載人火星任務:修订间差异

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[[File:PIA23302-FirstHumansOnMars-ArtistConcept.jpg|缩略图|300px|藝術家想像中的火星人定居地。]]
[[File:PIA23302-FirstHumansOnMars-ArtistConcept.jpg|thumb|300px|艺术家想像中的火星人定居地。]]
[[File:Mars-surface-power-system.jpg|缩略图|[[太能]]為載人火星任可能的能量源。]]
[[File:Mars-surface-power-system.jpg|thumb|[[太能]]为载人火星任可能的能量源。]]


'''人火星任'''是20至21[[世]]的[[太空]][[科]]及[[工程]]研究目,也是[[科幻小]]的主之一。最[[人]]登[[火星]],而且包括[[火星殖民]](包括[[火一]]及[[火二]]在)及火星[[地球化]]。
'''人火星任'''是20至21[[世]]的[[太空]][[科]]及[[工程]]研究目,也是[[科幻小]]的主之一。最[[人]]登[[火星]],而且包括[[火星殖民]](包括[[火一]]及[[火二]]在)及火星[[地球化]]。


最初1950年代始研究人火星任的可行性,在10至30年內實現此一目。各國許多太空研究機構計劃完成此一目,包括[[美太空署]]、[[洲太空署]]在。美国在2010年取消2020年預計執行的人[[月球]]任而支持2025年預計執行的人[[小行星]]任務與2030年預計執行的人火星任<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/news/nasa-transition-congress-new-direction-100930.html |title=NASA in Transition as Congress OKs New Direction. Clara Moskowitz, 30 September 2010. SPACE.com |access-date=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。另外,中國計劃在2030年先建成月球基地,作為載人登火星的試點
最初1950年代始研究人火星任的可行性,在10至30年内实现此一目。各国许多太空研究机构计划完成此一目,包括[[美太空署]]、[[洲太空署]]在。美国在2010年取消2020年預计执行的人[[月球]]任而支持2025年預计执行的人[[小行星]]任务与2030年預计执行的人火星任<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/news/nasa-transition-congress-new-direction-100930.html |title=NASA in Transition as Congress OKs New Direction. Clara Moskowitz, 30 September 2010. SPACE.com |access-date=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。另外,中国计划在2030年先建成月球基地,作为载人登火星的试点


== 挑 ==
== 挑 ==


想要完成人火星任,必解決幾個關問題
想要完成人火星任,必解決几个关问题
# 人暴露在高度[[宇宙射]]及[[游離輻射]]下所生的物理影<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18371562 |title=Saganti, P. B. et al. (2006) |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Shiga| first = David| title = Too much radiation for astronauts to make it to Mars| journal = [[New Scientist]]| issue = 2726| date = 2009-09-16| url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327266.100-too-much-radiation-for-astronauts-to-make-it-to-mars.html| accessdate = 2012-08-20| | | }}</ref>
# 人暴露在高度[[宇宙射线]]及[[游离辐射]]下所生的物理影<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18371562 |title=Saganti, P. B. et al. (2006) |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Shiga| first = David| title = Too much radiation for astronauts to make it to Mars| journal = [[New Scientist]]| issue = 2726| date = 2009-09-16| url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327266.100-too-much-radiation-for-astronauts-to-make-it-to-mars.html| accessdate = 2012-08-20}}</ref>
# 處於低[[重力]]的境下造成的物理影,例如[[失]]<ref name="Mader-2011">{{cite journal |author=Mader, T. H. et al. |title=Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight |url=http://www.ophsource.org/periodicals/ophtha/article/S0161-6420(11)00564-1/abstractOph |year=2011 |journal=[[Ophthalmology (journal)]] |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=2058–2069 |doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021 |access-date=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref><ref name="Puiu-20111109">{{cite web |last=Puiu |first=Tibi |title=Astronauts’ vision severely affected during long space missions |url=http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/astronaut-eyesight-damage-weightlessness-3214143/ |date=November 9, 2011 |publisher=zmescience.com |accessdate=February 9, 2012 |||}}</ref><ref name="CNN-20120109">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2012/02/09/pkg-zarrella-astronaut-vision.cnnCNN |title=News (CNN-TV, 02/09/2012) - Video (02:14) - Male Astronauts Return With Eye Problems |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>
# 处于低[[重力]]的境下造成的物理影,例如[[失]]<ref name="Mader-2011">{{cite journal |author=Mader, T. H. et al. |title=Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight |url=http://www.ophsource.org/periodicals/ophtha/article/S0161-6420(11)00564-1/abstractOph |year=2011 |journal=[[Ophthalmology (journal)]] |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=2058–2069 |doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021 |access-date=2012-08-20 }}</ref><ref name="Puiu-20111109">{{cite web |last=Puiu |first=Tibi |title=Astronauts’ vision severely affected during long space missions |url=http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/astronaut-eyesight-damage-weightlessness-3214143/ |date=2011-11-09 |publisher=zmescience.com |accessdate=2012-02-09 }}</ref><ref name="CNN-20120109">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2012/02/09/pkg-zarrella-astronaut-vision.cnnCNN |title=News (CNN-TV, 02/09/2012) - Video (02:14) - Male Astronauts Return With Eye Problems |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>
# 處於昏暗境下造成的物理影
# 处于昏暗境下造成的物理影
# 遠離地球所造成的[[心理]]影
# 远离地球所造成的[[心理]]影
# 缺乏地球社會間聯繫所造成的心理影
# 缺乏地球社会间联系所造成的心理影
# 位太空人期生活在封所造成的影
# 位太空人期生活在封所造成的影
# 缺乏醫療設備
# 缺乏医疗设备


HUMEX研究已經將這議題過統計<ref>Horneck and Comet (2006), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.077 doi 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.077]</ref>。Ehlmann教授等人已考慮[[政治]]、[[經濟]]、[[科技]]及[[生物]]等方面對於載人火星任議題<ref>Ehlmann, B. L., et al. (2005), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.01.010 doi 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.01.010]</ref>。人火星任所需的[[燃料]]對於[[科家]]是一,使用[[甲烷]][[氧]]可以造出[[水]]及[[二氧化碳]]<ref>Rapp et al. (2005), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2005.1559325 doi 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559325]</ref>。
HUMEX研究已经将这议题过统计<ref>Horneck and Comet (2006), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.077 doi 10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.077]</ref>。Ehlmann教授等人已考慮[[政治]]、[[经济]]、[[科技]]及[[生物]]等方面对于载人火星任议题<ref>Ehlmann, B. L., et al. (2005), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.01.010 doi 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.01.010]</ref>。人火星任所需的[[燃料]]对于[[科家]]是一,使用[[甲烷]][[氧]]可以造出[[水]]及[[二氧化碳]]<ref>Rapp et al. (2005), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2005.1559325 doi 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559325]</ref>。


=== 射窗口 ===
=== 射窗口 ===
太空船地球射至火星需要道,每26有一次合射窗口<ref name="portree2001window">Page 18-19 in Chapter 3 of David S. F. Portree's ''Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000,'' NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as [http://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/humans_to_Mars.htm NASA SP-2001-4521] .</ref>。在20世中,19691971年的射窗口及1986年1988年的射窗口所需的道能量少<ref name="portree2001window"/>
太空船地球射至火星需要道,每26有一次合射窗口<ref name="portree2001window">Page 18-19 in Chapter 3 of David S. F. Portree's ''Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000,'' NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as [http://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/humans_to_Mars.htm NASA SP-2001-4521] .</ref>。在20世中,19691971年的射窗口及1986年1988年的射窗口所需的道能量少<ref name="portree2001window"/>
,大每15年重一次。[[霍曼道]]途中只需次引擎推,相省燃料。柯可拋射是另一種轉道方式<ref name="portree2001flyby">Page 15-16 in Chapter 3 of David S. F. Portree's ''Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000,'' NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as [http://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/humans_to_Mars.htm NASA SP-2001-4521] .</ref>,這兩種方式大不相同<ref name="portree2001flyby"/>。傳統的火星探測計畫需要400至450天在道上行<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LSYDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA86&dq=manned%20mars&as_brr=3&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Dr. Von Braun - When will we land on Mars? - Mar 1965 - Page 86 |access-date=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。但是火星探測計畫最快只需要245天就可以抵火星<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4181.pdf |title=Folta, et al. - FAST MARS TRANSFERS THROUGH ON-ORBIT STAGING. (2012) |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。
,大每15年重一次。[[霍曼道]]途中只需次引擎推,相省燃料。柯可拋射是另一种转道方式<ref name="portree2001flyby">Page 15-16 in Chapter 3 of David S. F. Portree's ''Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950 - 2000,'' NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series, Number 21, February 2001. Available as [http://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/humans_to_Mars.htm NASA SP-2001-4521] .</ref>,这两种方式大不相同<ref name="portree2001flyby"/>。传统的火星探测计划需要400至450天在道上行<ref>{{Cite web ||title=Dr. Von Braun - When will we land on Mars? - Mar 1965 - Page 86 |access-date=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。但是火星探测计划最快只需要245天就可以抵火星<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4181.pdf |title=Folta, et al. - FAST MARS TRANSFERS THROUGH ON-ORBIT STAGING. (2012) |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。


== 想 ==
== 想 ==
=== 20世 ===
=== 20世 ===


[[火箭]]家[[沃纳·冯·布劳恩]]是史上首位著手研究火星探科技的人,《[[火星計劃]]》一些後續的著作詳細記錄著他的想。沃纳·冯·布劳恩計畫將近千三段式火箭地球射升空,隨後在近地球道上建造[[太空站]],从而为后续的火星探测铺平道路。
[[火箭]]家[[沃纳·冯·布劳恩]]是史上首位著手研究火星探科技的人,《[[火星计划]]》一些后续的著作詳細记录著他的想。沃纳·冯·布劳恩计划将近千三段式火箭地球射升空,随后在近地球道上建造[[太空站]],从而为后续的火星探测铺平道路。


Aeronutronic Ford<ref name="dixon">Franklin Dixon, “Summary Presentation: Study of a Manned Mars Excursion Module,” in ''Proceeding of the Symposium on Manned Planetary Missions: 1963/1964 Status'', NASA TM X-53049 (1964).</ref>、[[通用力公司]]及[[洛克希德公司]]在1962年曾研究一火星探測計畫,它也是[[太空行中心]]主的[[帝國計畫]]的一部分<ref name="platoff">Annie Platoff, ''Eyes on the Red Planet: Human Mars Mission Planning, 1952-1970,'' (1999); available as [http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/CR-2001-208928.pdf NASA/CR-2001-2089280] (July 2001)</ref>。然帝國計畫只是想,但是該計畫也是美太空署首次詳細探討載人火星任的可能性。
Aeronutronic Ford<ref name="dixon">Franklin Dixon, “Summary Presentation: Study of a Manned Mars Excursion Module,” in ''Proceeding of the Symposium on Manned Planetary Missions: 1963/1964 Status'', NASA TM X-53049 (1964).</ref>、[[通用力公司]]及[[洛克希德公司]]在1962年曾研究一火星探测计划,它也是[[太空行中心]]主的[[帝国计划]]的一部分<ref name="platoff">Annie Platoff, ''Eyes on the Red Planet: Human Mars Mission Planning, 1952-1970,'' (1999); available as [http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/CR-2001-208928.pdf NASA/CR-2001-2089280] (July 2001)</ref>。然帝国计划只是想,但是该计划也是美太空署首次詳細探讨载人火星任的可能性。


沃纳·冯·布劳恩在[[阿波羅計畫]]成功,曾提出一項載人火星任務計畫來導載人太空任<ref>Wernher von Braun, “Manned Mars Landing Presentation to the Space Task Group,” presentation materials, August 1969 (referenced by Portree, 2001 ''op cit''.</ref>。他計畫使用[[神5號運載火箭]]力火箭射升空([[NERVA]]計畫)。後來[[美國總統]][[尼克森]]取消該計畫而支持展[[太空梭]]。
沃纳·冯·布劳恩在[[阿波罗计划]]成功,曾提出一项载人火星任务计划来导载人太空任<ref>Wernher von Braun, “Manned Mars Landing Presentation to the Space Task Group,” presentation materials, August 1969 (referenced by Portree, 2001 ''op cit''.</ref>。他计划使用[[神5号运载火箭]]力火箭射升空([[NERVA]]计划)。后来[[美国总统]][[尼克森]]取消该计划而支持展[[太空梭]]。


[[蘇聯]]火箭家[[吉洪拉沃夫]]曾提出[[火星計畫]],該計劃於1956年至1962年間運作,預使用[[N1運載火箭]]太空船射升空。
[[苏联]]火箭家[[吉洪拉沃夫]]曾提出[[火星计划]],该计划于1956年至1962年间运作,預使用[[N1运载火箭]]太空船射升空。


蘇聯在1960年代設計[[TMK計畫]],準備發人太空船至火星[[金星]],但是不登地表。TMK計畫在1971年射,在期三年的旅程中,利用火星行重力拋射,並釋放出探器。蘇聯圖發展TMK計畫來對抗美人登月計畫,但是該計畫[[N1運載火箭]]射失被迫放
苏联在1960年代设计[[TMK计划]],準备发人太空船至火星[[金星]],但是不登地表。TMK计划在1971年射,在期三年的旅程中,利用火星行重力拋射,并释放出探器。苏联图发展TMK计划来对抗美人登月计划,但是该计划[[N1运载火箭]]射失被迫放


[[火星探測複計畫]]是蘇聯另一火星探測計畫,準備將太空人花630天的時間完成火星探
[[火星探测复计划]]是苏联另一火星探测计划,準备将太空人花630天的时间完成火星探


[[科拉多大德分校]]在[[]]登火星,曾1981年至1998年間進行一項稱為「Case for Mars」計劃該計劃從火星返回地球使用火星來當作火箭燃料,而且後來在[[美太空航行學會]](American Astronautical Society)出版的籍中公<ref>Penelope J. Boston, ed., ''AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 57, Proceedings of The Case for Mars I'', 1984 (second printing 1987), ISBN 0-87703-197-5</ref><ref>Christopher P. McKay, ed., ''AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 62, Proceedings of The Case for Mars II, 1985 (second printing 1988) 730p. Hard cover: ISBN 0-87703-219-X, Soft cover: ISBN 0-87703-220-3.''</ref>。一些後續的概念沿用了「Case for Mars」計劃設計,包含[[勃·祖]](Robert Zubrin)的火星直击概念及[[杰弗里·兰迪斯]]的火星足跡」概念<ref>Geoffrey A. Landis, "Footsteps to Mars: an Incremental Approach to Mars Exploration," ''Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 48,'' pp. 367-342 (1995); presented at Case for Mars V, Boulder CO, 26–29 May 1993; appears in ''From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies'', R. Zubrin, ed., ''AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 91'' pp. 339-350 (1997). (text available as [http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/Footsteps.pdf Footsteps to Mars pdf file]</ref>。
[[科拉多大德分校]]在[[]]登火星,曾1981年至1998年间进行一项称为“Case for Mars”计划该计划从火星返回地球使用火星来当作火箭燃料,而且后来在[[美太空航行学会]](American Astronautical Society)出版的籍中公<ref>Penelope J. Boston, ed., ''AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 57, Proceedings of The Case for Mars I'', 1984 (second printing 1987), ISBN 0-87703-197-5</ref><ref>Christopher P. McKay, ed., ''AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 62, Proceedings of The Case for Mars II, 1985 (second printing 1988) 730p. Hard cover: ISBN 0-87703-219-X, Soft cover: ISBN 0-87703-220-3.''</ref>。一些后续的概念沿用了“Case for Mars”计划设计,包含[[勃·祖]](Robert Zubrin)的火星直击概念及[[杰弗里·兰迪斯]]的火星足迹”概念<ref>Geoffrey A. Landis, "Footsteps to Mars: an Incremental Approach to Mars Exploration," ''Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 48,'' pp. 367-342 (1995); presented at Case for Mars V, Boulder CO, 26–29 May 1993; appears in ''From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies'', R. Zubrin, ed., ''AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 91'' pp. 339-350 (1997). (text available as [http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/Footsteps.pdf Footsteps to Mars pdf file]</ref>。


太空署在1989年曾行所的[[宇宙探索計劃]](Space Exploration Initiative),準在[[國際太空站]]完成後進行月球及火星探這項研究被稱為[[90天研究計畫]]<ref>NASA, ''Report of the 90-day study on human exploration of the Moon and Mars'', published 11/1989; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989STIN...9127055. abstract]</ref>,後來外界批評該計劃過複雜且昂,最终研究經費遭到除<ref>Dwayne Day, "Aiming for Mars, grounded on Earth," ''The Space Review'' February 16, 2004 [http://www.thespacereview.com/article/102/1 link]</ref>。
太空署在1989年曾行所的[[宇宙探索计划]](Space Exploration Initiative),準在[[国际太空站]]完成后进行月球及火星探这项研究被称为[[90天研究计划]]<ref>NASA, ''Report of the 90-day study on human exploration of the Moon and Mars'', published 11/1989; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989STIN...9127055. abstract]</ref>,后来外界批评该计划过复杂且昂,最终研究经费遭到除<ref>Dwayne Day, "Aiming for Mars, grounded on Earth," ''The Space Review'' February 16, 2004 [http://www.thespacereview.com/article/102/1 link]</ref>。


火星地球之的距,所以火星人探比月球人探更加危且昂。火星人探2至3年的燃料,而且太空船必抵擋至少部分的宇宙射。勃·祖賓與·克在1990年提出一份文,計畫使用火星大氣層氣體來當作火箭燃料<ref>R. M. Zubrin, D. A. Baker and O. Gwynne, "Mars Direct: A Simple, Robust, and Cost Effective Architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative," paper AAS 90-168, in ''The Case for Mars IV: The International Exploration of Mars, Part I, MISSION STRATEGY & ARCHITECTURES,'' AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 89, Proceedings of The Case for Mars Conference, ed. Thomas R. Meyer, 1997 (ISBN 0-87703-418-4).</ref><ref>R. Zubrin and D. A. Baker, "Mars Direct: Humans to the Red Planet by 1999," 41st Congress of the [[International Astronautical Federation]] (1990)</ref>,藉此減太空船的重量及成本。後來羅勃·祖賓將這個概念展成火星直击」構想,並於1998年創辦[[火星學會]](Mars Society)提倡該計劃
火星地球之的距,所以火星人探比月球人探更加危且昂。火星人探2至3年的燃料,而且太空船必抵擋至少部分的宇宙射。勃·祖宾与·克在1990年提出一份文,计划使用火星大气层气体来当作火箭燃料<ref>R. M. Zubrin, D. A. Baker and O. Gwynne, "Mars Direct: A Simple, Robust, and Cost Effective Architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative," paper AAS 90-168, in ''The Case for Mars IV: The International Exploration of Mars, Part I, MISSION STRATEGY & ARCHITECTURES,'' AAS Science and Technology Series Volume 89, Proceedings of The Case for Mars Conference, ed. Thomas R. Meyer, 1997 (ISBN 0-87703-418-4).</ref><ref>R. Zubrin and D. A. Baker, "Mars Direct: Humans to the Red Planet by 1999," 41st Congress of the [[International Astronautical Federation]] (1990)</ref>,藉此減太空船的重量及成本。后来罗勃·祖宾将这个概念展成火星直击”构想,并于1998年创办[[火星学会]](Mars Society)提倡该计划


國際太空大學於1991年在[[法]][[土斯]]研究國際載人火星任<ref name=mendell>[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/humanexplore/exploration/exlibrary/docs/eic036.html Wendell W. Mendell - A Mission Design for International Manned Mars Mission (1991)]</ref>,計畫使用核子力探太空人送至火星<ref name=mendell/>。
国际太空大学于1991年在[[法]][[土斯]]研究国际载人火星任<ref name=mendell>[http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/humanexplore/exploration/exlibrary/docs/eic036.html Wendell W. Mendell - A Mission Design for International Manned Mars Mission (1991)]</ref>,计划使用核子力探太空人送至火星<ref name=mendell/>。


太空署在1990年代曾設計幾個火星人任,其中一是火星設計參考3.0計畫該計畫森太空行中心行,容描述火星人任作及技概念。火星設計參計畫沿用之前的設計概念,包括祖使用火星大氣層氣體想。
太空署在1990年代曾设计几个火星人任,其中一是火星设计参考3.0计划该计划森太空行中心行,容描述火星人任作及技概念。火星设计参计划沿用之前的设计概念,包括祖使用火星大气层气体想。


=== 21世 ===
=== 21世 ===


計畫的火星道站計畫使用[[核反應爐]],該計畫草案在2005年曝光<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.rian.ru/onlinenews/20050330/39700840.html | title = Russia Suggests Manned Matrian-Mission Plan | publisher = Rianovosty | author = Yury Zaitsev | date = 30 March 2005 | accessdate = 2012-08-20 | | | }}</ref>。計畫設計於2012年完成,2021年完成太空船建造<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/29/russia-hopes-to-fly-human_n_338297.html | title = Russia Hopes To Fly Humans To Mars With Nuclear Spaceship | publisher = The Huffington Post | author = Vladimir Isachenkov | date = 29 October 2009 | accessdate = 2012-08-20 | | | }}</ref>。洲太空規劃的[[曙光女神計劃]]是期的火星人探,預在2030年送上火星。[[ExoMars]]及NEXT是曙光女神計劃早期的旗<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Aurora/SEMS8ZP11ZE_0.html | title = NEXT exploration mission - call for ideas | publisher = ESA | accessdate = 2012-08-20 | | | }}</ref>。[[美國總統]][[乔治·沃克·布什]]在2004年1月宣項載人探測計畫稱為[[太空探測願景]]。計劃於2012年在月球建造前哨基地<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/exploration/mmb/lunar_architecture.html |title=NASA - Lunar Outpost Plans Taking Shape<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>,2010年至2020年的前期計劃將由Adringa等人研科技<ref>Adringa, J. M. et al. (2005), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2005.1559312 doi 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559312]</ref>。美太空署署[[可·格利芬]](Michael D. Griffin)予2007年9月24日暗示在2037年行火星人探<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jkmdP908t7rFtnuI4rNSCpCl3TTQ AFP: NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>。太空科務發展至火星人探所需的約為110美元<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040114-3.html |title=President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。美太空認為從月球射太空船至火星可以減少成本<ref>''The Space Age at 50''. ''National Geographic Magazine'', October 2007 issue</ref>。
计划的火星道站计划使用[[核反应炉]],该计划草案在2005年曝光<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.rian.ru/onlinenews/20050330/39700840.html | title = Russia Suggests Manned Matrian-Mission Plan | publisher = Rianovosty | author = Yury Zaitsev | date = 2005-03-30 | accessdate = 2012-08-20 }}</ref>。计划设计于2012年完成,2021年完成太空船建造<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/29/russia-hopes-to-fly-human_n_338297.html | title = Russia Hopes To Fly Humans To Mars With Nuclear Spaceship | publisher = The Huffington Post | author = Vladimir Isachenkov | date = 2009-10-29 | accessdate = 2012-08-20 }}</ref>。洲太空规划的[[曙光女神计划]]是期的火星人探,預在2030年送上火星。[[ExoMars]]及NEXT是曙光女神计划早期的旗<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Aurora/SEMS8ZP11ZE_0.html | title = NEXT exploration mission - call for ideas | publisher = ESA | accessdate = 2012-08-20 }}</ref>。[[美国总统]][[乔治·沃克·布什]]在2004年1月宣项载人探测计划称为[[太空探测愿景]]。计划于2012年在月球建造前哨基地<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/exploration/mmb/lunar_architecture.html |title=NASA - Lunar Outpost Plans Taking Shape<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>,2010年至2020年的前期计划将由Adringa等人研科技<ref>Adringa, J. M. et al. (2005), [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2005.1559312 doi 10.1109/AERO.2005.1559312]</ref>。美太空署署[[可·格利芬]](Michael D. Griffin)予2007年9月24日暗示在2037年行火星人探<ref>AFP: NASA aims to put man on Mars by 2037<!-- Bot generated title --></ref>。太空科务发展至火星人探所需的约为110亿美元<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040114-3.html |title=President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。美太空认为从月球射太空船至火星可以減少成本<ref>''The Space Age at 50''. ''National Geographic Magazine'', October 2007 issue</ref>。


火星學會計畫使用改良的[[利安5號運載火箭]]來進行火星人探<ref name="astronautix.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/eurssion.htm |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>,大約發射5次火箭可5名太空人送入太空,展開為期1200天的探<ref name="astronautix.com"/>。
火星学会计划使用改良的[[利安5号运载火箭]]来进行火星人探<ref name="astronautix.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/eurssion.htm |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>,大约发射5次火箭可5名太空人送入太空,展开为期1200天的探<ref name="astronautix.com"/>。


太空人火星地表返回地球是人火星任中最困環節之一,所以人火星任曾多次被提出。科家曾在1998年[[國際太空會議]]中提出人火星任<ref>Bruce Mackenzie,One Way to Mars - a Permanent Settlement on the First Mission," presented at the 1998 International Space Development Conference, May 21–25, Milwaukee WI; [http://archivist.nss.org/Public/ISDC/ISDC1999_Houston/ConferenceMisc-DaleAmonPapers/ISDC99-Abstracts_CD/AIAA%20Abstracts/One%20Way%20to%20Mars.pdf Abstract]</ref>,想要在首次人火星任中建造永久的太空站。科認為單人火星任務難度及成本低,因太空人不需要返回地球。一位美太空署的工程在2006年提出一概念:只送一位太空人前往火星建造永久的太空站,後來許多[[媒]]都報導這項消息,包括《[[哈潑斯]]》<ref>James C. McLane III, "Starship Trooper," ''Harper's Magazine'' November 2006. [http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/11/0081263 link (pay subscription required)]</ref>、《[[紐約時報]]》<ref name="Krauss">{{cite news |last=Krauss |first=Lawrence M. |title=A One-Way Ticket to Mars |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/opinion/01krauss.html |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=31 August 2009 |accessdate=2011-07-20 |||}}</ref>、《[[太空總覽]]》<ref>James C. McLane III, "Spirit of the Lone Eagle": an audacious program for a manned Mars landing, ''The Space Review'' July 31, 2006 [http://www.thespacereview.com/article/669/1 link]</ref>及《[[探索雜誌]]》<ref>James C. McLane III, "One Way Ticket to Mars," ''SEARCH Magazine'' Jan/Feb 2009 [https://web.archive.org/web/20090308012700/http://www.searchmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2009%20January-February/full-mars.html link to archived copy]<!-- original URL: http://www.searchmagazine.org/January-February%202009/full-mars.html --></ref>。[[阿波11]]太空人[[巴兹·奥尔德林]]也支持人在火星上居住<ref>[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/06/26/buzz-aldrin-speaks-out-forget-the-moon-lets-head-to-mars/ Buzz Aldrin Speaks Out: Forget the Moon, Let’s Head to Mars] , by Eliza Strickland, 26 June 2006, Discover Magazine</ref>。
太空人火星地表返回地球是人火星任中最困环节之一,所以人火星任曾多次被提出。科家曾在1998年[[国际太空会议]]中提出人火星任<ref>Bruce Mackenzie,One Way to Mars - a Permanent Settlement on the First Mission," presented at the 1998 International Space Development Conference, May 21–25, Milwaukee WI; [http://archivist.nss.org/Public/ISDC/ISDC1999_Houston/ConferenceMisc-DaleAmonPapers/ISDC99-Abstracts_CD/AIAA%20Abstracts/One%20Way%20to%20Mars.pdf Abstract]</ref>,想要在首次人火星任中建造永久的太空站。科认为单人火星任务难度及成本低,因太空人不需要返回地球。一位美太空署的工程在2006年提出一概念:只送一位太空人前往火星建造永久的太空站,后来许多[[媒]]都报导这项消息,包括《[[哈潑斯]]》<ref>James C. McLane III, "Starship Trooper," ''Harper's Magazine'' November 2006. [http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/11/0081263 link (pay subscription required)]</ref>、《[[纽约时报]]》<!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->、《[[太空总览]]》<ref>James C. McLane III, "Spirit of the Lone Eagle": an audacious program for a manned Mars landing, ''The Space Review'' July 31, 2006 [http://www.thespacereview.com/article/669/1 link]</ref>及《[[探索杂志]]》<ref>James C. McLane III, "One Way Ticket to Mars," ''SEARCH Magazine'' Jan/Feb 2009 [http://www.searchmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2009%20January-February/full-mars.html link to archived copy]<!-- original URL: http://www.searchmagazine.org/January-February%202009/full-mars.html --></ref>。[[阿波11]]太空人[[巴兹·奥尔德林]]也支持人在火星上居住<ref>[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/06/26/buzz-aldrin-speaks-out-forget-the-moon-lets-head-to-mars/ Buzz Aldrin Speaks Out: Forget the Moon, Let’s Head to Mars] , by Eliza Strickland, 26 June 2006, Discover Magazine</ref>。


太空署在2009年的告中,提出使用[[神五號運載火箭]]來發射[[獵戶座太空船]]的想<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090012109_2009010520.pdf |title=Version 5 NASA (jan. 2009) |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。美國總統[[贝拉克·奥巴马]]在2010年4月15日曾在[[甘迺迪太空中心]]表演認為在2030年代中期可以太空人送至火星道上,隨後讓太空人登火星。[[美國國會]]也支持美太空署新的展方向,取消布什總統的2020年月球探測計畫計畫在2025年行小行星探及2030年代行火星探<ref>[http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/09/congress-mostly-approves-new.html Congress Mostly Approves New Direction for NASA. Yudhijit Bhattacharjee, 30 September 2010, Science.]</ref>。2015年10月8日,美NASA表登火星計劃(Journey to Mars)三步走:依(Earth Reliant)、試驗場(Proving Ground)、立(Earth Independent)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf|title=NASA's Journey to Mars - Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=2015-10-08|accessdate=2017-03-29|||}}</ref>。
太空署在2009年的告中,提出使用[[神五号运载火箭]]来发射[[猎户座太空船]]的想<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090012109_2009010520.pdf |title=Version 5 NASA (jan. 2009) |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。美国总统[[贝拉克·奥巴马]]在2010年4月15日曾在[[甘迺迪太空中心]]表演认为在2030年代中期可以太空人送至火星道上,随后让太空人登火星。[[美国国会]]也支持美太空署新的展方向,取消布什总统的2020年月球探测计划计划在2025年行小行星探及2030年代行火星探<ref>[http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/09/congress-mostly-approves-new.html Congress Mostly Approves New Direction for NASA. Yudhijit Bhattacharjee, 30 September 2010, Science.]</ref>。2015年10月8日,美NASA表登火星计划(Journey to Mars)三步走:依(Earth Reliant)、试验场(Proving Ground)、立(Earth Independent)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf|title=NASA's Journey to Mars - Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=2015-10-08|accessdate=2017-03-29}}</ref>。


欧州合作的[[火星-500]]在2011年11月4日利完成<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/science/20090714/155522543.html Mars-500 crew report good health after experiment] - [[RIAN]]</ref>。俄斯在2000年7月完成人火星任所需的生物科技設備<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_manned_mars.html |title=Russian Spacecraft: Manned Martian Expedition |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。[[太空X]]造的低成本火星登陸艙[[紅龍號太空船]]正在研中,它改良自[[天龍號太空船]]。這種概念將應太空署預在2018年射的探器中,主要目偵測[[火星生命]]是否存在<ref name=sdc20110731>{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title='Red Dragon' Mission Mulled as Cheap Search for Mars Life |url=http://www.space.com/12489-nasa-mars-life-private-spaceship-red-dragon.html |accessdate=2012-05-01 |newspaper=SPACE.com |date=2011-07-31 |||}}</ref><ref name='NAC 2011'>{{cite web | url = http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/01/23/NAC_Science_Meeting_ReportOctober_31-November_1_2011-finalTAGGED.pdf | title = NASA ADVISORY COUNCIL (NAC) - Science Committee Report | accessdate = 2012-05-01 | date = 1 November 2011 | format = PDF | work = Ames Research Center, NASA | | | }}</ref>。
欧州合作的[[火星-500]]在2011年11月4日利完成<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/science/20090714/155522543.html Mars-500 crew report good health after experiment] - [[RIAN]]</ref>。俄斯在2000年7月完成人火星任所需的生物科技设备<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_manned_mars.html |title=Russian Spacecraft: Manned Martian Expedition |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。[[太空X]]造的低成本火星登陆舱[[红龙号太空船]]正在研中,它改良自[[天龙号太空船]]。这种概念将应太空署預在2018年射的探器中,主要目侦测[[火星生命]]是否存在<ref name=sdc20110731>{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title='Red Dragon' Mission Mulled as Cheap Search for Mars Life |url=http://www.space.com/12489-nasa-mars-life-private-spaceship-red-dragon.html |accessdate=2012-05-01 |newspaper=SPACE.com |date=2011-07-31 }}</ref><ref name='NAC 2011'>{{cite web | url = http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/01/23/NAC_Science_Meeting_ReportOctober_31-November_1_2011-finalTAGGED.pdf | title = NASA ADVISORY COUNCIL (NAC) - Science Committee Report | accessdate = 2012-05-01 | date = 2011-11-01 | format = PDF | work = Ames Research Center, NASA }}</ref>。


[[荷]]私人公司所主的火星探測計畫[[火星一 (荷)|火星一]],目的是在火星建立永久[[殖民地]]<ref name=Team>{{cite web| url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/325858| author=Anne Sewell| title=Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023| work=Digital Journal| date=1 June 2012| accessdate=6 June 2012| | | }}</ref>。火星一號計畫在2016年射[[通訊衛星]]前往火星,2018年射探測車火星,最在2023年建立永久殖民地<ref name=satellite>{{cite web| url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405162,00.asp| author=Adario Strange| title=Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023| work=PC Mag| date=1 June 2012| accessdate=6 June 2012| | | }}</ref><ref name=adario>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405162,00.asp |title=A. Strange - Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023 (June 2012) - PC MAG |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。四位[[太空人]]將會兩年前往火星一次<ref name=Reality>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/mars-one-human-settlement-2023/22799/|author=Dario Borghino|title=Mission to Mars meets reality TV|work=Gizmag|date=4 June 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|||}}</ref>。殖民地的能源自3,000片[[太能]]板<ref name=m1>{{Cite web |url=http://mars-one.com/mission/is-this-really-possible |title=Mars One - Is this really possible? |accessdate=2012-08-20 |||}}</ref>。
[[荷]]私人公司所主的火星探测计划[[火星一 (荷)|火星一]],目的是在火星建立永久[[殖民地]]<ref name=Team>{{cite web| url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/325858| author=Anne Sewell| title=Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023| work=Digital Journal| date=2012-06-01| accessdate=2012-06-06}}</ref>。火星一号计划在2016年射[[通讯卫星]]前往火星,2018年射探测车火星,最在2023年建立永久殖民地<ref name=satellite>{{cite web| url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405162,00.asp| author=Adario Strange| title=Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023| work=PC Mag| date=2012-06-01| accessdate=2012-06-06}}</ref><ref name=adario>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405162,00.asp |title=A. Strange - Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023 (June 2012) - PC MAG |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。四位[[太空人]]将会两年前往火星一次<ref name=Reality>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/mars-one-human-settlement-2023/22799/|author=Dario Borghino|title=Mission to Mars meets reality TV|work=Gizmag|date=2012-06-04|accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref>。殖民地的能源自3,000片[[太能]]板<ref name=m1>{{Cite web |url=http://mars-one.com/mission/is-this-really-possible |title=Mars One - Is this really possible? |accessdate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>。


中国計畫在2033年行首次人火星探,然定期後續該計畫旨在在火星建立永久定居並採集火星源。
中国计划在2033年行首次人火星探,然定期后续该计划旨在在火星建立永久定居并采集火星源。


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== 相關故事作品 ==
== 参考资料 ==
{{reflist}}
== 外部链接 ==
* [http://exploration.jsc.nasa.gov/marsref/contents.html Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission] Design Reference Mission 1.0
* [http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/SP-6107-ADD.pdf Reference Mission Version 3.0, Addedum to Human Exploration of Mars] Design Reference Mission 3.0
* [http://www.astronautix.com/fam/martions.htm Mars Expeditions & Flybys] & [http://www.astronautix.com/fam/marflyby.htm Selected Flybys ] List of most manned mission projects to Mars
* a longer bibliography can be found in the bibliography of Portree's book, [http://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/Bibliography.pdf available in pdf format from NASA].


{{火星任}}
== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:火星探器|M]]
== 外部連結 ==
[[Category:美太空署探器|M]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626154441/http://exploration.jsc.nasa.gov/marsref/contents.html Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission] Design Reference Mission 1.0
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714134008/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/SP-6107-ADD.pdf Reference Mission Version 3.0, Addedum to Human Exploration of Mars] Design Reference Mission 3.0
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100903144152/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/martions.htm Mars Expeditions & Flybys] & [https://web.archive.org/web/20120618074919/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/marflyby.htm Selected Flybys ] List of most manned mission projects to Mars
* a longer bibliography can be found in the bibliography of Portree's book, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025181718/http://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/Bibliography.pdf available in pdf format from NASA].

{{火星任}}

[[Category:火星探器|M]]
[[Category:美太空署探器|M]]