诺贝尔物理学奖:修订间差异

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{{NoteTA|G1=物理}}
{{NoteTA|G1=物理}}
{{Infobox award
{{Infobox award
| name = 諾貝爾物理學獎
| name = 诺贝尔物理学奖
| image =
| image =
| alt =
| alt =
| description = 在物理學領域作出貢獻的人
| description = 在物理学领域作出贡献的人
| presenter = [[瑞典皇家科院]]
| presenter = [[瑞典皇家科院]]
| country = {{SWE}}
| country = {{SWE}}
| location = [[斯德哥摩]]
| location = [[斯德哥摩]]
| date =
| date =
| reward = 900[[瑞典克朗]]
| reward = 900[[瑞典克朗]]
| year = {{start date|1901|12|10}}
| year = {{start date|1901|12|10}}
| most_awards = [[翰·巴丁]](2次)
| most_awards = [[翰·巴丁]](2次)
| website = [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/ nobelprize.org]
| website = [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/ nobelprize.org]
}}
}}
<!--{{Infobox election
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| election_name = 最近的諾貝爾物理學獎得主
| election_name = 最近的诺贝尔物理学奖得主
| country =
| country =
| type = primary
| type = primary
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|image1 = [[File:DavidThouless 1995 UW.jpg|175x175px]]
|image1 = [[File:DavidThouless 1995 UW.jpg|175x175px]]
| 1blank = 得主
| 1blank = 得主
|1data1 = [[戴·索利斯]]
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|map =在物的拓撲[[相 (物)|相]]和拓撲[[相]]方面的理論發現」<ref name=N15>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/press.html|accessdate=2016-10-04}}</ref>
|map =在物的拓撲[[相 (物)|相]]和拓撲[[相]]方面的理论发现”<ref name=N15>{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/press.html|accessdate=2016-10-04}}</ref>


| title = 諾貝爾物理學獎得主
| title = 诺贝尔物理学奖得主
| before_election = [[梶田隆章]]<br>[[阿瑟·克唐]]
| before_election = [[梶田隆章]]<br>[[阿瑟·克唐]]
| before_party = (2015)
| before_party = (2015)
| after_election = 戴·索利斯<br>鄧肯·霍丹<br>翰·科斯特利茨
| after_election = 戴·索利斯<br>鄧肯·霍丹<br>翰·科斯特利茨
| after_party = (2016)
| after_party = (2016)
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|image2 = [[File:Duncan Haldane.jpg|175x175px]]
|image2 = [[File:Duncan Haldane.jpg|175x175px]]
|1data2 = [[鄧肯·霍丹]]
|1data2 = [[鄧肯·霍丹]]
|2data2 = {{GBR}}<br>{{USA}}
|2data2 = {{GBR}}<br>{{USA}}


|image3 = [[File:Jkosterl.jpg|175x175px]]
|image3 = [[File:Jkosterl.jpg|175x175px]]
|1data3 = [[翰·科斯特利茨]]
|1data3 = [[翰·科斯特利茨]]
|2data3 = {{GBR}}<br>{{USA}}
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[[File:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845--1923).jpg|缩略图|右上|[[威廉·琴]](1845年–1923年)是諾貝爾物理學獎的首得主]]
[[File:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845--1923).jpg|thumb|upright|[[威廉·琴]](1845年–1923年)是诺贝尔物理学奖的首得主]]
'''諾貝爾物理學獎'''({{lang-sv|Nobelpriset i fysik}})是[[瑞典皇家科院]]表彰在[[物理]]作出最出的貢獻,自1901年起一年一度頒獎項金由[[諾貝爾基金]]出。獎項是[[阿弗雷德·諾貝爾]]1895年的遺囑中立的五[[諾貝爾獎]]之一,其它四別為[[諾貝爾學獎|化學獎]]、[[諾貝爾學獎|文學獎]]、[[諾貝爾和平|和平]]及[[諾貝爾生理醫學獎|生理醫學獎]]。諾貝爾物理學獎被普遍認為是在物理學領域能取得的最高榮
'''诺贝尔物理学奖'''({{lang-sv|Nobelpriset i fysik}})是[[瑞典皇家科院]]表彰在[[物理]]作出最出的贡献,自1901年起一年一度頒奖项金由[[诺贝尔基金]]出。奖项是[[阿弗雷德·诺贝尔]]1895年的遺囑中立的五[[诺贝尔奖]]之一,其它四别为[[诺贝尔学奖|化学奖]]、[[诺贝尔学奖|文学奖]]、[[诺贝尔和平|和平]]及[[诺贝尔生理医学奖|生理医学奖]]。诺贝尔物理学奖被普遍认为是在物理学领域能取得的最高榮


禮於每年12月10日,即諾貝爾逝世念日,在瑞典[[斯德哥摩]]行。首屆諾貝爾物理學獎發現[[X射]]的德物理家[[威廉·琴]]得。截至2020年,共有215人得,<ref name=nobelOrg>{{cite web| title=All Nobel Prizes in Physics| website=Nobelprize.org| publisher=Nobel Media AB| url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/| accessdate=2019-10-05| archive-date=2018-07-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725000531/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/| dead-url=no}}</ref>其中女性得主有四位:1903年的[[瑪麗·居里]]、1963年的[[瑪麗亞·格佩特-梅耶]]、2018年的[[唐娜·斯特里克兰]]和2020年的[[安德烈娅·盖兹]]。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |date=2017-02-02 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=''Nobel Media 2017'' |accessdate=2017-02-02 |archive-date=2011-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006045212/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
礼于每年12月10日,即诺贝尔逝世念日,在瑞典[[斯德哥摩]]行。首届诺贝尔物理学奖发现[[X射线]]的德物理家[[威廉·琴]]得。截至2020年,共有215人得,<ref name=nobelOrg>{{cite web| title=All Nobel Prizes in Physics| website=Nobelprize.org| publisher=Nobel Media AB| url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/| accessdate=2019-10-05}}</ref>其中女性得主有四位:1903年的[[玛丽·居里]]、1963年的[[玛丽亚·格佩特-梅耶]]、2018年的[[唐娜·斯特里克兰]]和2020年的[[安德烈娅·盖兹]]。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |date=2017-02-02 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=''Nobel Media 2017'' |accessdate=2017-02-02 }}</ref>


== 史背景 ==
== 史背景 ==
[[阿弗雷德·諾貝爾]]的最遺囑所述,他的遺產將建立一系列獎項,表彰在[[物理]]、[[化]]、[[和平]]、[[生理]]或[[醫學]]以及[[文]]上「對作出最大貢獻」的人士。<ref name="BBCHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml |title=History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896) |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 |archive-date=2013-07-07 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HwTaPN0s?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>諾貝爾生前曾寫過幾份遺囑,其中最一份在他逝世前一年成,並於1895年11月27日[[巴黎]]的瑞典挪威俱簽訂。<ref>[[#Sohlman69|Ragnar Sohlman]]: 1983, Page 7</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://static-content.springer.com/lookinside/art%3A10.1007%2FBF01047469/000.png | title=The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science | publisher=Springer-Verlag | work=Die Naturwissenschaften | date=1981-06-06 | accessdate=2015-05-04 | author=von Euler | first=U.S. | format=PDF | archive-date=2015-06-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630213603/http://static-content.springer.com/lookinside/art%3A10.1007%2FBF01047469/000.png | dead-url=yes }}</ref>用於設立五個諾貝爾獎資產諾貝爾總資產的94%,即3100[[瑞典克朗]](相等2016年的1.98[[美元]]、1.76[[元]])。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | title=Nobel's will | publisher=Nobel.org | accessdate=2015-05-04 | archive-date=2018-08-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815060015/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>然而,人們當時對這份遺囑疑,所以遺囑一直到1897年4月26日才[[挪威議會]]通過執行。<ref name="nobelprize1">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/history/lemmel/index.html |title=The Nobel Foundation – History |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109140259/http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/history/lemmel/index.html |archivedate=2010-01-09 }}</ref><ref name="Levinovitz13">[[#Levinovitz69|Agneta Wallin Levinovitz]]: 2001, Page 13</ref>行人{{tsl|en|Ragnar Sohlman|朗·索曼}}和夫·利耶奎斯特(Rudolf Lilljequist)立了諾貝爾基金,管理遺金。
[[阿弗雷德·诺贝尔]]的最遺囑所述,他的遺产将建立一系列奖项,表彰在[[物理]]、[[化]]、[[和平]]、[[生理]]或[[医学]]以及[[文]]上“对作出最大贡献”的人士。<ref name="BBCHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml |title=History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896) |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref>诺贝尔生前曾写过几份遺囑,其中最一份在他逝世前一年成,并于1895年11月27日[[巴黎]]的瑞典挪威俱签订。<ref>[[#Sohlman69|Ragnar Sohlman]]: 1983, Page 7</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://static-content.springer.com/lookinside/art%3A10.1007%2FBF01047469/000.png | title=The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science | publisher=Springer-Verlag | work=Die Naturwissenschaften | date=1981-06-06 | accessdate=2015-05-04 | author=von Euler | first=U.S. | format=PDF }}</ref>用于设立五个诺贝尔奖资产诺贝尔总资产的94%,即3100[[瑞典克朗]](相等2016年的1.98亿[[美元]]、1.76亿[[元]])。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | title=Nobel's will | publisher=Nobel.org | accessdate=2015-05-04 }}</ref>然而,人们当时对这份遺囑疑,所以遺囑一直到1897年4月26日才[[挪威议会]]通过执行。<ref name="nobelprize1">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/history/lemmel/index.html |title=The Nobel Foundation – History |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref><ref name="Levinovitz13">[[#Levinovitz69|Agneta Wallin Levinovitz]]: 2001, Page 13</ref>行人{{tsl|en|Ragnar Sohlman|朗·索曼}}和夫·利耶奎斯特(Rudolf Lilljequist)立了诺贝尔基金,管理遺金。


遺囑通過後議會委任瑞典皇家科物理學獎的頒發機構。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html |title=Nobel Prize History – |publisher=Infoplease.com |date=1999-10-13 |accessdate=2015-05-03 |archive-date=2013-07-07 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HwTcKHl2?url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416852/Nobel-Foundation |title=Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organisation) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 |archive-date=2013-07-07 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HwTd9c0l?url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416852/Nobel-Foundation |dead-url=no }}</ref>諾貝爾基金諾貝爾獎的頒成了協議。1900年,王[[斯卡二世]]頒布諾貝爾基金的新規條。<ref name="Levinovitz13" /><ref name=BritannicaWill>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize|title=Nobel Prize|year=2007|publisher=[[大英百科全|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2009-01-15|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|quote=After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.|archive-date=2015-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize|dead-url=no}}</ref>
遺囑通过后议会委任瑞典皇家科物理学奖的頒发机构。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/spot/nobel-prize-history.html |title=Nobel Prize History – |publisher=Infoplease.com |date=1999-10-13 |accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416852/Nobel-Foundation |title=Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organisation) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref>诺贝尔基金诺贝尔奖的頒成了协议。1900年,王[[斯卡二世]]頒布诺贝尔基金的新规条。<ref name="Levinovitz13" /><ref name=BritannicaWill>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize|title=Nobel Prize|year=2007|publisher=[[大英百科全|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2009-01-15|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|quote=After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.}}</ref>


== 薦舉與 ==
== 薦举与 ==
[[File:Portrait of Albert Einstein and Others (1879-1955), Physicist.jpg|缩略图|250px|三位諾貝爾物理學獎得主。前排左起:[[阿伯特·邁克生]](1907年)、[[阿伯特·因斯坦]](1921年)、[[伯特·密立根]](1923年)]]
[[File:Portrait of Albert Einstein and Others (1879-1955), Physicist.jpg|thumb|250px|三位诺贝尔物理学奖得主。前排左起:[[阿伯特·邁克生]](1907年)、[[阿伯特·因斯坦]](1921年)、[[伯特·密立根]](1923年)]]
目前,每年的諾貝爾物理學獎最多頒給三人及兩項不同的科研究。<ref name=nobelOrg /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume13/3-On-the-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-Controversies.pdf | title=GJSFR | accessdate=2015-05-04 | archive-date=2017-07-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702022114/https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume13/3-On-the-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-Controversies.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref>其他諾貝爾獎相比,物理學獎的薦和甄選過程更、更縝密。諾貝爾物理學獎也因此上升成物理界最重要的獎項。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize#toc93433 | title=The Nobel Prize Selection Process | publisher=Brittanica Encyclopaedia | accessdate=2015-05-04 | archive-date=2015-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize#toc93433 | dead-url=no }}</ref>
目前,每年的诺贝尔物理学奖最多頒給三人及两项不同的科研究。<ref name=nobelOrg /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume13/3-On-the-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-Controversies.pdf | title=GJSFR | accessdate=2015-05-04 }}</ref>其他诺贝尔奖相比,物理学奖的薦和甄选过程更、更縝密。诺贝尔物理学奖也因此上升成物理界最重要的奖项。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize#toc93433 | title=The Nobel Prize Selection Process | publisher=Brittanica Encyclopaedia | accessdate=2015-05-04 }}</ref>


獲獎者由{{tsl|en|Nobel Committee for Physics|諾貝爾物理員會}}甄員會由[[瑞典皇家科院]]所推的五名成員組成。每年9月行的第一輪選拔中,事先出包括大教授、諾貝爾物理學獎和化學獎得主等人在3千人收到一份保密的提名表。表格須於翌年1月之前送達諾貝爾員會家在審議後,在被提名人中出15人左右。委員會將選報告呈交至皇家科院,接受一步審議。皇家科院最以多表決的方式,挑獲獎者。<ref name="Nomination">{{cite web|title=Nomination and Selection of Physics Laureates|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/physics/|website=nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB 2016|accessdate=2016-10-06|archive-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514052244/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/physics/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
获奖者由{{tsl|en|Nobel Committee for Physics|诺贝尔物理员会}}甄员会由[[瑞典皇家科院]]所推的五名成员组成。每年9月行的第一轮选拔中,事先出包括大教授、诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖得主等人在3千人收到一份保密的提名表。表格须于翌年1月之前送达诺贝尔员会家在审议后,在被提名人中出15人左右。委员会将选报告呈交至皇家科院,接受一步审议。皇家科院最以多表決的方式,挑获奖者。<ref name="Nomination">{{cite web|title=Nomination and Selection of Physics Laureates|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/physics/|website=nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB 2016|accessdate=2016-10-06}}</ref>


被提名人名單從不向公眾發佈,被提名人本身也不得知自己被提名。提名記錄封存50年。<ref name="fiftyyearsrule">{{cite web | url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_intro/nomination_secrecy/ | title=50 year secrecy rule | accessdate=2015-05-06 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501054903/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_intro/nomination_secrecy/ | archivedate=2015-05-01 }}</ref>然不可提名已故人士,但是如果獲獎者在諾貝爾員會作出決定(一般在10月)和12月的頒去世,依然能夠獲獎。1974年以前,被提名人若在提名去世,亦能獲獎。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/statutes.html#par4 | title=About posthumous awards | accessdate=2015-05-04 | archive-date=2018-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075738/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/statutes.html#par4 | dead-url=no }}</ref>
被提名人名单从不向公众发布,被提名人本身也不得知自己被提名。提名记录封存50年。<ref name="fiftyyearsrule">{{cite web | url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_intro/nomination_secrecy/ | title=50 year secrecy rule | accessdate=2015-05-06 }}</ref>然不可提名已故人士,但是如果获奖者在诺贝尔员会作出決定(一般在10月)和12月的頒去世,依然能够获奖。1974年以前,被提名人若在提名去世,亦能获奖。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/statutes.html#par4 | title=About posthumous awards | accessdate=2015-05-04 }}</ref>


諾貝爾物理學獎規則規定,獲獎者的貢獻須「時間的考驗」意味著諾貝爾員會往往在科學發現十年以會為此頒發獎項。例如,1983年諾貝爾物理學獎有一半頒給[[布拉尼揚·德拉塞卡]],表彰他早在1930年代在研究結構與演化上所做的成果。這種做法的弊端在,不少有重要科學貢獻的科家在有機會受到諾貝爾獎的肯定之前,便已去世。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9 |title=Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007) |date=2009 |last1=Gingras |first1=Yves |last2=Wallace |first2=Matthew L. |journal=Scientometrics |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=401}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Nature Chemistry |doi=10.1038/nchem.372|bibcode = 2009NatCh...1..509.|title=A noble prize|date=2009|volume=1|issue=7|pages=509|pmid=21378920 }}</ref>
诺贝尔物理学奖规则规定,获奖者的贡献须“时间的考验”意味著诺贝尔员会往往在科学发现十年以会为此頒发奖项。例如,1983年诺贝尔物理学奖有一半頒給[[布拉尼揚·德拉塞卡]],表彰他早在1930年代在研究结构与演化上所做的成果。这种做法的弊端在,不少有重要科学贡献的科家在有机会受到诺贝尔奖的肯定之前,便已去世。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9 |title=Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007) |date=2009 |last1=Gingras |first1=Yves |last2=Wallace |first2=Matthew L. |journal=Scientometrics |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=401}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Nature Chemistry |doi=10.1038/nchem.372|bibcode = 2009NatCh...1..509.|title=A noble prize|date=2009|volume=1|issue=7|pages=509|pmid=21378920 }}</ref>


== 與獎金 ==
== 与奖金 ==
諾貝爾物理學獎包括一枚金牌、一份證書以及一筆獎金。<!-- removed_ref site26 by Njzjzbot -->金的金額取決於諾貝爾基金那一年的收入。<ref name="nobelprize2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 |archive-date=2015-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424210939/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>在有多一位獲獎者的情況下,平分,或是其中一人得一半,另外二人各得四分之一。<ref name=BritannicaPrizes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize/93434/The-prizes|title=Nobel Prize – Prizes|year=2007|publisher=''[[大英百科全|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''|accessdate=2009-01-15|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|archive-date=2011-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505104311/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize/93434/The-prizes|dead-url=no}}</ref>
诺贝尔物理学奖包括一枚金牌、一份证书以及一笔奖金。<!-- removed_ref site26 by Njzjzbot -->金的金額取決于诺贝尔基金那一年的收入。<ref name="nobelprize2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts |title=The Nobel Prize Amounts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref>在有多一位获奖者的情況下,平分,或是其中一人得一半,另外二人各得四分之一。<ref name=BritannicaPrizes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize/93434/The-prizes|title=Nobel Prize – Prizes|year=2007|publisher=''[[大英百科全|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''|accessdate=2009-01-15|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref>


=== 牌 ===
=== 牌 ===
自1902年起,諾貝爾獎獎牌都在瑞典皇家造幣廠({{lang-sv|Myntverket}})<ref>{{cite web | title = Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk | publisher = Myntverket | url = http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang=sv&page=3 | language = sv | accessdate = 2007-12-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071218102934/http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang=sv&page=3 | archivedate = 2007-12-18 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>和挪威造幣廠製造,屬於諾貝爾基金註冊。每枚牌的正面都印有[[阿弗雷德·諾貝爾]]的左側頭像和以[[羅馬數字]]出的生卒年份(1833-1896),設計與諾貝爾學獎、生理醫學獎及文學獎相同,但和平經濟學獎有些不同。<ref name=PaulingPeacePrize>[http://digitalcollections.library.oregonstate.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/pawardsmedals&CISOPTR=47 "The Nobel Prize for Peace"] , "Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals", ''Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History'', the Valley Library, [[俄勒岡州立大|Oregon State University]]. Retrieved 2007-12-07.</ref><ref name="thenobelmedals">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/ | title=The Medals | accessdate=2015-05-04 | archive-date=2015-05-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506215335/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/ | dead-url=no }}</ref>牌反面有兩個女神,右的是知女神,她揭了站在左的自然女神的面紗。這與學獎獎牌相同,都是在1902年由雕刻{{tsl|en|Erik Lindberg|埃里克·林德里}}設計。<ref name="Nobel Prize for Physics and Chemistry">[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/medal.html] The Nobel Prize for Physics and Chemistry.</ref>
自1902年起,诺贝尔奖奖牌都在瑞典皇家造币厂({{lang-sv|Myntverket}})<ref>{{cite web | title = Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk | publisher = Myntverket | url = http://www.myntverket.se/products.asp?lang=sv&page=3 | language = sv | accessdate = 2007-12-15 }}</ref>和挪威造币厂制造,属于诺贝尔基金注册。每枚牌的正面都印有[[阿弗雷德·诺贝尔]]的左侧头像和以[[罗马数字]]出的生卒年份(1833-1896),设计与诺贝尔学奖、生理医学奖及文学奖相同,但和平经济学奖有些不同。<ref name=PaulingPeacePrize>[http://digitalcollections.library.oregonstate.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/pawardsmedals&CISOPTR=47 "The Nobel Prize for Peace"] , "Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals", ''Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History'', the Valley Library, [[俄勒岡州立大|Oregon State University]]. Retrieved 2007-12-07.</ref><ref name="thenobelmedals">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/ | title=The Medals | accessdate=2015-05-04 }}</ref>牌反面有两个女神,右的是知女神,她揭了站在左的自然女神的面紗。这与学奖奖牌相同,都是在1902年由雕刻{{tsl|en|Erik Lindberg|埃里克·林德里}}设计。<ref name="Nobel Prize for Physics and Chemistry">[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/medal.html] The Nobel Prize for Physics and Chemistry.</ref>


=== 證書 ===
=== 证书 ===
[[瑞典王]]會親將諾貝爾物理學獎證書頒給得主。證書由瑞典皇家科設計,每位得主的證書都是二的。<ref name="nobelprize5">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/diplomas/|title=The Nobel Prize Diplomas|publisher=Nobelprize.org|date=|accessdate=2015-05-03|archive-date=2015-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413221248/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/diplomas/|dead-url=no}}</ref>證書上有一幅圖畫,以及獲獎者的姓名和得原因。<ref name="nobelprize5" />
[[瑞典王]]会亲将诺贝尔物理学奖证书頒給得主。证书由瑞典皇家科设计,每位得主的证书都是二的。<ref name="nobelprize5">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/diplomas/|title=The Nobel Prize Diplomas|publisher=Nobelprize.org|date=|accessdate=2015-05-03}}</ref>证书上有一幅图画,以及获奖者的姓名和得原因。<ref name="nobelprize5" />


=== 金 ===
=== 金 ===
每一位諾貝爾獎得主都會獲得一筆獎金以及金金額的一份文件。2009年的1千[[瑞典克朗]],140美元;<ref name="nobelprize2" />2012年,由削減預算,金降至8百瑞典克朗,即110美元。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-11/world/world_europe_nobel-prize-cut_1_nobel-prize-nobel-foundation-alfred-nobel?_s=PM:EUROPE | title=Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012 | publisher=CNN | date=2012-06-11 | accessdate=2015-05-03 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709002611/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-11/world/world_europe_nobel-prize-cut_1_nobel-prize-nobel-foundation-alfred-nobel?_s=PM:EUROPE | archivedate=2012-07-09 }}</ref>金金額會隨著諾貝爾基金會當年的收入而變動。如果同有多一位得者,則獎金可以平分;如果同有三位得者,則獎可以以2:1:1的比例分配,也就是一人得二分之一,其餘二人各得四分之一。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award|title=Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer &#124; Science &#124; guardian.co.uk|publisher=Guardian|date=2009-10-05|accessdate=2015-05-03|location=London|first=Ian|last=Sample|archive-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113060257/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ian Sample, Science correspondent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel |title=Three share Nobel prize for physics &#124; Science &#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=2008-10-07 |accessdate=2010-02-10 |location=London |archive-date=2019-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601140728/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html |title=The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=2009-10-06 |accessdate=2015-05-03 |archive-date=2013-06-26 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HemaTtaY?url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
每一位诺贝尔奖得主都会获得一笔奖金以及金金額的一份文件。2009年的1千[[瑞典克朗]],140美元;<ref name="nobelprize2" />2012年,由削減預算,金降至8百瑞典克朗,即110美元。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-11/world/world_europe_nobel-prize-cut_1_nobel-prize-nobel-foundation-alfred-nobel?_s=PM:EUROPE | title=Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012 | publisher=CNN | date=2012-06-11 | accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref>金金額会随着诺贝尔基金会当年的收入而变动。如果同有多一位得者,则奖金可以平分;如果同有三位得者,则奖可以以2:1:1的比例分配,也就是一人得二分之一,其餘二人各得四分之一。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/05/nobel-prize-medicine-2009-award|title=Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer &#124; Science &#124; guardian.co.uk|publisher=Guardian|date=2009-10-05|accessdate=2015-05-03|location=London|first=Ian|last=Sample}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ian Sample, Science correspondent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/oct/07/physics.nobel |title=Three share Nobel prize for physics &#124; Science &#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=2008-10-07 |accessdate=2010-02-10 |location=London }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html |title=The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=2009-10-06 |accessdate=2015-05-03 }}</ref>


=== 典 ===
=== 典 ===
諾貝爾物理學獎的甄員會通常在每年10月公得主。頒禮則在同年12月10日,即諾貝爾的逝世念日,在斯德哥摩音樂廳舉行。典上,得主會獲一份證書、一枚牌以及一份金金額的文件。<ref name="awardceremony">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/history/index.html | title=Nobel prize award ceremony | accessdate=2015-05-04 | archive-date=2015-04-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424214834/http://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/history/index.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>
诺贝尔物理学奖的甄员会通常在每年10月公得主。頒礼则在同年12月10日,即诺贝尔的逝世念日,在斯德哥摩音乐厅举行。典上,得主会获一份证书、一枚牌以及一份金金額的文件。<ref name="awardceremony">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/history/index.html | title=Nobel prize award ceremony | accessdate=2015-05-04 }}</ref>


== 得主 ==
== 得主 ==
{{Main list|諾貝爾物理學獎得主列表}}
{{Main list|诺贝尔物理学奖得主列表}}


== 參見 ==
== 参见 ==
* [[櫻井]],由[[美物理學會]]頒獎項
* [[櫻井]],由[[美物理学会]]頒奖项
* [[沃夫物理學獎]]
* [[沃夫物理学奖]]
* [[基物理突破]]
* [[基物理突破]]


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
=== 引用 ===
=== 引用 ===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
=== 源 ===

=== 源 ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Friedman, Robert Marc (2001). ''The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science''. New York & Stuttgart: [[霍尔茨布林克出版集团|VHPS]] (Times Books). {{ISBN|0-7167-3103-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7167-3103-0}}.
* Friedman, Robert Marc (2001). ''The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science''. New York & Stuttgart: [[霍尔茨布林克出版集团|VHPS]] (Times Books). {{ISBN|0-7167-3103-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7167-3103-0}}.
* Hillebrand, Claus D. (2002). [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1179%2F030801802225003150 "Nobel Century: A Biographical Analysis of Physics Laureates"]. ''Interdisciplinary Science Reviews'' 27.2: 87-93.
* Hillebrand, Claus D. (2002). [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1179%2F030801802225003150 "Nobel Century: A Biographical Analysis of Physics Laureates"]. ''Interdisciplinary Science Reviews'' 27.2: 87-93.
* Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2010). [http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634 20世紀諾貝爾獎份額趨勢(1901至2009年)],[http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/phys.html 依得主得獎時籍],[http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/physnat.html 依得主的出生]
* Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2010). [http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634 20世纪诺贝尔奖份額趋势(1901至2009年)],[http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/phys.html 依得主得奖时籍],[http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/physnat.html 依得主的出生]
* Lemmel, Birgitta. [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"]. ''nobelprize.org''.(諾貝爾獎獎牌的設計歷史)
* Lemmel, Birgitta. [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"]. ''nobelprize.org''.(诺贝尔奖奖牌的设计历史)
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== 外部連結 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/ All Nobel Laureates in Physics],諾貝爾基金官方站上的諾貝爾物理學獎得主名 {{en icon}}
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/ All Nobel Laureates in Physics],诺贝尔基金官方站上的诺贝尔物理学奖得主名 {{en icon}}
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/ The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics],諾貝爾物理學獎官方站 {{en icon}}
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/ The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics],诺贝尔物理学奖官方站 {{en icon}}


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[[Category:诺贝尔物理学奖获得者| ]]
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[[Category:诺贝尔奖|*Physics]]
[[Category:诺贝尔奖|*Physics]]
[[Category:物理獎項]]
[[Category:物理奖项]]
[[Category:瑞典皇家科学院]]
[[Category:瑞典皇家科学院]]