容許摩托車司機在出口沒有其他車輛的情況下轉左<ref>{{Cite web |title=46 Things you Didn't Know about Kuching |url=https://vulcanpost.com/9691/46-things-didnt-know-kuching/ |accessdate=2016-01-26 |publisher=Vulcan Post |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204005/https://vulcanpost.com/9691/46-things-didnt-know-kuching/ |archivedate=2015-06-15 |last1=Yap |first1=Jacky}}</ref>。

砂拉越州的一些鄉郊地區亦設有飞机跑道，主要聚集在北砂<ref name="Oxford transport" />。[[馬來西亞國際航空]]、[[亞洲航空]]和[[馬來西亞之翼航空]]提供往返砂拉越的航線<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airlines flying from Malaysia to Kuching |url=http://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/kch/airlines-that-fly-to-kuching-airport.html |accessdate=2016-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330112044/http://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/kch/airlines-that-fly-to-kuching-airport.html |archivedate=2016-03-30}}</ref>。由砂拉越州政府持有的{{tsl|en|Hornbill Skyways|犀鸟航空}}則為州政府提供包機服務<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hornbill Skyways – Wings to your destination |url=http://www.hornbillskyways.com/history.php |accessdate=2016-03-30 |publisher=Hornbill Skyways |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319054422/http://hornbillskyways.com/history.php |archivedate=2016-03-19}}</ref>。

|亚航、{{印尼}}[[飞翼航空]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wings Air Buka Rute Pontianak-Kuching |url=http://www.harnas.co/2018/01/04/wings-air-buka-rute-pontianak-kuching |date=2018-01-05 |publisher=Harian Nasional |accessdate=2018-01-12 |archive-date=2018-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054558/http://www.harnas.co/2018/01/04/wings-air-buka-rute-pontianak-kuching |dead-url=no }}</ref>

砂拉越州的主要港口位處古晉、詩巫、民都魯和美里<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure" />。其中民都魯港由馬來西亞聯邦政府直轄，亦是砂拉越最繁忙的港口，主要負責承運天然气产品和标准货物。其餘港口包括民都鲁省三马拉如工業港和木中省丹绒玛尼工业港。2013年，四大主要港口的吞吐量總和為6,104萬货运重量吨<ref name="Oxford transport">{{Cite web |title=New land, air and sea transport links will help meet higher demand in Sarawak |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-land-air-and-sea-transport-links-will-help-meet-higher-demand-sarawak |accessdate=2015-12-17 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217044135/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-land-air-and-sea-transport-links-will-help-meet-higher-demand-sarawak |archivedate=2015-12-17}}</ref>。砂拉越州擁有55個可通航的河流网络，其長度總和為{{convert|3300|km}}。幾百年來，河流一直都是砂拉越主要的運輸途徑，亦是木材等农产品出口至馬來西亞主要港口的路線。距拉让江河口{{convert|113|km}}的詩巫港是[[拉让江]]的主要樞紐，主要用作付運木材。但是，由於丹绒玛尼工业港的建成，詩巫港的總吞吐量開始下跌<ref name="Oxford transport" />。[[马达快艇|快艇]]亦是砂拉越的主要水路交通工具<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure" />。

砂拉越州由於后勤困难和人口分散的原因，並沒有建設鐵路<ref name="Oxford transport" />；{{tsl|en|Kuching LRT|古晋轻快铁}}原定2019年开工及2024年完工（估计耗资110亿[[令吉]]），2018年9月砂州首长[[阿邦佐哈里]]宣称暂缓计划。该轻快铁共6条路线，首梯次将完成3条路线：<ref>{{Cite web |title=阿邦佐澄清计划没终止 轻快铁只是暂搁置 |url=http://news.seehua.com/?p=388517 |accessdate=2018-09-24 |date=2018-09-01 |website=诗华日报online |archive-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924111328/http://news.seehua.com/?p=388517 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="it0718">{{Cite web |title=耗资100亿贯穿晋汉连省 轻快铁2024年运作 |url=https://intimes.com.my/index.php/2013-09-08-02-08-40/item/54266-100-2024 |accessdate=2019-07-18 |date=2018-03-30 |dead-url=yes |website=國際時報 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108171449/http://www.intimes.com.my/index.php/2013-09-08-02-08-40/item/54266-100-2024 |archive-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>

[[File:27 August 2011 Sarawak General Hospital.jpg|缩略图|{{le|砂拉越綜合醫院|Sarawak General Hospital}}]]

{{le|砂拉越綜合醫院|Sarawak General Hospital}}、{{le|詩巫醫院|Sibu Hospital}}及{{le|美里醫院|Miri Hospital}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/18/sarawak-gets-3-more-hospitals/ |title=Sarawak gets 3 more hospitals |first=How Pim |date=2014-08-18 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822063031/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/18/sarawak-gets-3-more-hospitals/ |archivedate=2014-08-22 |last1=Lim}}</ref>是砂拉越的三个主要公立医院。除此之外也有一些县級醫院<ref name="Sarawak specialists">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/11/15/efforts-to-address-shortage-alternative-pathways-to-overcome-the-lack-of-specialists-in-sarawak/ |title=Alternative pathways to overcome the lack of specialists in Sarawak |date=2014-11-15 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-19 |quote=Dr Jerip said there were currently 248 specialists distributed among the major hospitals in the state, comprising the Sarawak General Hospital, Sibu Hospital and Miri Hospital, as well as several divisional hospitals. |archive-date=2015-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225171107/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/11/15/efforts-to-address-shortage-alternative-pathways-to-overcome-the-lack-of-specialists-in-sarawak/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>、公共医疗[[診所]]、[[一个马来西亚]]診所（「一个马来西亚」計劃下的診所）以及鄉村診所<ref name="Oxford healthcare">{{Cite web |title=Sarawak makes efforts to boost access to health care |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawak-makes-efforts-boost-access-health-care |accessdate=2015-12-19 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |quote=Sarawak’s 221 public health clinics include only seven rural clinics. Services for the poor are also provided at 1Malaysia clinics, where assistant medical officers provide basic health care, but again, these clinics – of which the state has 18 – have historically been located mainly in urban areas. |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082040/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawak-makes-efforts-boost-access-health-care |dead-url=no }}</ref>。除了公立的醫院及診所外，砂拉越州也有一些私立的醫院，如古晉的婆羅洲醫療中心<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/04/giving-healthcare-a-huge-boost-state-recognises-importance-of-private-hospitals-such-as-borneo-medic/ |title=Wednesday, 4 December 2013 Sarawak recognises importance of private hospitals such as Borneo Medical Centre |first=Edgar |date=2013-12-04 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2015-12-19 |last1=Nigel |archive-date=2015-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219071436/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/04/giving-healthcare-a-huge-boost-state-recognises-importance-of-private-hospitals-such-as-borneo-medic/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>、Normah醫療中心、KPJ专科医院及Timberland醫療中心；詩巫的拉让醫療中心 <ref>[http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/09/21/medical-tourism-quality-services-high-standard-vital/ Medical tourism: Quality services, high standard vital] The Borneo Post，2017年9月21日</ref>。砂拉越州也是[[汶萊]]和[[印尼]]{{le|醫療旅行|Medical tourism|醫療旅行團}}的目的地<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/01/sarawak-wants-more-participation-in-private-healthcare-sector/ |title=‘Sarawak wants more participation in private healthcare sector’ |date=2015-08-01 |publisher=The Rakyat Post |accessdate=2015-12-19 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131807/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/01/sarawak-wants-more-participation-in-private-healthcare-sector/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。{{le|马来西亚砂拉越大学|Universiti Malaysia Sarawak}}（UNIMAS）是砂拉越州唯一有醫學院的公立大學<ref name="Oxford healthcare" />。為了推廣類似居家環境的[[安寧病房]]服務，砂拉越安寧協會（Sarawak Hospice Society）在1998年成立<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Hospice Society |url=http://www.sarawakhospicesociety.org/index.php?page=sarawak-hospice-society |accessdate=2015-12-19 |publisher=Sarawak Hospice Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126135600/http://www.sarawakhospicesociety.org/index.php?page=sarawak-hospice-society |archivedate=2015-01-26}}</ref>。{{tsl|ms|Hospital Sentosa|聖淘沙醫院}}是砂拉越州唯一的精神病院<!--mental hospital--><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/10/28/%E2%80%98people-still-dump-mental-patients-at-hospital-sentosa%E2%80%99/ |title=‘People still dump mental patients at Hospital Sentosa’ |first=K Saai |date=2010-10-28 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219073010/http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/10/28/%E2%80%98people-still-dump-mental-patients-at-hospital-sentosa%E2%80%99/ |archivedate=2015-12-19 |last1=Johnson}}</ref>。

如何为鄉村地區提供有素质的醫療服務仍然是当地的一大挑戰<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2012/02/27/access-to-healthcare-a-challenge-for-sarawaks-interior-folk/ |title=Access to healthcare a challenge for Sarawak's interior folk |first=Mui Yoon |date=2012-02-27 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2015-12-19 |last1=Chin |archive-date=2015-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219051945/http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2012/02/27/access-to-healthcare-a-challenge-for-sarawaks-interior-folk/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。針對一些不在診所醫療範圍內的村莊，會有隶属{{tsl|ms|Flying Doctors of Malaysia|马来西亚飞行医生}}每個月一次的飛行醫療服務（FDS, Flying Doctors Service）<!--Flying Doctor Service-->。距離較遠的村子也會有醫療促進員<!--Village health promoters-->，先接受三個星期的急救及基礎醫療訓練，之後就在村內駐點提供醫療。砂拉越州的許多社群也仍在使用各種傳統的醫療方式<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Rural health care in Malaysia |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12047504 |first=K.M |last2=Teng |first2=CL |date=2002 |journal=Australian Journal of Rural Health |accessdate=2015-12-19 |issue=2 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1584.2002.00456.x |volume=10 |pages=99–103 |pmid=12047504 |quote=The FDS in Sarawak was launched in 1973 to provide healthcare to communities residing outside the ‘extended operational area’ limits of the health centre (beyond 12&nbsp;km). |last1=Ariff |archive-date=2015-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225001105/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12047504 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=hANe_y3bPmkC&pg=PA196 |title=Health Care in Malaysia: The Dynamics of Provision, Financing and Access |first=Heng |last2=Barraclough |first2=Simon |date=2007-03-06 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |accessdate=2016-03-30 |isbn=978-1-134-11295-1 |page=196 |quote=While there were systems of tradiional medicine and a traditional pharmacopoenia amongst the indigenous communities in Sarawak, they have largely fallen into disuse … |last1=Leng Chee |archive-date=2016-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412030904/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=hANe_y3bPmkC&pg=PA196 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Medicines of Borneo at Risk |url=http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7/26990/TraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf |accessdate=2016-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330133431/http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7/26990/TraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-30 |last1=Bawin Anggat |first1=Nicholas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/08/chinese-traditional-medicine/ |title=Chinese traditional medicine |date=2012-11-08 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114061013/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/08/chinese-traditional-medicine |archivedate=2012-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Role of traditional and complementary medicine in universal coverage |url=http://www.mjphm.org.my/mjphm/journals/Volume%2011:2/GUEST%20EDITORIAL.pdf |first=Maihebureti |last2=Ezat |first2=Sharifa |date=2011 |journal=Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine |accessdate=2016-03-30 |issue=2 |volume=11 |page=1 |quote=There are nine integrated public hospitals which are practicing T&CM in Malaysia. … Sarawak General Hospital … These hospitals practice traditional Malay massage, acupuncture, herbal oncology and postnatal massage. |last3=Aljunid |first3=Syed |last1=Abuduli |archive-date=2016-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413180732/http://www.mjphm.org.my/mjphm/journals/Volume%2011:2/GUEST%20EDITORIAL.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

2015年時，砂拉越的醫生-居民比為1:1,104，較[[世界卫生组织]]建議的1:600的醫生-居民比要低。那年在砂拉越共有2,237名醫生，其中有1,759名在公立醫院，478名在私立醫院<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/04/22/more-options-needed-to-address-doctor-shortage-in-sarawak/ |title=More options needed to address doctor shortage in Sarawak |first=Sendou |date=2015-04-22 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818125855/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/04/22/more-options-needed-to-address-doctor-shortage-in-sarawak/ |archivedate=2015-08-18 |last1=Danielle}}</ref>。砂拉越還有248位[[專科醫師]]、942位正式醫師（medical officer）及499位實習醫師（house officer）<ref name="Sarawak specialists" />。

[[File:Chancellory Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.JPG|缩略图|{{le|馬來西亞砂拉越大學|Universiti Malaysia Sarawak}}（UNIMAS）]]

砂拉越在1960年時的[[識字率]]為25%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=6Sp8Ix7_8IsC&pg=PA46 |title=The Political Economy of Independent Malaya:A case-study in development |first=T.H |date=1963 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |accessdate=2015-12-21 |page=46 |last1=Silcock |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090807/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=6Sp8Ix7_8IsC&pg=PA46 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，現今的識字率已达90%。[[馬來西亞教育部]]負責砂拉越的小學教育及中學教育<ref name="Sarawak education" />。砂拉越最古老的學校是[[古晋圣多玛中学]]（1848）、{{tsl|ms|Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan St. Mary, Kuching|古晉聖瑪麗中學}}（St Mary's School Kuching, 1848）及古晉聖約瑟中學（St Joseph's School Kuching, 1882，非2012年私立的[[古晉聖約瑟中學]]）<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |title=Can you blame Sarawak and Sabah for feeling left out? |first=Ong |date=2015-04-10 |publisher=The Ant Daily |accessdate=2015-12-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615085243/http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |archivedate=2015-06-15 |quote=The eight schools missing from the incomplete list are St. Thomas's School Kuching (1848), St Mary's School Kuching (1848), St Joseph’s School Kuching (1882), St Teresa's School Kuching (1885), St Michael's School Sandakan (1886), St Michael's School Penampang (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St Patrick's School Tawau (1917). |last1=Edgar}}</ref>。

2012年時砂拉越州内共有185所公立的中學、4所國際學校<ref name="Oxford education">{{Cite web |title=Sarawak's public and private sectors work together to revamp education |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-public-and-private-sectors-work-together-revamp-education |accessdate=2015-12-21 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221141840/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-public-and-private-sectors-work-together-revamp-education |archivedate=2015-12-21}}</ref>以及14所[[华文獨立中學]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=砂拉越华文独中通讯录 |url=http://shadongzong.org/secondary-schools/ |accessdate=2015-03-01 |language=zh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231125149/http://shadongzong.org/secondary-schools/ |archivedate=2013-12-31}}</ref>。砂拉越的華文學校招收了許多原住民的學生<ref>{{Cite web |title=55,975 bumiputera pupils in Chinese schools |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |accessdate=2016-06-26 |date=2010-12-17 |work=Bernama |publisher=The Sun |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626080230/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |archivedate=2016-06-26 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。砂拉越政府也估计当地居民就读學前教育<ref name="Oxford education" />。砂拉越政府计划2020年在古晋、诗巫、民都鲁和美里，建立4所与[[剑桥大学]]合作建立国际教学大纲的国际寄宿中学。<ref>[http://news.seehua.com/?p=466401 与剑桥合作 砂将建4国际寄宿中学]詩華日報，2019年7月20日</ref>

砂拉越州有五所私立大學：{{tsl|en|Curtin University Sarawak|砂拉越科廷科技大學}}（1999，美里）、{{tsl|en|Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus|斯威本科技大學砂拉越校區}}（2000，古晉）<ref name="Sarawak education">{{Cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/197/215/ |accessdate=2015-12-21 |publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185329/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/197/215/ |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>、[[马来西亚开放大学]]（總校於2000年成立，在古晉、美里、詩巫及民都魯四大城鎮皆有設立學習中心）<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oum.edu.my/learningcentres/ |accessdate=2019-07-14 |date=2019 |publisher=Open University Malaysia |title=存档副本 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412154842/https://www.oum.edu.my/learningcentres/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>、{{tsl|en|UCSI University, Sarawak Campus|UCSI大學砂拉越校區}}（2008，古晉）

砂拉越也提倡職業教育，以便为{{le|砂拉越再生能源走廊|Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy}}（SCORE）提供有技能的勞工。砂拉越也有許多社區學院<ref name="Oxford education" />和四所師訓學院<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institut Pendidikan Guru (師訓學院) |url=http://www.moe.gov.my/my/direktori-ipg?page=2&page=1&page=2&page=1&page=2&page=1&page=2&page=1 |accessdate=2015-12-22 |publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (马来西亚教育部) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222000249/http://www.moe.gov.my/my/direktori-ipg?page=2&page=1&page=2&page=1&page=2&page=1&page=2&page=1 |archivedate=2015-12-22 |quote=IPG Kampus Sarawak, IPG Kampus Tun Abdul Razak, IPG Kampus Batu Lintang (1st page), … IPG Kampus Rajang (2nd page)}}</ref>。1948年創立的{{tsl|ms|Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Batu Lintang|巴都林当師訓学院}}是马来西亚第三古老的師訓學院<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/08/16/ipg-batu-lintang-to-be-%E2%80%98garden-campus%E2%80%99-next-year/ |title=IPG Batu Lintang to be ‘garden campus’ next year |date=2011-08-16 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222001241/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/08/16/ipg-batu-lintang-to-be-%E2%80%98garden-campus%E2%80%99-next-year/ |archivedate=2015-12-22}}</ref>。2015年時砂拉越的教育人力共有40,593人。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/views/2015/10/31/local-teachers-for-sarawak-schools-education-department-planning-now-to-ensure-90-of-teachers-are-fr/ |title=Local teachers for Sarawak schools |first=Ling |date=2015-10-31 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2015-12-22 |quote=She said teachers from the peninsula currently make up 21.9% of the teaching workforce in primary and secondary schools in Sarawak with 8,890 in total while Sarawakians comprise 76.3% or 30,956. The rest (747, or 1.8%) are from Sabah and Labuan. |last1=Sharon |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222001836/http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/views/2015/10/31/local-teachers-for-sarawak-schools-education-department-planning-now-to-ensure-90-of-teachers-are-fr/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

{{tsl|en|Sarawak State Library|砂拉越州图书馆}}（PUSTAKA）是砂拉越最大的圖書館。此外，許多鄉鎮也都有公立及私立的圖書館<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libraries |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view//186/ |accessdate=2015-12-22 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103226/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view//186/ |archivedate=2015-12-22}}</ref>。

|title=2014年砂拉越族群比例<ref>{{Cite web |title=State statistics: Malays edge past Chinese in Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/08/state-statistics-malays-edge-past-chinese-in-sarawak/ |accessdate=2016-10-03 |date=2014-02-08 |publisher={{link-en|婆羅洲郵報|The Borneo Post|The Borneo Post}} |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415063610/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/08/state-statistics-malays-edge-past-chinese-in-sarawak/ |archivedate=2016-04-15 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

根據2015年馬來西亞人口調查，砂拉越共有2,636,000人，為馬來西亞人口第四多的行政区<ref name="2015 population" />。然而，因為砂拉越面積很大，它的[[人口密度]]是全馬來西亞最低的，平均每平方千米仅有20人。2000至2010年其間，平均每年人口增長率為1.8％<ref name="State Planning Unit stats" />。 2014年，總人口之58%居位於城市，其餘的42%居住於農村地區<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/01/17/Johari-Urbanrural-ratio-to-hit-6535-within-10-years/ |title=Johari: Urban-rural ratio to hit 65:35 within 10 years |date=2014-01-17 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2016-10-03 |language=en |archive-date=2015-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124011747/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/01/17/Johari-Urbanrural-ratio-to-hit-6535-within-10-years/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。2011年，砂拉越的[[出生率]]為每一千人中的16.3人，[[死亡率]]為每一千人中的4.3人，[[婴儿死亡率]]為一千個嬰兒中的6.5人<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital Statistics Summary for Births and Deaths |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/241/251/ |accessdate=2016-01-12 |publisher=Sarawak Government |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173809/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/241/251/ |archivedate=2015-09-07 |deadurl=no}}</ref>。

砂拉越有超過四十個{{link-en|族源|Ethnogenesis|民族}}（實際種族為二十九至三十六個，目前已剩下二十九個種族。），各自均有自己的語言、習俗與文化。主要城市或市鎮的主要種族為[[马来西亚马来人|馬來人]]、{{link-en|馬蘭諾族|Melanau|馬蘭諾人}}以及[[馬來西亞華人|華人]]，還有少部份從家鄉出外打工的[[比達友族|比達友人]]及[[伊班族|伊班人]]<ref name="Sarawak Convention Bureau">{{Cite web |title=The Sarawak People |url=http://www.stf.org.my/sarawak/index.php?do=people |accessdate=2016-10-03 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Federation |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106051053/http://www.stf.org.my/sarawak/index.php?do=people |archivedate=2015-01-06 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。砂拉越主要有六大種族，伊班族、馬來人、華人、比達友族、馬蘭諾族以及{{link-en|烏魯族|Orang Ulu|烏魯人}}<ref name="Sarawak Convention Bureau" />。其他[[少數民族]]有[[卡達央族]]、[[爪哇族]]、[[布吉人]]、 {{link-en|毛律族|Murut}}以及[[马来西亚印度人|印度人]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=14911 |title=Bizarre names like Tigabelas, Helicopter, Kissing in Borneo are real |first=Joe |date=2014-08-04 |publisher=The Ant Daily |accessdate=2016-10-03 |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124022706/http://www.theantdaily.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=14911 |archivedate=2015-11-24 |dead-url=yes |quote=There are several other minor ethnic groups placed under the 'others', such as Indian, Eurasian, Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis and Murut. |last1=Leong}}</ref>。砂拉越有超過十五萬名已登記的[[移民]]，他們大多從事[[種植業]]、[[製造業]]、[[建筑施工|建造業]]、[[服務業]]以及[[農業]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1593885 |title=Over 150,000 foreign workers in Sarawak hold temporary employment passes |date=2015-10-26 |publisher=The Sun Daily |accessdate=2016-10-03 |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027171855/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1593885 |archivedate=2015-10-27 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>。而[[非法移民]]數可能達三十二萬至三十五萬人<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/illegal-immigrants-in-sarawak-a-huge-problem-deputy-home-minister-admits |title=Illegal immigrants in Sarawak a ‘huge problem’, deputy home minister admits |first=Tawie |date=2015-04-11 |publisher=Malay Mail Online |accessdate=2016-10-03 |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025155243/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/illegal-immigrants-in-sarawak-a-huge-problem-deputy-home-minister-admits |archivedate=2015-10-25 |dead-url=yes |last1=Sulok}}</ref>。

[[達雅族]]術語通常用來指伊班族和比达友族。 該術語通常在民族主義的景況中使用。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=niS2FbfVzj4C&pg=PA3 |title=The Architecture of Life and Death in Borneo |first=R.L. |date=2004 |publisher=[[夏威夷大學出版社|University of Hawaii Press]] |accessdate=2015-11-24 |isbn=978-0-8248-2632-1 |page=3 |quote=... it more popularly refers only to the Bidayuh and the Iban (the Land and Sea Dayaks respectively of the colonial tradition. |last1=Winzeler |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227144618/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=niS2FbfVzj4C&pg=PA3 |dead-url=no }}</ref>2015年，馬來西亞聯邦政府承认“達雅族”为官方形式的術語。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-approves-dayak-for-race-category-in-all-official-forms |title=Putrajaya approves 'Dayak' for 'Race' category in all official forms |date=2015-10-31 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |accessdate=2015-11-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124080101/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-approves-dayak-for-race-category-in-all-official-forms |archivedate=2015-11-24}}</ref>[[馬來西亞土著]]指的是在馬來亞半島，砂拉越和沙巴的馬來人和其他土著群體。這一群人在教育、就業、金融、政治常享有特權。<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ethnic Language Use and Ethnic Identity for Sarawak Indigenous Groups in Malaysia |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-377286780/ethnic-language-use-and-ethnic-identity-for-sarawak |first=Su Hie |last2=Rose |first2=Louis |date=June 2014 |publisher=[[大洋洲語言學期刊|Oceanic Linguistics]] |accessdate=2015-11-30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1353/ol.2014.0002 |volume=53 |page=92 |quote=In Malaysia, Bumiputera (literally translated as 'prince of the earth' or 'son of the land') refers to the Malay and other indigenous people. … The Bumiputera in general enjoy special privileges as part of the affirmative action for advancement of the community, and these include priority in university entry, scholarships, and government jobs, special finance schemes, and political positions. |subscription=yes |last1=Ting |journal= |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144714/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-377286780/ethnic-language-use-and-ethnic-identity-for-sarawak |dead-url=no }}</ref>原住民（Orang Asal）指的是馬來西亞所有的土著群體但不包括馬來人。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous peoples – (a) Land rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.suhakam.org.my/indigenous-people/ |accessdate=2015-11-30 |publisher={{tsl|en|Human Rights Commission of Malaysia||Human Rights Commission of Malaysia}} (SUHAKAM) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002003359/http://www.suhakam.org.my/indigenous-people/ |archivedate=2015-10-02}}</ref>

砂拉越有745,400個[[伊班族|伊班族人]]，為全婆羅洲最多。<ref>{{Cite web |title=State statistics: Malays edge past Chinese in Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/08/state-statistics-malays-edge-past-chinese-in-sarawak/ |accessdate=2016-04-15 |publisher={{tsl|en|The Borneo Post||The Borneo Post}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415063610/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/08/state-statistics-malays-edge-past-chinese-in-sarawak/ |archivedate=2016-04-15}}</ref>伊班族也稱為是海达雅族（Sea Dayaks）。大部份伊班族人信奉[[基督宗教]]。伊班族一開始住在[[拉让江|拉让盆地]]附近，但在[[布魯克王朝]]的軍事行動之後，伊班族漸漸遷移到砂拉越的北邊。伊班族的房屋多半會是{{tsl|en|Longhouse|長屋}}，在以往[[猎头]]習俗盛行時，長屋也是一個防禦的單位。今日長屋仍是家庭中的象徵式符號。過去伊班族會將人分為三等，分別是「富有且勇敢的人」、「一般人」及「奴隸」。不過，在布魯克時期，伊班社群改組為正式職位，如{{tsl|en|penghulu|本固鲁}}（社区领袖）和[[天猛公]]（最高酋長）<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA623 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 |first=Gin Ooi |date=2004 |publisher={{tsl|en|ABC-CLIO||ABC-CLIO}} |accessdate=2015-11-25 |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |pages=623–625 |quote=Ibans are found in all political divisions of Borneo but in largest numbers in Sarawak. … Christian missionaries have been active among the Ibans for more than a century, and today many Ibans are Christians. |last1=Keat |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105023649/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA623 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。伊班族仍保留許多傳統的習俗及信仰，例如[[死人節]]及[[丰收节]]

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our People – Iban – The official travel website for Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-iban/ |accessdate=2015-11-25 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125091022/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-iban/ |archivedate=2015-11-25}}</ref>。

中国的商人于公元六世纪左右首次来到砂拉越地区。現今的砂拉越華人中有許多群體是起源自布魯克時期的移民<ref name="Welman" />。来自中国的移民最初在富含金矿的[[石隆门]]担任劳工而非从事采矿，石隆门是19世纪上半叶砂越华人移民人数最多的地方<ref name="slm">{{Cite news |url=http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node2796/node2882/node3143/node3147/userobject6ai41769.html |title=石隆门几许辉煌几许悲恸 |date=2001-02-11 |publisher=中国侨网 |accessdate=2016-09-03 |agency=南洋商报 |author1=周泽南 |archive-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182530/http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node2796/node2882/node3143/node3147/userobject6ai41769.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。在1857年以[[刘善邦]]为首领的十二华人矿工公司发起了反对[[布鲁克王朝]]的[[石隆门华工起义|起义]]，但最终以失败告终。将近有四千余名华人在起义失败后遭到杀害，在1861年石隆门仅余下4户人家<ref name="slm" />。砂拉越華人中有許多不同的方言民系：[[廣府民系]]、[[福州民系]]、[[客家民系]]、[[閩南民系]]、[[潮州民系]]及[[興化民系]]。他們主要的節日有[[中元節]]及[[春節]]。砂拉越華人主要信奉佛教、道教及基督宗教<ref name="Borneotrilogy" />。大部份古晉的华人都住在砂拉越河附近，也就是後來的{{le|古晉唐人街|Chinatown, Kuching}}<ref name="Tourism Chinese">{{Cite web |title=Our people – Chinese |url=http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/our-people-chinese.html |accessdate=2015-11-28 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712172454/http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/our-people-chinese.html |archivedate=2015-07-12}}</ref>。[[黄乃裳]]在1901年帶著他的族人到詩巫定居，住在拉让江附近<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huang Naishang (1844–1924) |url=http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/huang-naishang.php |accessdate=2015-07-21 |publisher=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518052143/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/huang-naishang.php |archivedate=2013-05-18 |quote=Shortly thereafter, Huang decided to start a new settlement of Chinese in Malaysia in order to escape China's despotism and Fujian's poverty. … In 1901, Huang traveled with settlers from Fujian to Sibu, where he founded New Fuzhou. |last1=John |first1=Barwick}}</ref>。華人後來去美里的煤礦坑及油田工作<ref name="Tourism Chinese" />。砂拉越華人曾受過中國國民黨及後來中国共产党的影響，<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau32.htm |title=中国政情牵动东南亚侨界 - 砂华社两派斗争 |date=2006-08-20 |publisher=国际时报 (砂拉越)] |accessdate=2015-02-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209124444/http://www.intimes.com.my/write-html/06bau32.htm |archivedate=2015-02-09 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>後來在1963年接受了砂拉越民族主义的意识形态<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Chinese political thinking : 1911–1963 |url=http://ir.unimas.my/4031/ |accessdate=2015-11-30 |date=2002 |publisher={{tsl|en|Universiti Malaysia Sarawak||Universiti Malaysia Sarawak}} (UNIMAS) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130071849/http://ir.unimas.my/4031/ |archivedate=2015-11-30 |last1=Voon |first1=J.C.}}</ref>。

砂拉越马来人的传统职业为渔民，他们沿河定居。如今他们则搬入城市定居，从事的职业遍布各行各业。马来人著名于他們的銀製品、銅製品、木雕以及紡織品<ref name="Welman" />。有些马来人的村莊是在玛格丽塔堡附近的河邊，古晋清真寺後面，以及[[山都望山]]的山腳下<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our people – Malay – The official website for Sarawak Malaysian Borneo |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-malay/ |accessdate=2015-11-30 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130135035/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-malay/ |archivedate=2015-11-30}}</ref>。有關砂拉越马来人的由來，有幾個不同的理論。據說是布鲁克首次用此一詞語稱呼住在海邊的砂拉越穆斯林原住民。不過也不是所有的砂拉越穆斯林都是马来人，大部份的马兰诺族也信仰伊斯蘭教<ref name=Ohiopress />。其他的理論認為马来人是來自[[马来群岛]]（例如[[爪哇]]或[[苏门答腊]]）、[[中東]]，或是在文化及宗教改變後的砂拉越原住民<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Asal usul Melayu Sarawak: menjejaki titik tak pasti (The origins of Sarawak Malays: Investigations of the uncertain points) |url=http://ptsldigital.ukm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/ukmvital:73738 |first=Amir |date=2015 |journal=Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu (International Journal of the Malay World) |publisher=Faculty of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) |accessdate=2015-11-30 |issue=1 |volume=8 |language=ms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207214607/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/journey-to-melanau-heartland/ |archivedate=2015-12-07 |deadurl=yes |last1=Jeniri}}</ref>。

{{le|馬蘭諾人|Melanau}}原來就住在砂拉越，其中大部份是住在[[木膠]]的滨海小鎮<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journey to Melanau heartland |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/journey-to-melanau-heartland/ |accessdate=2015-12-07 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207214607/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/journey-to-melanau-heartland/ |archivedate=2015-12-07 |website=The official travel website for Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo}}</ref>，傳統上馬蘭諾人住在高屋（tall house）中，後來馬蘭諾人適應馬來人的生活後，住在村莊裡。馬蘭諾人的工作多半是漁夫、造船者及工匠。馬蘭諾人本來的信仰是[[異教]]，會慶祝{{tsl|en|Kaul festival|考爾節}}，但現今大多數的馬蘭諾人是穆斯林<ref name="Welman" /><ref name=Ohiopress /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miri Visitors' Guide – Miri's inhabitants |url=http://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htm |accessdate=2015-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520130302/http://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htm |archivedate=2015-05-20 |website=gomiri.com}}</ref>。

比達友族主要居住在砂拉越的南端，如[[伦乐]]、 [[石隆门]]、[[西连]]、{{tsl|en|Padawan, Sarawak|巴达旺}}。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our people – Bidayuh |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-bidayuh/ |accessdate=2015-12-07 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207223218/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-bidayuh/ |archivedate=2015-12-07}}</ref>他們被稱為陸达雅族因為他們傳統住处是在石灰岩山區的陡峭。 它們是由幾個子族群组成的，如{{tsl|en|Jagoi language|查格依}}、比亚达（Biatah）和瑟拉高（Selakau），但是各子族群所講的方言却互不相通。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidayuh longhouse |url=http://www.scv.com.my/bidayuh.asp |accessdate=2015-12-07 |publisher=Sarawak Cultural Village |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731165223/http://www.scv.com.my/bidayuh.asp |archivedate=2012-07-31}}</ref>因此，他們接受英語和馬來語作為他們的共同語言。他們也因幾種樂器而著称，如：巨大的鼓和被稱為 ''pratuakng''的竹制打擊樂器。 和伊班人一样，比达友族的傳統定居點是長屋，但他們也建立巴洛（baruk）圆屋以作社區會議场所。大多數比達友族是基督徒。<ref name="Welman" />

烏魯人在伊班語中的意思是「住在上游的人」。 这包括很多住在砂拉越內陸上游生活的部落，如[[伦巴旺族]]、[[本南族]]、[[比沙亚人]]、{{tsl|en|Kenyah people|肯雅族}}、{{tsl|en|Kayan people (Borneo)|加央族}}、{{tsl|en|Kelabit people|加拉畢族}}和{{tsl|en|Berawan language|伯拉湾语族}}。<ref name="Welman" />他们以前曾經是獵頭族。他們大多住在[[巴里奧]]、[[布拉甲縣|布拉甲]]、{{tsl|en|Ba'kelalan|峇卡拉兰}}和{{tsl|en|Baram River|峇南河}}流域沿岸。<ref name="Orang Ulu tourism">{{Cite web |title=Our people – Orang Ulu |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-orang-ulu/ |accessdate=2015-12-10 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207232121/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-orang-ulu/ |archivedate=2015-02-07 |last1=Erivina}}</ref>他們以壁畫和木雕裝飾他們的長屋。他們也以造船，珠飾和紋身著称。<ref name="Welman" />烏魯人知名的樂器是卡扬族和肯雅族的沙貝、以及伦巴旺族的竹制樂器。加拉畢族和伦巴旺族以他們生產的香米著称。<ref name="Orang Ulu tourism" />大多數烏魯人是基督教徒。<ref name="Welman" />

|title=2010年砂拉越各信徒所占比例<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri asas demografi (Population Distribution and Basic demographic characteristics 2010) |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |accessdate=2015-12-11 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archivedate=2014-05-22 |deadurl=yes}} p. 13</ref>

雖然伊斯蘭教是聯邦的官方宗教，但砂拉越州並沒有官方宗教<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/12/12/explanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion/ |title=Explanation sought on real status of S’wak’s official religion |date=2015-12-12 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-11 |quote=The Sarawak State Constitution is clear—Sarawak has no official religion, but the official website stated otherwise. This matter was pointed out by YB {{tsl|en|Baru Bian||Baru Bian}} (Ba Kelalan assemblyman and state PKR chairman) in his letter to the state secretary in July this year, and no action was taken. |archive-date=2015-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211224145/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/12/12/explanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。但是{{tsl|en|Abdul Rahman Ya'kub|阿都拉曼耶谷}}就任首長期間，砂拉越州憲法被修訂，使到馬來西亞最高元首成為砂拉越的伊斯蘭教首領，並授權州議會通過關於伊斯蘭教事務的法律。有了這樣的規定，在砂拉越州可制定任何伊斯蘭教政策，也能创立伊斯蘭政府機構。1978年的伊斯蘭議會法案使到砂拉越州能成立[[伊斯蘭法院]]，其管轄范围有婚姻、子女監護權、[[訂婚]]、繼承權，以及刑事案件等範疇。 {{tsl|en|Kadhi courts|卡迪法院}}也相繼被建立。<ref name="Faisal" />

砂拉越在馬來西亞是唯一一个[[基督徒]]人數超過[[穆斯林]]的州属。1848年，[[英國國教會]]（[[聖公宗|聖公會]]）最早来到砂拉越宣教，其次是[[天主教會]]和1903年的[[循道宗|衛理公會]]。基督教先在華人社群中流傳，然后才在本來信仰[[泛靈論]]的土著間传播。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C&pg=PA480&lpg=PA481 |title=Religions and Societies, Asia and the Middle East |first=Caldarola |date=1982 |publisher=[[德格鲁伊特|Walter de Gruyter]] |accessdate=2015-12-15 |isbn=9789027932594 |page=481 |last1=Carlo |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142654/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C&pg=PA480&lpg=PA481 |dead-url=no }}</ref>砂拉越其他的基督信仰宗派有{{tsl|en|Borneo Evangelical Mission|婆羅洲福音教會}}（也称为Sidang Injil Borneo或SIB）<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIB & BEM – A Brief Introduction to Origin of SIB |url=http://sibgrace.org/about-us/sidang.html |accessdate=2015-12-15 |publisher=SIB Grace |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126082044/http://sibgrace.org/about-us/sidang.html |archivedate=2013-11-26}}</ref>和[[浸礼宗]]。<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Baptist churches in Sarawak |url=http://www.mbc.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=60 |accessdate=2015-12-15 |publisher=Malaysia Baptist Convention |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020050431/http://www.mbc.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=60 |archivedate=2014-10-20}}</ref>原住民如伊班族、比達友族、和烏魯人都开始信仰基督宗教，雖然他們还保留一些傳統宗教儀式。許多穆斯林來自馬來族、馬蘭諾族和卡扬族。[[馬來西亞華人]]主要信奉佛教，道教和中國民間信仰。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA781 |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |first=Skutsch |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=[[羅德里奇|Routledge]] |accessdate=2015-12-15 |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |page=781 |last1=Carl |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227140459/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA781 |dead-url=no }}</ref>砂拉越其他小规模宗教有[[巴哈伊信仰]]、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Bahai's – Sarawak |url=http://www.bahai.org.my/sarawak.html |accessdate=2016-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331125648/http://bahai.org.my/sarawak.html |archivedate=2016-03-31 |website=bahai.org.my}}</ref>[[印度教]]、<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/ |title=Sarawak is a blessed land of harmony |first=Connie |date=2015-08-17 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |accessdate=2016-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401152839/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/ |archivedate=2016-04-01 |last1=Chieng}}</ref>[[锡克教]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Temple |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sikh-temple/ |accessdate=2016-04-01 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162532/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sikh-temple/ |archivedate=2016-03-10}}</ref>和[[泛靈論]]。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/ |title=Animism is alive and well in South-East Asia: What can we learn? |date=2014-03-24 |publisher={{tsl|en|Pravda.ru||Pravda.ru}} |accessdate=2016-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401154021/http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/ |archivedate=2016-04-01}}</ref>

1963年至1974年間，由於時任砂拉越州首席部長史蒂芬·甘隆寧甘反對在砂拉越州使用馬來語，英語是砂拉越州的唯一法定語言<ref name="Ibanmalaysian">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=-5_gtJQFin4C&pg=PA59 |title=Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian |first=Postill |date=2006-05-15 |publisher=Berghahn Books |accessdate=2015-11-13 |isbn=978-0-85745-687-8 |pages=46, 47, 51, 55, 58, 59, 60, 76, 78 |quote=Radio Sarawak was officially inaugurated on 8 June 1954...the service had four sections: Malay, Iban, Chinese, and English...(page 46 and 47), ...to encourage local authorship and meet local needs...(page 51), The Bureau ceased to exist in 1977 when it was taken over by the federal body Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.(page 55), He concludes that DBP cannot publish books in regional languages 'because this would inadvertently contradict its policy...(page 59 and 60), ...because of his strong defence of English as the language of instruction in Sarawak …,(page 58), the government controls virtually all newspapers in Sarawak (page 76),...development had been hindered by 'two groups of people, namely the Penans and their allies and those who instigate people in rural areas to reject government efforts.(page 78) |last1=John |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105024626/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=-5_gtJQFin4C&pg=PA59 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。1974年，新任首席部長阿都拉曼耶谷採納馬來語和英語為砂拉越州的官方語言<ref name="Faisal" />，並將學校的教學語言由英語改為馬來語<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://education.bernama.com/index.php?sid=news_content&id=371208 |title=Former Education Minister Calls For Return To Teaching Maths, Science In BM |date=2011-11-12 |publisher=Bernama |accessdate=2015-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711152042/http://education.bernama.com/index.php?sid=news_content&id=371208 |archivedate=2011-07-11 |quote=Former education minister Tun Abdul Rahman Yakub who was responsible for implementing the school education system with BM as the medium of instruction in 1970, said BM's position then should have remained till today to enhance its role in the national education system.}}</ref>。現今，英語仍在法庭、州議會和部份政府機構中使用<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/299416 |title=Usage of English, native languages officially still legal in Sarawak |first=Tawie |date=2012-02-20 |publisher=The Sun Daily |accessdate=2015-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113112711/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/299416 |archivedate=2015-11-13 |last1=Sulok}}</ref>。2015年11月18日，砂拉越首席部長阿德南宣佈，英語與馬來語共同被列為砂拉越的官方語言<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |first=Geryl |date=2015-11-18 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archivedate=2016-03-05 |last1=Ogilvy}}</ref>。

在砂拉越州使用的馬來語稱為砂拉越語（{{lang|ms|Bahasa Sarawak}}）或砂拉越馬來語，是砂拉越馬來人和其他土著主要使用的語言。砂拉越語是一個與馬來西亞半島的馬來語不同的方言。伊班語亦在砂拉越34%的人口中通用。比達友語設有6種主要方言，在砂拉越10%的人口中通用。烏魯族則使用30種不同的方言。華人則主要使用[[現代標準漢語]]，亦使用[[閩南語]]（普遍為[[泉漳話]]以及[[潮州話]]）、[[客家話]]和[[福州話]]等方言<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/12/23/sarawak-a-land-of-many-tongues/ |title=Sarawak, a land of many tongues |date=2010-12-23 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113120315/http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/12/23/sarawak-a-land-of-many-tongues/ |archivedate=2015-11-13}}</ref>。

[[File:Sarawak State Museum.jpg|缩略图|右|[[砂拉越博物馆]]]]

砂拉越呈现出富有代表性的民族特点、文化特色和多样化语言。早期，砂拉越文化由住在沿海地带的[[汶萊馬來人]]所影響。 中國和英國的文化也造成了可觀的文化影響。 [[猎首|獵頭]]曾經是[[伊班人]]的重要傳統，但是今日此傳統已无人遵守。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=cX3XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak |first=Lily |date=2013-01-31 |publisher=Patridge Singapore |accessdate=2016-01-12 |isbn=978-1-4828-9731-9 |page=22 |quote=Nevertheless, all these ancient customs pertaining to headhunting are no longer observed in these modern days. |last1=Metom |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080231/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=cX3XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |dead-url=no }}</ref>基督教在{{tsl|en|Kelabit people|加拉畢人}}和[[弄巴湾族|伦巴旺族]]的日常生活中扮演重要的角色，並改變了他們的民族特征。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=7ThpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA383 |title=Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict |first=Bernhard |last2=Saravanamuttu |first2=Johan |date=2014-08-06 |publisher=[[東南亞研究所|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] (ISEAS) |accessdate=2015-12-26 |isbn=9789814519649 |page=383 |last1=Platzdasch |archive-date=2015-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227112302/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=7ThpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA383 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

[[本南族]]是最後一组放棄在叢林中的游牧生活方式的土著群體。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2007/12/16/penan_slowly_abandoning_their_nomadic_way_of_life |title=Penan slowly abandoning their nomadic way of life |first=Jeswan |date=2007-12-16 |publisher=The Brunei Times |accessdate=2015-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226090855/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2007/12/16/penan_slowly_abandoning_their_nomadic_way_of_life |archivedate=2015-12-26 |last1=Kaur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/01/equal-treatment-for-penan-community/ |title=‘Equal treatment for Penan community’ |date=2014-03-01 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226091139/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/01/equal-treatment-for-penan-community/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>異族通婚在砂拉越是一个很常見的现象。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0209/p13s02-lifp.html |title=Interracial marriage blossoms in Malaysia |first=Michael |date=2005-02-09 |publisher=[[基督科学箴言报|The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate=2016-01-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930105909/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0209/p13s02-lifp.html |archivedate=2015-09-30 |last1=Switow}}</ref>

砂拉越文化村坐落在古晉的山都望山的山腳下。被譽為“活的博物館”，它展示各族裔群體在各自的傳統民居进行傳統活動。文化演出也在這裡展示。<ref name="SCVMain">{{Cite web |title=Explore Sarawak in Half a Day |url=http://www.scv.com.my/main.asp |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Cultural Village |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207151953/http://www.scv.com.my/main.asp |archivedate=2015-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Cultural Village |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-cultural-village-svc/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226093807/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-cultural-village-svc/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>[[砂拉越博物馆]]存放來自不同民族的文物如陶器、紡織品、和木雕工具，也集合當地文化的民族志材料。博物館保留了其法式建築风格。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysian Borneo's Muzium Sarawak: A Colonial Legacy in Postcolonial Context |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/malaysian-borneos-muzium-sarawak-colonial-legacy-p |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher={{tsl|en|Cultural Survival||Cultural Survival}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005012910/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/malaysian-borneos-muzium-sarawak-colonial-legacy-p |archivedate=2015-10-05}}</ref>其他的博物館包括

[[华人歷史博物館]]、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese History Museum |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/chinese-history-museum/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715081307/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/chinese-history-museum/ |archivedate=2015-07-15}}</ref>[[古晉貓博物館]]、<ref>{{Cite web |title=猫博物馆 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%e7%8c%ab%e5%8d%9a%e7%89%a9%e9%a6%86/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715081305/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/cat-museum/ |archivedate=2015-07-15}}</ref>伊斯蘭文化博物館、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Heritage Museum |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/islamic-heritage-museum/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207231955/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/islamic-heritage-museum/ |archivedate=2015-02-07}}</ref>砂拉越紡織博物館、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Textile Museum Sarawak |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/textile-museum/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108111718/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/textile-museum/ |archivedate=2014-11-08}}</ref>美術博物館、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Museum |url=http://www.museum.sarawak.gov.my/index.php/en/about-the-museums/art-museum |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Museum Department |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013030242/http://www.museum.sarawak.gov.my/index.php/en/about-the-museums/art-museum |archivedate=2015-10-13}}</ref>刘钦候医院纪念馆、<ref>{{Cite web |title=刘钦候医院纪念馆 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/lau-king-howe-medical-museum/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124021/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/lau-king-howe-medical-museum/ |archivedate=2015-04-02}}</ref>巴南地區博物館。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baram Regional Museum |url=http://www.museum.sarawak.gov.my/index.php/en/about-the-museums/baram-regional-museum |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Museum Department |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012225435/http://www.museum.sarawak.gov.my/index.php/en/about-the-museums/baram-regional-museum |archivedate=2015-10-12}}</ref>砂拉越布魯克时代，也建立了一系列保存完好的堡壘如：<古晉>{{tsl|en|Fort Margherita|玛格烈达堡}}、<ref>{{Cite web |title=玛格烈达堡 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/fort-margherita-%e7%8e%9b%e6%a0%bc%e7%83%88%e8%be%be%e5%a0%a1/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226120424/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/fort-margherita/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref><加帛>{{tsl|en|Fort Sylvia|丝维雅堡}}、<ref>{{Cite web |title=加帛丝维雅堡 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%e5%8a%a0%e5%b8%9b%e4%b8%9d%e7%bb%b4%e9%9b%85%e5%a0%a1/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207211924/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/fort-sylvia-kapit/ |archivedate=2015-02-07}}</ref><斯里阿曼>{{tsl|en|Fort Alice|愛麗絲堡}}、<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/02/01/fort-alice-given-a-new-lease-on-life/ |title=Fort Alice given a new lease on life |first=C. |date=2015-02-01 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810150710/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/02/01/fort-alice-given-a-new-lease-on-life/ |archivedate=2015-08-10 |last1=Irene}}</ref><詩巫[[加拿逸]]>爱玛堡（Fort Emma）<ref>{{Cite web |title=爱玛堡、拉让、加拿逸 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%E7%88%B1%E7%8E%9B%E5%A0%A1-%E6%8B%89%E8%AE%A9-%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E9%80%B8/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207230923/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/fort-emma-rejang-kanowit/ |archivedate=2015-02-07}}</ref>及<美里[[马鲁帝]]>和斯堡（Fort Hose）<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fort Hose to undergo RM2.2 million conservation project |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/02/23/fort-hose-to-undergo-rm2-2-million-conservation-project/ |accessdate=2019-10-04 |publisher=The Borneo Post |archive-date=2019-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223150033/http://www.theborneopost.com/2019/02/23/fort-hose-to-undergo-rm2-2-million-conservation-project/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

巴当艾度假村和巴旺阿山伊班長屋讓來訪的客人住一夜並让客人參加傳統的伊班日常活動。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aiman Batang Ai Resort & Retreat（埃曼巴唐艾度假酒店） |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/aiman-batang-ai-resort/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226101448/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/aiman-batang-ai-resort/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=巴旺阿山伊班长屋 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/cn/attraction/%E5%B7%B4%E6%97%BA%E9%98%BF%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%AD%E9%95%BF%E5%B1%8B/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=砂拉越旅游局 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714175618/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/bawang-assan-iban-longhouses/ |archivedate=2015-07-14}}</ref>其他長屋包括：加帛伊班長屋、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annah Rais Bidayuh Longhouse |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/various-longhouses-kapit-town/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226103459/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/various-longhouses-kapit-town/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>古晉比達友長屋；<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annah Rais Bidayuh longhouses |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/annah-rais-bidayuh-longhouse/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513024211/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/annah-rais-bidayuh-longhouse/ |archivedate=2015-05-13}}</ref>在巴里奧的加拉畢長屋、<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bario |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/bario/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402211004/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/bario/ |archivedate=2015-04-02}}</ref>巴卡拉兰的弄巴湾長屋<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakelalan |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/bakelalan/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226104156/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/bakelalan/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>和詩巫的馬蘭諾木製房屋。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamin Dana |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/lamin-dana/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226104529/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/lamin-dana/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>老巴刹和亚答街是古晉唐人街其中两条著名的街道。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.intimes.com.my/write-html/0811kucing03.htm |title=砂州第一街 海唇街被称老巴刹 |date=2008-11-18 |publisher=砂拉越国际时报 |accessdate=2016-07-10 |language=zh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053228/http://intimes.com.my/write-html/0811kucing03.htm |archivedate=2013-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Main Bazaar and Carpenter Street |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/main-bazaar-carpenter-street/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024033212/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/main-bazaar-carpenter-street/ |archivedate=2015-10-24}}</ref>古晉印度街著名於紡織產品。印度穆斯林清真寺可在附近找到。<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Street, Kuching |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/india-street/ |accessdate=2015-12-26 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207212243/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/india-street/ |archivedate=2015-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/678/Kuchings-India-street-withstands-the-test-of-time/ |title=Kuching's India Street withstands the test of time |date=2013-02-21 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226123036/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/678/Kuchings-India-street-withstands-the-test-of-time/ |archivedate=2015-12-26}}</ref>

[[File:Sape Player, Kayan Tribe, Sarawak (7246809770).jpg|缩略图|右|演奏沙貝的加央族人]]

砂拉越手工艺理事会負責宣傳砂拉越本地的民族工藝<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Introduction |url=http://sarawakhandicraft.com.my/ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223022916/http://sarawakhandicraft.com.my/ |archivedate=2014-12-23}}</ref>。撒拉可拉夫樓閣設有示範一系列的手工藝技能的工作室<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarakraf Pavilion |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarakraf-pavilion/ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715093335/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarakraf-pavilion/ |archivedate=2015-07-15}}</ref>。砂拉越較著名的手工藝品包括烏魯族的[[珠饰品]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beads |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/beads/ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229052632/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/beads/ |archivedate=2015-12-29}}</ref>、伊班族的{{tsl|en|Pua Kumbu|伊班織布}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iban Pua Kumbu exhibit in London |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/news/iban-pua-kumbu-exhibit-in-london/ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229052910/http://sarawaktourism.com/news/iban-pua-kumbu-exhibit-in-london/ |archivedate=2015-12-29}}</ref>、比達友族的席子和籃子、馬來人的{{tsl|en|Songket|马来织锦}}<ref name="SCVMain" />和宋谷帽<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak ethnic headgears |url=http://www.scv.com.my/headgears.asp |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Cultural Village |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731165031/http://www.scv.com.my/headgears.asp |archivedate=2012-07-31}}</ref>以及華人的陶瓷<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Pottery (Kuching) |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-pottery/ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714175812/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-pottery/ |archivedate=2015-07-14}}</ref>。砂拉越藝術家協會於1985年成立，透過畫作的形式提倡砂拉越文化和藝術<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Artists Society (SAS) – established since 1985 |url=http://www1.sarawak.com.my/org/sas/ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Artists Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229092630/http://www1.sarawak.com.my/org/sas/main.htm |archivedate=2015-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Artists Society |url=http://sarawakartistssociety.blogspot.my/?view=flipcard |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Sarawak Artists Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229092744/http://sarawakartistssociety.blogspot.my/?view=flipcard |archivedate=2015-12-29}}</ref>。砂拉越大部份藝術家戰後較喜歡使用自然風景、傳統舞蹈及傳統日常活動作為畫作的主題<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of Paintings in Sarawak; 1946–1963 (Colonial and post colonial era) – 2nd last page |url=https://www.academia.edu/193382/Development_of_Paintings_in_Sarawak_1946-1963_Colonial_and_Post_Colonial_Era_ |accessdate=2015-12-29 |publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sarawak |last1=Hassan |first1=R.H |last2=Durin |first2=Anna}}</ref>。

烏魯族的{{tsl|en|Sapeh|沙貝}}是砂拉越著名樂器，並曾在1972年英女王[[伊利沙伯二世]]訪問砂拉越時演奏。它於1976年日本舉行的亞洲傳統表演藝術節期間首次在國際場合出現<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/08/26/from-dreams-into-the-mainstream/ |title=From dreams into the mainstream |first=Danielle Sendou |date=2015-08-26 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231005116/http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/08/26/from-dreams-into-the-mainstream/ |archivedate=2015-12-31 |quote=Perhaps the first time the sape took the world stage was when two Kenyah Lepo Tau sape players – Iran Lahang and Jalong Tanyit from Long Mengkaba – performed and demonstrated the art of sape-playing in Tokyo, Japan during Asian Traditional Performing Arts (ATPA) week in 1976. Aside from that, the late Tusau Padan performed for Queen Elizabeth during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972, … |last1=Ringgit}}</ref>。其他傳統樂器還包括[[锣]]、{{tsl|en|Kulintang|排式座鑼}}、[[體鳴樂器]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alat-alat muzik tradisional (Traditional musical instruments |url=http://ybms.com.my/alatmuzik1.html |accessdate=2015-12-31 |publisher=Yayasan Budaya Melayu Sarawak (Sarawak Malays' Culture Foundation) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231021224/http://ybms.com.my/alatmuzik1.html |archivedate=2015-12-31}}{{ms}}</ref>、竹笛和[[齊特琴]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82673738.html |title=Jamming in the rainforest |date=2002-07-08 |publisher=New Straits Times |accessdate=2015-12-31 |dead-url=yes |quote=Musicians from the heartland of Borneo travel downriver for the event, bringing their dugout sape guitars, bamboo zithers, treasured ancient brass gong sets and songs from the rainforest. Some play gourd organs with a battery of bamboo pipes, others tootle the flute – and in Borneo that means the jaw's harp, mouth flute, nose flute or a massed bamboo band of 30 or 40 piccolos, trebles, tenors and bassoons, all capable of astonishing sounds. |subscription=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309210807/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82673738.html |archive-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>。

[[File:Ngajat, the Iban's Warrior Dance.jpg|缩略图|左|伊班族戰士的英雄舞是砂拉越文化的一部份]]

口述傳統多年来已成為砂拉越土著文化的一部份，用以向年輕一代傳授生活知識、傳統及價值。這些故事由老人在特別場合和傳統演出時多次轉述給年青人<ref name="Oral traditions">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=gzxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |title=New Literacies: Reconstructing Language and Education |first=A |last2=Ching Ling |first2=L |last3=Ai Lin |first3=T |date=2014-10-16 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |accessdate=2016-01-01 |isbn=978-1-4438-6956-0 |pages=95–97 |chapter=Chapter VII – Developing Literacy and Knowledge, Preservation skills among Remote Rural Children |quote=... it became the primary means of passing culture, history, and valued traditions. These stories are told by the older members of the community to the younger ones and on special occasions by a storyteller. … lies in the fact that oral literature is actualised only in performances; (page 95) … efforts to preserve and documents the stories from the various ethnic groups in the state have been carried out by the Institute of East Asian Studies at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), (page 96) … Similarly, in an effort to save and preserve the oral traditions of the ethnic groups in Sarawak, Sarawak Customs Council has documented some of the oral traditions in the form of written text, audio, video, and photograph. (page 97) |last1=Pandian |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090255/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=gzxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。伊班族的英雄舞<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarian Ngajat Identiti Istimewa Masyarakat Iban (Ngajat dances a special identity for the Ibans) |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/budaya/6645-tarian-ngajat-identiti-istimewa-masyarakat-iban-.html |accessdate=2015-12-31 |publisher=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Ministry of Information) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425041224/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/budaya/6645-tarian-ngajat-identiti-istimewa-masyarakat-iban-.html |archivedate=2015-04-25}}</ref>、民谣<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renong, An Iban Vocal Repertory (Conference paper) |url=http://ir.unimas.my/2557/ |accessdate=2015-12-31 |publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sarawak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231081606/http://ir.unimas.my/2557/ |archivedate=2015-12-31 |last1=Nie |first1=C.L.K |last2=Durin |first2=A}}</ref>、傳說<ref name=Ibanmalaysian />，以及加央族和肯雅族的神話故事均為砂拉越的傳統習俗<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=IFNcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT208 |title=Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook |first=M.R. |date=2013-12-16 |publisher=Routledge |accessdate=2016-01-01 |isbn=978-1-135-91721-0 |page=208 |chapter=The tradition of storytelling in Malaysia |quote=The Kayan and the Kenyah, who dwell in the upper region of Sarawak, have a vibrant epic-telling tradition that is elaborate and specialised. |last1=MacDonald |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071224/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=IFNcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT208 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/13258/Preserve-traditional-culture-for-prosperity-Ibans-urged/ |title=Preserve traditional culture for prosperity, Iban's urged |first=Daryll |date=2013-10-14 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |accessdate=2015-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231053701/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/13258/Preserve-traditional-culture-for-prosperity-Ibans-urged/ |archivedate=2015-12-31 |last1=Law}}</ref>。1958年至1977年間，婆罗洲文化局曾提倡將本地文化、本地作家和出版物以英語、華語、馬來語、伊班語和其他土著語言記錄。1977年，{{tsl|en|Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|馬來西亞語言及文學研究院}}接替婆罗洲文化局，并只以馬來語記錄出版有關文獻<ref name=Ibanmalaysian />。土著口述傳統亦被馬來西亞{{tsl|en|Universiti Malaysia Sarawak|砂拉越大學}}（UniMAS）和砂拉越習俗理事會（MAIS）記錄<ref name="Oral traditions" />。《砂勞越憲報》（Sarawak Gazette）於1870年由布魯克政府首度出版，紀錄有關砂拉越經濟、農業、人类学和考古学的新聞，至今仍然發行<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/31/sarawak-gazette-now-available-online/ |title=Sarawak Gazette now available online |date=2013-07-31 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509202403/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/31/sarawak-gazette-now-available-online |archivedate=2015-05-09 |quote=The gazette which is printed by the Government Printing Office, a pet project of Charles Brooke established in 1870, published its first issue dated Aug 26, 1870 featuring a summary of Reuter’s telegrams on the Franco-Prussian War in a three page leaflet. … A hundred and thirty years later, both Reuters and The Sarawak Gazette are still going strong.}}</ref>。1876年在古晉發行的《戰士尼科薩的故事》（Hikayat Panglima Nikosa）是婆羅洲最早的文字著作之一<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Hikayat Panglima Nikosa and the Sarawak Gazette: Transforming Texts in Nineteenth Century Sarawak |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=293102 |first=J.H |date=2005-04-13 |journal=[[現代亞洲研究|Modern Asian Studies]] |accessdate=2016-01-01 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001507 |volume=39 |pages=427 |last1=Walker |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081923/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=293102 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。《戰士尼科薩的故事》由艾哈邁德·夏瓦爾·哈米德·阿卜杜勒（Ahmad Syawal Abdul Hamid）所著，亦是馬來西亞的第一部小說<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2001&dt=1201&sec=Sastera&pg=sa_01.htm |title=Novel Malaysia – Catatan sejarah awal (Malaysian novel – Early historical records) |first=S.O |date=2001-12-01 |publisher={{tsl|en|Utusan Malaysia||Utusan Malaysia}} |accessdate=2016-01-01 |last1=Syed Omar |archive-date=2016-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101085230/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2001&dt=1201&sec=Sastera&pg=sa_01.htm |dead-url=no }}{{ms}}</ref>。砂拉越土著文化亦是砂拉越華人作家的寫作靈感來源之一<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Chinese Literary Works in a Multicultural Environment |url=http://ics.um.edu.my/images/ics/CAPFV3N2/Fanps.pdf |first=F |date=2013-12 |publisher=Universiti Malaya |accessdate=2016-01-02 |issue=2 |volume=3 |page=11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102121953/http://ics.um.edu.my/images/ics/CAPFV3N2/Fanps.pdf |archivedate=2016-01-02 |deadurl=yes |last1=Pik Shy}}</ref>。

[[File:Laksa Sarawak.JPG|缩略图|右|砂拉越[[叻沙]]]]

砂拉越著名的食物有[[叻沙]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/best-sarawak-laksa-in-kuching |title=Best Sarawak Laksa in Kuching |date=2015-04-29 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |accessdate=2016-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808212857/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/best-sarawak-laksa-in-kuching |archivedate=2015-08-08}}</ref>、[[哥羅麵]]（kolo mee）<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/kolo-mee-a-sarawak-favourite-any-time-of-day |title=Kolo mee, a Sarawak favourite, any time of day |date=2013-09-14 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |accessdate=2016-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309141249/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/kolo-mee-a-sarawak-favourite-any-time-of-day |archivedate=2014-03-09}}</ref>及{{tsl|en|ayam pansuh|砂拉越竹筒鸡}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/eat-drink/article/ayam-pansuh-a-sarawak-exotic-delicacy-loved-by-many-video |title='Ayam pansuh' — A Sarawak exotic delicacy loved by many (VIDEO) |date=2015-06-28 |publisher=The Malay Mail |accessdate=2016-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701010809/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/eat-drink/article/ayam-pansuh-a-sarawak-exotic-delicacy-loved-by-many-video |archivedate=2015-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Top 10 Iconic Food |url=http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/sarawak-top-10-iconic-food.html |accessdate=2016-01-03 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715180712/http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/sarawak-top-10-iconic-food.html |archivedate=2015-07-15}}</ref>。砂拉越著名的甜點有{{le|砂拉越千层糕|Sarawak layer cake}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-biz/2015/03/24/baking-takes-the-cake-singer-deja-moss-real-passion-is-sarawak-layered-cakes/ |title=Singer Deja Moss’ real passion is Sarawak layered cakes |date=2015-03-24 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2016-01-03 |archive-date=2015-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812152919/http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Metro-Biz/2015/03/24/Baking-takes-the-cake-Singer-Deja-Moss-real-passion-is-Sarawak-layered-cakes/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。各族群在預備、烹調食物及飲食時都有其獨特的風格。不過現代的技術也影響了他們烹調食物的方式。各族群的食物有伊班人的[[米酒]]（tuak）、马兰诺人的[[西米]]棕榈饼干（tebaloi）及{{tsl|en|umai (food)|umai}}（加入蘭姆汁的生魚）及乌鲁族的urum giruq（布丁）<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Alteration Of Sarawak Ethnic Natives' Food: It'S Impact To Sarawak State Tourism |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/cms/2icb11/2011-171.html |first=J |last2=Mohd Zahari |first2=M.S. |date=2011 |journal=2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (2nd ICBER 2011) Proceeding |accessdate=2016-01-03 |pages=685, 694 |last3=Yasin |first3=M.S. |last4=Mansur |first4=N.A |last1=Langgat |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115626/https://ideas.repec.org/p/cms/2icb11/2011-171.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。砂拉越的傳統食物也使砂拉越成為[[美食旅游]]的好地點<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/08/monetising-sarawaks-cultural-food/ |title=Monetising Sarawak’s cultural food |first=Jonathan |date=2013-09-08 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713234142/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/08/monetising-sarawaks-cultural-food/ |archivedate=2014-07-13 |quote=With Sarawak being a tourist destination, this opened up opportunities for small businesses to monetise the cultural aspect of the Dayaks for not only foreigners but locals as well. |last1=Wong}}</ref>。

當地的[[加盟連鎖]]餐廳有[[汉堡王]]（BK, Burger King）、[[肯德基]]（KFC）、[[麦当劳]]（McDonald's）、[[旧街场白咖啡]]（OldTown White Coffee）、[[必胜客]]（Pizza Hut）、[[星巴克]]（Starbucks）、{{tsl|en|Sakae Sushi|栄寿司}}、{{tsl|en|SCR (restaurant)|新加坡鸡饭}}（Singapore Chicken Rice）、{{tsl|en|Kenny Rogers Roasters|Kenny Rogers Roasters}}、{{tsl|en|Marrybrown|Marrybrown}}、{{tsl|en|Nando's|Nando's}}、{{tsl|en|Secret Recipe (restaurant)|Secret Recipe }}、{{tsl|en|The Chicken Rice Shop|The Chicken Rice Shop}}、{{tsl|en|Tony Roma's|Tony Roma's}}、曼哈顿鱼市场餐馆（Manhattan Fish Market）、舒戈邦（Sugar Bun）、Bing 咖啡、Seoul Garden韩式烧烤、Sushi King[[回转寿司]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/21/eyes-on-sarawaks-franchises/ |title=Eyes on Sarawak’s franchises |date=2013-07-21 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302054013/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/21/eyes-on-sarawaks-franchises/ |archivedate=2014-03-02}}</ref>及寿司三味（Sushi Zanmai）。當地也可以找到像西方飲食、印尼飲食、印度飲食及中東飲食等來自各地的食物<ref>{{Cite web |title=International cuisine in Kuching |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/international-cuisine-in-kuching/ |accessdate=2016-01-03 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103074755/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/international-cuisine-in-kuching/ |archivedate=2016-01-03}}</ref>。

一般認為砂拉越政府在媒體中有相當的影響力<ref name=Ibanmalaysian />。例如在砂拉越的《[[星洲日報]]》<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/286581 |title=Tycoon’s four dailies poised to undergo revamp |date=2015-01-17 |publisher=Malaysiakini |accessdate=2016-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720180037/http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/286581 |archivedate=2015-07-20}}</ref>、《[[诗华日报]]》、《{{tsl|en|The Borneo Post|婆罗洲邮报}}》及《婆罗洲前锋报》（Utusan Borneo）<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/05/08/see-hua-group-saga-court-rules-in-favour-of-kts/ |title=See Hua Group saga: Court rules in favour of KTS |date=2012-05-08 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2015-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305144126/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/05/08/see-hua-group-saga-court-rules-in-favour-of-kts/ |archivedate=2015-03-05}}</ref>。在1990年代，主要報章對砂拉越的反伐木路障給予負面的評價，認為不利於砂拉越的成長及發展<ref name=Ibanmalaysian />。《{{tsl|en|Sarawak Tribune|砂拉越论坛报}}》因為刊登了有關[[穆罕默德]]的諷刺漫畫，在2006年被永久停刊<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2006%2F2%2F10%2Fnation%2F13355013&sec=nation |title=Tribune suspended |date=2006-02-10 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2016-01-05 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032604/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2006%2F2%2F10%2Fnation%2F13355013&sec=nation |dead-url=no }}</ref>，此日報後來在2010年以《新砂拉越论坛报》的名稱重新發行<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/new-lease-on-life-for-sarawak-tribune |title=New lease of life for Sarawak Tribune |date=2010-05-19 |publisher=The Malaysian Insider |accessdate=2016-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522153649/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/new-lease-on-life-for-sarawak-tribune |archivedate=2010-05-22}}</ref>。英國記者[[凯丽·鲁卡瑟]]開設了[[砂拉越报告]]網站，以及以倫敦為基礎的短波無線電站，叫做《[[自由砂拉越电台]]》，以提供一些不一樣的，不受砂拉越政府干預的新聞及觀點<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=tTciAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Global Civil Society 2012: Ten Years of Critical Reflection |first=Mary |date=2012-04-18 |publisher=[[帕爾格雷夫·麥克米蘭|Palgrave Macmillan]] |accessdate=2016-01-05 |isbn=978-0-230-36943-6 |page=82 |last1=Kaldor |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065209/https://books.google.com.my/books?id=tTciAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

《砂拉越電台》在1954年開始，1976年結束，以馬來文、伊班文、華語及英語播放<ref name=Ibanmalaysian />。有些電台是以砂拉越為其基礎，像《{{tsl|en|Sarawak FM|砂拉越FM}}》<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak FM – Radio Malaysia Sarawak |url=http://www.sarawakfm.rtmsarawak.gov.my/index.php |accessdate=2016-01-05 |publisher=Sarawak FM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203220428/http://www.sarawakfm.rtmsarawak.gov.my/index.php |archivedate=2013-12-03}}</ref>、《{{tsl|en|cats FM|cats FM}}》<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nang Atap – CATS FM Radio station |url=http://www.catsfm.my/ |accessdate=2016-01-05 |publisher=cats FM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801104101/http://catsfm.my/ |archivedate=2015-08-01}}</ref>及《[[TEA FM]]》<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tea FM – Sarawak Chinese and English Radio station |url=http://teafm.com.my/ |accessdate=2016-07-12 |publisher=TEA FM |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712105113/http://teafm.com.my/ |archivedate=2016-07-12}}</ref>。

[[File:Hong San Si Temple 11.jpg|缩略图|右|砂拉越華人宗教節慶時施放的[[烟火]]]]

砂拉越州每年有許多的假日及節慶<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays 2015 |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/198/276/ |accessdate=2016-01-07 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173458/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/198/276/ |archivedate=2015-09-07}}</ref>。除了國定的[[马来西亚独立日]]及[[马来西亚日]]外，砂拉越在7月22日也會慶祝砂拉越自治日<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/23/tyt-cm-attend-states-52nd-anniversary-of-independence/ |title=TYT, CM attend state’s 52nd anniversary of independence |date=2015-07-23 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811061745/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/23/tyt-cm-attend-states-52nd-anniversary-of-independence/ |archivedate=2015-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak’s "Independence Day" |url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/07/27/sarawaks-independence-day/ |accessdate=2016-01-07 |publisher=New Mandala (Australian National University) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725120609/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/07/27/sarawaks-independence-day/ |archivedate=2015-07-25 |last1=Hunter |first1=M}}</ref>及[[州元首]]的生日<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/videos/2015/09/12/pomp-celebrations-for-sarawak-governors-birthday/ |title=Pomp celebrations for Sarawak Governor’s birthday |date=2015-09-12 |publisher=The Star (Malaysia) |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005545/http://www.thestar.com.my/videos/2015/09/12/pomp-celebrations-for-sarawak-governors-birthday/ |archivedate=2016-01-08 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。各族群也有各自的節日，因為開放日（open house）的傳統，也歡迎其他族群參與他們的節日慶祝<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/15/cm-and-wife-to-have-hari-raya-open-house-at-bcck/ |title=CM and wife to have Hari Raya open house at BCCK |date=2015-07-15 |publisher=15 July 2015 |accessdate=2016-01-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107232229/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/15/cm-and-wife-to-have-hari-raya-open-house-at-bcck/ |archivedate=2016-01-07 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/09/1000-throng-manyins-gawai-dayak-open-house/ |title=1,000 throng Manyin’s Gawai Dayak open house |first=S |date=2015-06-09 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108003304/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/09/1000-throng-manyins-gawai-dayak-open-house/ |archivedate=2016-01-08 |last1=Aubrey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/03/09/kts-holds-chinese-new-year-open-house-in-bintulu/ |title=KTS holds Chinese New Year Open House in Bintulu |date=2015-03-09 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216194917/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/03/09/kts-holds-chinese-new-year-open-house-in-bintulu/ |archivedate=2015-12-16}}</ref>。砂拉越是馬來西亞唯一一個將达雅[[豐收節]]視為公假的州<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holiday in Sarawak in conjunctions with the Gawai Dayak Celebration |url=http://www.mkm.edu.my/index.php/en/news-announcement-archive/2-uncategorised/862-cuti-umum-sempena-perayaan-hari-gawai-dayak-negeri-sarawak |accessdate=2016-01-08 |publisher=Co-operative College in Malaysia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108003956/http://www.mkm.edu.my/index.php/en/news-announcement-archive/2-uncategorised/862-cuti-umum-sempena-perayaan-hari-gawai-dayak-negeri-sarawak |archivedate=2016-01-08}}</ref>，也是唯一一個不將[[屠妖節]]視為公假的州<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/11/02/deepavali-is-not-dull-in-sarawak/ |title=Deepavali is not dull in Sarawak |first=W |date=2013-11-02 |publisher=Free Malaysia Today |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024154750/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/11/02/deepavali-is-not-dull-in-sarawak/ |archivedate=2014-10-24 |last1=Way}}</ref>。在各大城镇中心，各宗教群體也可以自由的在其節日進行遊行<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://aliran.com/aliran-monthly/2013/201310/lessons-sarawak-inter-religious-ties-relaxed-state-preserve-grip-power-pbb-likely-play-major-role-deterring-extension-umno-pas-battle-sa/ |title=Lessons from Sarawak |date=2014-07-26 |publisher=Aliran |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219162931/http://aliran.com/aliran-monthly/2013/201310/lessons-sarawak-inter-religious-ties-relaxed-state-preserve-grip-power-pbb-likely-play-major-role-deterring-extension-umno-pas-battle-sa/ |archivedate=2015-02-19 |quote=The note that follows is a glimpse of the ethno-religious relations in Sibu town. The scenes in Sibu are common to other urban centres of Sarawak, but unique within the context of the national scene. … Besides Christianity, other religions like Taoism, Buddhism and Islam also organise their respective processions during their big festivals.}}</ref>。砂拉越及沙巴是馬來西亞僅有两個將[[聖週五]]視為公定假日的州属<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2013/03/21/declare-good-friday-a-public-holiday/ |title=Declare Good Friday a public holiday |first=V |date=2013-03-21 |publisher=Free Malaysia Today |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323195416/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2013/03/21/declare-good-friday-a-public-holiday/ |archivedate=2013-03-23 |last1=Thomas}}</ref>。古晋节（Kuching Festival）是長達一個月的活動，在每年八月舉行，以紀念[[古晋]]于1988年升格為市。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuching Festival 2014 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/event/kuching-festival-2014/ |accessdate=2016-01-08 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716001941/http://sarawaktourism.com/event/kuching-festival-2014/ |archivedate=2015-07-16}}</ref>美里市日（Miri City Day）也和每年的美里五月节（Miri May Fest）一起舉行<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/05/18/20000-people-rock-miri-city-days-10th-anniversary-concert/ |title=20,000 people rock Miri City Day’s 10th anniversary concert |date=2015-05-18 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103173915/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/05/18/20000-people-rock-miri-city-days-10th-anniversary-concert/ |archivedate=2016-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/2554/57-exciting-May-Fest-events/ |title=57 exciting Miri May Fest events |date=2013-04-06 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |accessdate=2016-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108024220/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/2554/57-exciting-May-Fest-events/ |archivedate=2016-01-08}}</ref>。

砂拉越分別在1958和1962年派出自己的團隊參加[[英聯邦運動會]]（共運會）<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation – Countries – Sarawak |url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp |accessdate=2016-01-11 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/details/FormerCommonwealthCountriesSarawak |archivedate=2016-01-11}}</ref>，在[[1962年亞洲運動會]]後，1963年開始代表馬來西亞<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620905-1.2.129.4.aspx |title=Japan top the list with 73 'golds' |date=1962-09-05 |publisher=[[海峽時報|The Straits Times]] |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archive-date=2016-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050016/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df%20J2ChZBk5tvA=%3D |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jakarta 1962 |url=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df+J2ChZBk5tvA== |accessdate=2016-01-11 |publisher=Olympic Council of Asia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050016/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df%20J2ChZBk5tvA=%3D |archivedate=2016-01-01 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>。當地的砂拉越體育委員會在1985年成立，其目的為提高砂拉越的運動水平<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak State Sports Council |url=http://en.sarawakstatesportscouncil.org.my/index.php |accessdate=2016-01-11 |publisher=Sarawak State Sports Council |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615025458/http://en.sarawakstatesportscouncil.org.my/index.php |archivedate=2015-06-15}}</ref>。砂拉越在1990年和2016年主辦了[[馬來西亞運動會]]（馬運會），<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/04/swak-to-host-sukma-in-2016-khairy/ |title=S’wak to host Sukma in 2016 — Khairy |date=2013-09-04 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074735/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/04/swak-to-host-sukma-in-2016-khairy/ |archivedate=2016-01-11}}</ref>也是1990年、1992年以及1994年馬運會的总冠軍<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/22/cm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma/ |title=CM revs up momentum for 2016 S’wak Sukma |first=Salena |date=2015-10-22 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111075335/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/22/cm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |last1=Pail}}</ref>。砂拉越在[[東南亞運動會]]裡以馬來西亞代表參賽隊伍<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/04/12/five-sarawak-swimmers-for-sea-games/ |title=Five Sarawak swimmers for SEA Games （砂五位游泳者将会参加东运会） |first=Ting |date=2015-04-12 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817145217/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/04/12/five-sarawak-swimmers-for-sea-games/ |archivedate=2015-08-17 |last1=Tieng Hee}}</ref>，並自1994年的馬來西亞殘障人士運動會以來連續11年得到總冠軍<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/12/14/major-boost-for-paralympic-athletes/ |title=Major boost for paralympic athletes |first=Karen |date=2014-12-14 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731154127/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/12/14/major-boost-for-paralympic-athletes/ |archivedate=2015-07-31 |last1=Bong}}</ref>，砂拉越也另派出運動員參加過[[特殊奥林匹克运动会]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/22/special-olympians-off-to-los-angeles/ |title=Special Olympians off to Los Angeles |first=Jeremy |date=2015-07-22 |publisher=The Borneo Post |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810210142/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/22/special-olympians-off-to-los-angeles/ |archivedate=2015-08-10 |last1=Veno}}</ref>。

在砂拉越有以下幾個體育場：[[砂拉越体育場]]、{{tsl|en|Sarawak State Stadium|砂拉越州立體育場}}、团结體育館和砂拉越州曲棍球場<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengenai PSNS（關於砂州體育館公司） |url=http://www.stadiumcorp.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=27&menu_id=0&sub_id=72 |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/details/StadiumsInSarawak |archivedate=2016-01-11}}</ref>。1974年，[[砂拉越足球協會]]成立<ref>{{Cite web |title=History（歷史） |url=http://www.sarawakfootball.com/en/history.html |accessdate=2016-01-11 |publisher=Football Association of Sarawak(砂拉越足球協會) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516025154/http://www.sarawakfootball.com/en/history.html |archivedate=2015-05-16}}</ref>，並在[[馬來西亞足總盃]]（1992年）和[[馬來西亞甲級足球聯賽]]（1997年和2013年）中贏得冠軍<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honours |url=http://www.sarawakfootball.com/en/history/honours.html |accessdate=2016-01-11 |publisher=Football Association of Sarawak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516025156/http://www.sarawakfootball.com/en/history/honours.html |archivedate=2015-05-16}}</ref>。

{{reflist|2}}