锤舌菌纲：修订间差异 - 求闻百科，共笔求闻

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| image = UncinulaTulasneiDetail.jpg

| image_caption = [[图拉斯叉钩丝壳]]图片

|authority = Eriksson与Winka （1997年）<ref name="Index Fungorum">{{cite web | title=Names Record | website=Index Fungorum | url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=501487 | access-date=2018-08-21 ~~| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212756/http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=501487 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | dead-url=no~~ }}</ref>

|authority = Eriksson与Winka （1997年）<ref name="Index Fungorum">{{cite web | title=Names Record | website=Index Fungorum | url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=501487 | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>

| subdivision_ranks = 目<ref name="Zicha 2008">{{cite web | last=Zicha | first=Ondrej | title=Leotiomycetes | website=BioLib.cz | date=2008-09-21 | url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id568118/ | access-date=2018-08-21 ~~| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228174121/http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id568118/ | archive-date=2009-12-28 | dead-url=no~~ }}</ref>

| subdivision_ranks = 目<ref name="Zicha 2008">{{cite web | last=Zicha | first=Ondrej | title=Leotiomycetes | website=BioLib.cz | date=2008-09-21 | url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id568118/ | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>

| subdivision =

{{tsl|en|Cyttariales||Cyttariales}}

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{{tsl|en|Rhytismatales||Rhytismatales}}

{{tsl|en|Thelebolales||Thelebolales}}

[[地位未定]]的科<ref name="BOLDSYSTEMS">{{cite web | title=Leotiomycetes - Taxonomy Browser | website=BOLDSYSTEMS | url=http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=83934 | access-date=2018-08-21 ~~| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018052512/http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=83934 | archive-date=2015-10-18 | dead-url=no~~ }}</ref>

[[地位未定]]的科<ref name="BOLDSYSTEMS">{{cite web | title=Leotiomycetes - Taxonomy Browser | website=BOLDSYSTEMS | url=http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=83934 | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>

:{{tsl|en|Thelocarpaceae||Thelocarpaceae}}

:{{tsl|en|Vezdaeaceae||Vezdaeaceae}}

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}}

'''锤舌菌纲'''（[[学名]]：''Leotiomycetes''）是[[真菌界]][[子囊菌门]]下的一个[[纲]]。锤舌菌纲下的许多真菌物种都是[[植物病理学|植物病原菌]]。<ref name="Google Books111">{{cite web | title=Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises | website=Google Books | ~~url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Plant_Pathology_Concepts_and_Laboratory.html?id=a6yKDQAAQBAJ~~ | access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

'''锤舌菌纲'''（[[学名]]：''Leotiomycetes''）是[[真菌界]][[子囊菌门]]下的一个[[纲]]。锤舌菌纲下的许多真菌物种都是[[植物病理学|植物病原菌]]。<ref name="Google Books111">{{cite web | title=Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises | website=Google Books | | access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

== 系统分类学 ==

锤舌菌纲下有许多物种过去因未发现有性世代而被归为[[半知菌]]，直到最近才被归入本纲中。过去的分类系统将锤舌菌纲归属于{{tsl|en|Discomycetes||盘菌类}}中<ref name="Hustad Miller 2015 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=9 | date=2015-07-25 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/phylogenetic-placement-of-four-genera-within-the-leotiomycetes-as | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>，后来[[分子系统发生学]]的研究表明盘菌类并非[[单系群]]，而将其分拆成包含锤舌菌纲在内的数个独立的纲。多数学者认为[[盘菌亚门]]中，锤舌菌纲是[[糞壳菌纲]]的[[旁系群]]。分子证据也显示锤舌菌纲下可分为若干亚纲，但锤舌菌纲本身是否为[[单系群]]，仍需更多实验证据证明。<ref name="Hustad Miller 2011 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=0 | date=2011-08-12 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://openjournals.wsu.edu/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/1100 | access-date=2018-08-21 | author= ~~| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602173716/https://openjournals.wsu.edu/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/1100 | archive-date=2018-06-02 | dead-url=no~~ }}</ref><ref name="Google Books">{{cite web | title=Systematics and Evolution | website=Google Books | ~~url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Systematics_and_Evolution.html?id=mt69BwAAQBAJ~~ | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>

锤舌菌纲下有许多物种过去因未发现有性世代而被归为[[半知菌]]，直到最近才被归入本纲中。过去的分类系统将锤舌菌纲归属于{{tsl|en|Discomycetes||盘菌类}}中<ref name="Hustad Miller 2015 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=9 | date=2015-07-25 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/phylogenetic-placement-of-four-genera-within-the-leotiomycetes-as | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>，后来[[分子系统发生学]]的研究表明盘菌类并非[[单系群]]，而将其分拆成包含锤舌菌纲在内的数个独立的纲。多数学者认为[[盘菌亚门]]中，锤舌菌纲是[[糞壳菌纲]]的[[旁系群]]。分子证据也显示锤舌菌纲下可分为若干亚纲，但锤舌菌纲本身是否为[[单系群]]，仍需更多实验证据证明。<ref name="Hustad Miller 2011 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=0 | date=2011-08-12 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://openjournals.wsu.edu/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/1100 | access-date=2018-08-21 | author= }}</ref><ref name="Google Books">{{cite web | title=Systematics and Evolution | website=Google Books | | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>

== 特征 ==

锤舌菌纲下的多数物种大多在子囊盘（apothecia）中产生子囊。[[子囊]]是圆柱形的并且没有囊盖（Operculum）。产生的[[子囊孢子]]大多是透明的，形状各异。孢子透过圆形的{{tsl|en|apical pore||顶孔}}散播。<ref name="Encyclopedia of Life 2014">{{cite web | title=Overview - Encyclopedia of Life | website=Encyclopedia of Life | date=2014-12-02 | url=http://eol.org/pages/2861056/overview | access-date=2018-08-21 ~~| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129005121/http://eol.org/pages/2861056/overview | archive-date=2018-01-29 | dead-url=no~~ }}</ref>

锤舌菌纲下的多数物种大多在子囊盘（apothecia）中产生子囊。[[子囊]]是圆柱形的并且没有囊盖（Operculum）。产生的[[子囊孢子]]大多是透明的，形状各异。孢子透过圆形的{{tsl|en|apical pore||顶孔}}散播。<ref name="Encyclopedia of Life 2014">{{cite web | title=Overview - Encyclopedia of Life | website=Encyclopedia of Life | date=2014-12-02 | url=http://eol.org/pages/2861056/overview | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>

== 分布 ==

第44行：

== 参考文献 ==

== 外部链接 ==

@@ 第3行： / 第3行： @@
 | image = UncinulaTulasneiDetail.jpg
 | image_caption = [[图拉斯叉钩丝壳]]图片
-|authority = Eriksson与Winka <br>（1997年）<ref name="Index Fungorum">{{cite web | title=Names Record | website=Index Fungorum | url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=501487 | access-date=2018-08-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212756/http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=501487 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | dead-url=no }}</ref>
+|authority = Eriksson与Winka <br>（1997年）<ref name="Index Fungorum">{{cite web | title=Names Record | website=Index Fungorum | url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=501487 | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>
-| subdivision_ranks = 目<ref name="Zicha 2008">{{cite web | last=Zicha | first=Ondrej | title=Leotiomycetes | website=BioLib.cz | date=2008-09-21 | url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id568118/ | access-date=2018-08-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228174121/http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id568118/ | archive-date=2009-12-28 | dead-url=no }}</ref><br>
+| subdivision_ranks = 目<ref name="Zicha 2008">{{cite web | last=Zicha | first=Ondrej | title=Leotiomycetes | website=BioLib.cz | date=2008-09-21 | url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id568118/ | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref><br>
 | subdivision =
 {{tsl|en|Cyttariales||Cyttariales}}<br>
@@ 第12行： / 第12行： @@
 {{tsl|en|Rhytismatales||Rhytismatales}}<br>
 {{tsl|en|Thelebolales||Thelebolales}}<br>
-[[地位未定]]的科<ref name="BOLDSYSTEMS">{{cite web | title=Leotiomycetes - Taxonomy Browser | website=BOLDSYSTEMS | url=http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=83934 | access-date=2018-08-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018052512/http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=83934 | archive-date=2015-10-18 | dead-url=no }}</ref>
+[[地位未定]]的科<ref name="BOLDSYSTEMS">{{cite web | title=Leotiomycetes - Taxonomy Browser | website=BOLDSYSTEMS | url=http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=83934 | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>
 :{{tsl|en|Thelocarpaceae||Thelocarpaceae}}
 :{{tsl|en|Vezdaeaceae||Vezdaeaceae}}
@@ 第31行： / 第31行： @@
 }}
-'''锤舌菌纲'''（[[学名]]：''Leotiomycetes''）是[[真菌界]][[子囊菌门]]下的一个[[纲]]。锤舌菌纲下的许多真菌物种都是[[植物病理学|植物病原菌]]。<ref name="Google Books111">{{cite web | title=Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises | website=Google Books | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Plant_Pathology_Concepts_and_Laboratory.html?id=a6yKDQAAQBAJ | access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
+'''锤舌菌纲'''（[[学名]]：''Leotiomycetes''）是[[真菌界]][[子囊菌门]]下的一个[[纲]]。锤舌菌纲下的许多真菌物种都是[[植物病理学|植物病原菌]]。<ref name="Google Books111">{{cite web | title=Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises | website=Google Books | | access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
 == 系统分类学 ==
-锤舌菌纲下有许多物种过去因未发现有性世代而被归为[[半知菌]]，直到最近才被归入本纲中。过去的分类系统将锤舌菌纲归属于{{tsl|en|Discomycetes||盘菌类}}中<ref name="Hustad Miller 2015 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=9 | date=2015-07-25 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/phylogenetic-placement-of-four-genera-within-the-leotiomycetes-as | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>，后来[[分子系统发生学]]的研究表明盘菌类并非[[单系群]]，而将其分拆成包含锤舌菌纲在内的数个独立的纲。多数学者认为[[盘菌亚门]]中，锤舌菌纲是[[糞壳菌纲]]的[[旁系群]]。分子证据也显示锤舌菌纲下可分为若干亚纲，但锤舌菌纲本身是否为[[单系群]]，仍需更多实验证据证明。<ref name="Hustad Miller 2011 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=0 | date=2011-08-12 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://openjournals.wsu.edu/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/1100 | access-date=2018-08-21 | author= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602173716/https://openjournals.wsu.edu/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/1100 | archive-date=2018-06-02 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Google Books">{{cite web | title=Systematics and Evolution | website=Google Books | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Systematics_and_Evolution.html?id=mt69BwAAQBAJ | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>
+锤舌菌纲下有许多物种过去因未发现有性世代而被归为[[半知菌]]，直到最近才被归入本纲中。过去的分类系统将锤舌菌纲归属于{{tsl|en|Discomycetes||盘菌类}}中<ref name="Hustad Miller 2015 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=9 | date=2015-07-25 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/phylogenetic-placement-of-four-genera-within-the-leotiomycetes-as | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>，后来[[分子系统发生学]]的研究表明盘菌类并非[[单系群]]，而将其分拆成包含锤舌菌纲在内的数个独立的纲。多数学者认为[[盘菌亚门]]中，锤舌菌纲是[[糞壳菌纲]]的[[旁系群]]。分子证据也显示锤舌菌纲下可分为若干亚纲，但锤舌菌纲本身是否为[[单系群]]，仍需更多实验证据证明。<ref name="Hustad Miller 2011 pp. 1–13">{{cite journal | last=Hustad | first=Vincent P. | last2=Miller | first2=Andrew N. | title=Phylogenetic placement of four genera within the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) | journal=North American Fungi | volume=6 | issue=0 | date=2011-08-12 | issn=1937-786X | doi=10.2509/naf2011.006.009 | pages=1–13 | url=https://openjournals.wsu.edu/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/1100 | access-date=2018-08-21 | author= }}</ref><ref name="Google Books">{{cite web | title=Systematics and Evolution | website=Google Books | | access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref>
 == 特征 ==
-锤舌菌纲下的多数物种大多在子囊盘（apothecia）中产生子囊。[[子囊]]是圆柱形的并且没有囊盖（Operculum）。产生的[[子囊孢子]]大多是透明的，形状各异。孢子透过圆形的{{tsl|en|apical pore||顶孔}}散播。<ref name="Encyclopedia of Life 2014">{{cite web | title=Overview - Encyclopedia of Life | website=Encyclopedia of Life | date=2014-12-02 | url=http://eol.org/pages/2861056/overview | access-date=2018-08-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129005121/http://eol.org/pages/2861056/overview | archive-date=2018-01-29 | dead-url=no }}</ref>
+锤舌菌纲下的多数物种大多在子囊盘（apothecia）中产生子囊。[[子囊]]是圆柱形的并且没有囊盖（Operculum）。产生的[[子囊孢子]]大多是透明的，形状各异。孢子透过圆形的{{tsl|en|apical pore||顶孔}}散播。<ref name="Encyclopedia of Life 2014">{{cite web | title=Overview - Encyclopedia of Life | website=Encyclopedia of Life | date=2014-12-02 | url=http://eol.org/pages/2861056/overview | access-date=2018-08-21 }}</ref>
 == 分布 ==
@@ 第44行： / 第44行： @@
 == 参考文献 ==
 {{reflist}}
 == 外部链接 ==