斯基泰人：修订间差异

|popplace=[[烏克蘭|今烏克蘭]]<br />[[俄羅斯|今俄羅斯南部]]<br />[[亞塞拜然|今亞塞拜然]]<br />[[中亚]]<br />[[阿富汗|今阿富汗東部]]<br />[[巴基斯坦|今巴基斯坦]]<br />[[印度|今印度北部]]<br />[[中国大陸|今中国大陸西北部]]

'''斯基泰人'''（{{lang-grc|Σκύθης}}或{{lang|grc|Σκύθοι}}，[[複數 (語法)|複數]]：Σκύθαι；英语: Scythian，[[複數 (語法)|複數]]：Skuthai）也譯为'''斯基泰人'''、'''斯基提亞人''' 、'''西古提人'''<ref>[[聖經]][[和合本]][[歌羅西書]]3:11</ref>、'''叔提雅人'''<ref>《思高聖經》〈哥羅森書〉3:11：「在這一點上，已沒有希臘人或猶太人，受割損的或未受割損的，野蠻人、叔提雅人、奴隸、自由人的分別，而只有是一切並在一切內的基督。」</ref>、'''西徐亞人'''或'''塞西亞人'''，為古代在[[東歐大草原]]至[[中亞]]一帶居住與活動、操東伊朗語支的游牧民族或半游牧民族，他們的領土被稱為[[斯基提亞]]；古代波斯人稱之為塞克人（[[古波斯语]]：Sakā，也译为薩迦人），共分為戴尖帽塞克人、飲豪麻汁塞克人、海邊塞克人<ref>联合国教科文组织 (UNESCO) 著，徐文堪、芮傳明譯：《中亞文明史》，第二卷 (北京：中國對外出版翻譯公司，2001)，頁8-12、20-23。</ref>。中國《[[史記]]》、《[[漢書]]》记录的[[塞種]]可能源自這個民族<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/03/02/CF0703020001.htm|title=百家廊：尖帽塞人西域影響大|author=周雲|date=3月2日|year=2007年|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref>。

</ref>，並信仰一种前[[祆教]]時期古伊朗宗教<ref name="Harmatta1996">{{cite book |author1=Harmatta, János |editor=Zürcher, Erik |title=The Scythians |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=923102812X |page=181-182}}</ref>。為最早使用騎兵的民族之一<ref name="EBScythian">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian |title=Scythian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 }}</ref>，在西元前8世紀取代了[[辛梅里亞人]]成為東歐大草原的霸主<ref name="EBCentral_Asia">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia/Prehistory-and-antiquity |title=History of Central Asia: Early Western Peoples |last=Hambly |first=Gavin ||website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 }}</ref>，在這段時期斯基泰人及其分支民族幾乎統治了整個歐亞大草原，從[[喀爾巴阡山脈]]一直到[[陝甘寧盆地]]都是他們的勢力範圍<ref name="Beckwith117">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=117}}: "The Scythians, or Northern Iranians, who were culturally and ethnolinguistically a single group at the beginning of their expansion, had earlier controlled the entire steppe zone."</ref><ref name="Beckwith377">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|pp=377–380}}: "The preservation of the earlier form. *Sakla. in the extreme eastern dialects supports the historicity of the conquest of the entire steppe zone by the Northern Iranians—literally, by the 'Scythians'—in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age [...]"</ref>，創造了人類历史上首個游牧帝國<ref name="EBCentral_Asia"/><ref name="Beckwith11">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=11}}</ref>。盤據在今烏克蘭和南俄一帶的斯基泰人自稱「蘇格洛提」（Skoloti），由稱為「斯基泰皇室」的游牧戰士貴族所帶領。

在西元前7世紀，斯基泰人與西米里亞人一起跨越高加索山脈並頻密地洗劫中东地区，為當地的政治發展充當了重要角色<ref name="EBCentral_Asia"/><ref name="Beckwith11"/>。大約在西元前650到630年，斯基泰人短暫支配了位於伊朗高原西部的米底王國<ref name="EBIran">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Iran#ref32108 |title=Ancient Iran: The kingdom of the Medes |last=Young |first=T. Cuyler ||website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Beckwith49">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=49}}</ref>，並將其勢力範圍擴展至埃及邊境<ref name="EBScythian"/>。而在失去[[米底王國]]的控制權後，斯基泰人仍持續介入中东的地区事務，並在西元前612年的[[尼尼微戰役]]中扮演領導角色，摧毀了[[亞述帝國]]，隨後與[[波斯帝國]]頻密發生衝突。西元前4世紀，斯基泰人先被[[馬其頓王國]]重挫<ref name="EBScythian"/>，隨後逐漸被另一支伊朗民族[[薩爾馬提亞人]]征服<ref name="EBSarmatian">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sarmatian |title=Sarmatian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 }}</ref>。西元前2世紀後期，他們位於克里米亞半島的首都[[拿波羅利斯]]被[[本都王國]]的[[米特里達梯六世]]佔領，而他們剩餘的地盤亦被合併到[[博斯普魯斯王國]]<ref name="Harmatta1996"/>，並大幅度被希臘化。在西元3世紀，斯基泰人和薩爾馬提亞人一同被另一支伊朗民族[[奄蔡人]]統治，並一直被[[哥德人]]侵擾。中世紀早期，大量的斯基泰人和薩爾馬提亞人被同化和吸收到早期[[斯拉夫民族]]中<ref name="BM_39">{{harvnb|Brzezinski|Mielczarek|2002|p=39}}: "Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations."</ref><ref name="MA_523">{{harvnb|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=523}}: "In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations."</ref>。

斯基泰人在絲綢之路中扮演重要角色，促進了希臘、波斯、印度和中華文明的商業繁榮<ref name="Beckwith58">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|pp=58–70}}</ref>。在城市定居的金屬工匠為斯基泰人所打造的飾品別具風格，後世稱之為斯基泰風藝術<ref name="EBArt">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Scythian-art |title=Scythian art |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 }}</ref>。

* 「Skuthes」（Σκύθης）、「Skudra」、「Sug(u)da」派生自印歐語字根「(s)kewd-」意思是「推進、射击」（與英语的shoot同源）。「*skud-」是同一個字元音變換後的產物。Szemerényi還原了斯基泰人的自稱為「*skuda」(大致上是「射手」的意思，也與英语的shooter同源）。這派生出古希臘語「Skuthēs」Σκύθης（[[複數 (語法)|複數形式]]：「Skuthai」 Σκύθαι）以及阿卡德語「Aškuz」。古亞美尼亞語： {{lang|hy|սկիւթ}}「skiwtʰ」是基於愛歐塔化的希臘語而生。後來斯基泰語中的輔音由/d/變成/l/，由「*skuda」變成「*skula」，成為了後來希臘語詞彙「Skolotoi」 (Σκώλοτοι)的字源，也就是希羅多德所提到斯基泰皇室成員的自稱，其他的聲音改變還產生了「Sogdia」也就是粟特。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/reference/herodotus_histories4.htm | title= Histories by Herodotus, Book 4 Melpomene [4.6] |publisher= Zoroastrian Heritage | author= K. E. Eduljee | access-date= October 20, 2020}}</ref>

* 「Saka」一字則源於古波斯語：「Sakā」，古希臘語：{{lang|grc|Σάκαι}}、拉丁語: 「Sacae」、梵語：{{lang|sa|शक}}「Śaka」皆源自伊朗語的「sak-」，「前進、遨遊」也就是「游牧」的意思。尽管關係密切，但薩迦人（Saka）還是和生活在歐洲的斯基泰人有分別，他們主要生活在歐亞大草原的北方和東方以及塔里木盆地。<ref name="SK">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts#ref314168 |title=Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella ||website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |access-date=September 1, 2018 |quote=The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.}}</ref><ref name="Lendering">{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/people/scythians-sacae/ |title=Scythians / Sacae |last=Lendering |first=Jona ||date=February 14, 2019 |website=[[:nl:Livius.org|Livius.org]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Unterländer |first1=Martina |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe |pmc=5337992 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume= 8|pages= 14615|bibcode=2017NatCo...814615U |doi=10.1038/ncomms14615 |pmid=28256537 |quote=During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin [...] Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture [...] }}</ref>

* {{cite web|last=Rice|first=Tamara Talbot||title=Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts|access-date=October 4, 2019|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|quote=[Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.}}</ref>。

斯基泰人與幾個生活在他們東方的民族都共享了相似的文化包括武器、馬俱和藝術，被稱為「斯基泰三角」。<ref name="Ivantchik">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/scythians |title=Scythians |last=Ivantchik |first=Askold ||date=April 25, 2018 |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] }}</ref><ref name="Di Cosmo_891">{{harvnb|Di Cosmo|1999|p=891}}: "Even though there were fundamental ways in which nomadic groups over such a vast territory differed, the terms "Scythian" and "Scythic" have been widely adopted to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Archaeologists have used the term "Scythic continuum" in a broad cultural sense to indicate the early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe. The term "Scythic" draws attention to the fact that there are elements – shapes of weapons, vessels, and ornaments, as well as lifestyle – common to both the eastern and western ends of the Eurasian steppe region. However, the extension and variety of sites across Asia makes Scythian and Scythic terms too broad to be viable, and the more neutral "early nomadic" is preferable, since the cultures of the Northern Zone cannot be directly associated with either the historical Scythians or any specific archaeological culture defined as Saka or Scytho-Siberian."</ref>共享相同特徵的文化常被稱為「斯基泰文化」，而這些民族也被稱為「斯基泰人」。<ref name="Ünterlander"/><ref>{{harvnb|Watson|1972|p=142}}: "The term 'Scythic' has been used above to denote a group of basic traits which characterize material culture from the fifth to the first century B.C. in the whole zone stretching from the Transpontine steppe to the Ordos, and without ethnic connotation. How far nomadic populations in central Asia and the eastern steppes may be of Scythian, Iranic, race, or contain such elements makes a precarious speculation."</ref>與斯基泰文化有聯繫的民族不止斯基泰人自己，還包括一些截然不同的民族<ref name="DM_156">{{harvnb|Bruno|McNiven|2018}}: "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi) [...]"</ref>，諸如辛梅里安人、馬薩革泰人、薩迦人、薩爾馬提亞人和各式各樣的森林草原民族，<ref name="Ivantchik"/><ref name="Ünterlander"/>諸如早期斯拉夫人、波羅的人和芬蘭-烏戈爾人。<ref name="West_437">{{harvnb|West|2002|pp=437–440}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Davis-Kimball|Bashilov|Yablonsky|1995|p=33}}</ref>在這廣義的「斯基泰人」下，一般都會以「古典斯基泰人」、「西斯基泰人」、「歐洲斯基泰人」或「旁狄斯基泰人」作區別。<ref name="Ünterlander"/>

斯基泰語屬於印歐语系東伊朗語支<ref>{{harvnb|Lubotsky|2002|p=190}}</ref>，但是否所有物質文化受他們影響的族群都說同樣的语言目前尚未確定。而與古斯基泰語最接近的是奧塞梯語<ref>Ladislav Zgusta, "The old Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987. {{ISBN|3-7001-0994-6}} in Kim, op.cit., 54.

根據目前考古所得的藝術品所見，斯基泰人是明顯的西歐亞人<ref name="Day55">{{harvnb|Day|2001|pp=55–57}}</ref>。而根據歐亞各地区的古文明在西元前5到西元4世紀的历史文獻記載，斯基泰人都是白皮膚、紅或金髮、藍或綠眼的<ref name="Day55"/><ref name="Day55"/><ref name="Day55"/><ref name="Day55"/><!-- removed_ref site132 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><ref name="Callimachus">{{harvnb|Callimachus|1921}}, [https://www.theoi.com/Text/CallimachusHymns2.html Hymn IV. To Delos. 291] "The first to bring thee these offerings fro the fair-haired Arimaspi [...]"</ref><ref name="Pliny">{{harvnb|Pliny|1855|p=}}, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D24 Book VI, Chap. 24] ". These people, they said, exceeded the ordinary human height, had flaxen hair, and blue eyes [...]"</ref>。

2017年，兩份分別發表在《自然-通訊》和《科学報告》期刊的報告指出，斯基泰人的母系血統與東歐的塞那亞文化相同，但同時亦吸收了東歐亞人的母系血統<ref name="Ünterlander">{{cite journal |last1=Unterländer |first1=Martina |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume= 8|page= 14615|bibcode= 2017NatCo...814615U|doi=10.1038/ncomms14615 |pmid=28256537 |pmc=5337992 |quote=Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture and referred to as ‘Scythians'. For simplification we will use ‘Scythian' in the following text for all groups of Iron Age steppe nomads commonly associated with the Scythian culture. }}</ref><ref name="Juras">{{cite journal |last1=Juras |first1=Anna |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume= 7|page= 43950|bibcode= 2017NatSR...743950J|doi=10.1038/srep43950 |pmid=28266657 |pmc=5339713 }}</ref>。

Krzewińska et al. (2018)發現，塞那亞文化的男性成員身上的Y染色體屬於單倍群R1a1a1（R1a-M417），而這個單倍群在青銅時代擴張到幾乎整個歐亞大陸。相比之下，6具目前在東歐發現的古典斯基泰人（或稱為「真斯基泰人」）的男性古屍卻屬於常見於西歐人的R1b1a1a2（R1b-M269）並與阿凡納謝沃文化、安德羅諾沃文化有緊密關係。作者认为，斯基泰人並非塞那亞文化的直接後代，但他們都源自於顏那亞文化。而斯基泰人與其他物質文化相似的遠東族群在基因上有著巨大差異，因此可以判斷他們是獨立的族群，只是在物質文化上可能有著共同的源頭，其傳播位置大約在東歐大草原東部到烏拉爾山脈南麓<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Krzewińska, Maja |title=Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads |journal=Nature Communications |date=2018-10-03|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6223350}}</ref>。

2019年，一份研究物質文化與斯基泰人相似的南西伯利亞歐迪貝爾文化的古屍的報告發表在《人類遺傳學》期刊，指出歐迪貝爾文化的男性Y染色體屬於單倍群R1a，其中有兩個是R1a1a1b2(R1a-Z93)，並檢驗到有混合东亚人基因，報告結果表示，斯基泰人與歐迪貝爾文化的族群在父系血統上完全不同<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mary |first1=Laura |date=March 28, 2019 |title=Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians |journal=[[Human Genetics (journal)|Human Genetics]] |volume= 138|issue= 4|pages= 411–423|doi=10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y |pmid=30923892 |s2cid=85542410 |quote=The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them }}</ref>。

{{古代中北亞民族與国家}}