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'''节肢动物'''是[[动物]]的一大类群，由[[六足亚门]]（[[昆虫]]等）、[[甲壳亚门]]（[[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等）、[[螯肢亚门]]（[[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等）、[[多足亚门]]（[[蜈蚣]]、[[马陆]]等）等外骨骼动物组成被称为'''节肢动物门'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|Arthropoda}}）的分类单位。为[[动物界]]中所属[[物种]]最多的一门，<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏：节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人类命名的昆虫类就有超过75万种<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆虫具有惊人的种类及数量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆虫百科| publisher=台湾大学昆虫学系暨研究所~~| | |~~ }}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book

'''节肢动物'''是[[动物]]的一大类群，由[[六足亚门]]（[[昆虫]]等）、[[甲壳亚门]]（[[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等）、[[螯肢亚门]]（[[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等）、[[多足亚门]]（[[蜈蚣]]、[[马陆]]等）等外骨骼动物组成被称为'''节肢动物门'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|Arthropoda}}）的分类单位。为[[动物界]]中所属[[物种]]最多的一门，<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏：节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人类命名的昆虫类就有超过75万种<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆虫具有惊人的种类及数量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆虫百科| publisher=台湾大学昆虫学系暨研究所}}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book

| author=Chapman, A. D.

| year=2006

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| url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html

| access-date=2013-05-02

|

}}</ref><ref>{{cite web

| url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html

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| first=E.O.

| accessdate=2013-05-02

|

}}</ref>。除昆虫外，常见的[[蝦]]、[[蟹]]、[[蜘蛛]]、[[蜈蚣]]及已灭绝的[[三叶虫]]都属于节肢动物。

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== 和人类的关系 ==

[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|~~缩略图~~|右|在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]]

[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|thumb|right|在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]]

像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物长久以来就已是人类[[料理]]的一部份，目前也有不少已经商业飼养再贩售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 ~~|||~~}}</ref>。昆虫的营养价值至少和肉类相当，在欧洲、印度以外的许多国家（伊斯兰文化例外）会生食或是熟食昆虫<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. ~~|||~~}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.~~| | |~~ }}</ref>。烹调过的[[捕鸟蛛科|捕鸟蛛]]（会去掉其防御用的高度刺激性触毛）是[[柬埔寨]]的一项美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 ~~|||~~}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>，也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人类也会无意间食用了其他食物中的昆虫<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>，因此食品安全法规会订定不同食物中允许被昆虫污染的程度。为了供人类食用而刻意飼养节肢动物或是其他小动物（称为minilivestock），已开始出现在[[畜牧业]]中，而且是对生态友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 ~~|url=https://books.google.com/?id=u4eTQgAACAAJ~~}}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究机构，做为教育展览或是研究用。

像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物长久以来就已是人类[[料理]]的一部份，目前也有不少已经商业飼养再贩售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。昆虫的营养价值至少和肉类相当，在欧洲、印度以外的许多国家（伊斯兰文化例外）会生食或是熟食昆虫<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.}}</ref>。烹调过的[[捕鸟蛛科|捕鸟蛛]]（会去掉其防御用的高度刺激性触毛）是[[柬埔寨]]的一项美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>，也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人类也会无意间食用了其他食物中的昆虫<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>，因此食品安全法规会订定不同食物中允许被昆虫污染的程度。为了供人类食用而刻意飼养节肢动物或是其他小动物（称为minilivestock），已开始出现在[[畜牧业]]中，而且是对生态友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 }}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究机构，作为教育展览或是研究用。

不过节肢动物对人类食物最大的贡献是帮助植物[[传粉]]：2008的研究调查了100项[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]认定作为食物的植物，估计传粉的经济价值为1530亿欧元，约是2005年农业食物生产产值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E. |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 ~~|||~~}}</ref>。除了授粉外，[[蜂族]]会制作[[蜂蜜]]，这也是快速兴起的产业及国际贸易项目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices — International honey market — World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 ~~|||~~}}</ref>。

不过节肢动物对人类食物最大的贡献是帮助植物[[传粉]]：2008的研究调查了100项[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]认定作为食物的植物，估计传粉的经济价值为1530亿欧元，约是2005年农业食物生产产值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E. |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 }}</ref>。除了授粉外，[[蜂族]]会制作[[蜂蜜]]，这也是快速兴起的产业及国际贸易项目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices — International honey market — World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 }}</ref>。

红色的[[胭脂虫]]生长在中美洲，对[[阿茲特克]]及[[玛雅文明]]有重要的经济价值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>，当中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的时候，胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 ~~|||~~}}</ref>，目前又开始受到重视<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14~~| | |~~ }}</ref>。马蹄蟹的血液内含有凝血剂{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解产物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}}，现在用来检查抗生素以及洗肾机器中是否有危险的[[细菌]]，也用来检测[[脊髓性脑膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida ~~|||~~}}</ref>。[[法医昆虫学]]利用节肢动物的相关证据判断死者的死亡时间，死亡地点，有时甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 ~~|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iAtRGA2IfcwC&pg=PA3&dq=forensic+entomology~~}}</ref>。近年来昆虫也用来做为药品或是其他医疗用物质的潜在来源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 ~~|||~~}}</ref>。

红色的[[胭脂虫]]生长在中美洲，对[[阿茲特克]]及[[玛雅文明]]有重要的经济价值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>，当中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的时候，胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 }}</ref>，目前又开始受到重视<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14}}</ref>。马蹄蟹的血液内含有凝血剂{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解产物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}}，现在用来检查抗生素以及洗肾机器中是否有危险的[[细菌]]，也用来检测[[脊髓性脑膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida }}</ref>。[[法医昆虫学]]利用节肢动物的相关证据判断死者的死亡时间，死亡地点，有时甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 }}</ref>。近年来昆虫也用来作为药品或是其他医疗用物质的潜在来源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。

节肢动物结构相对简单，而且可以在陆地上及水中活动，因此有些[[机器人]]设计开始考慮模仿节肢动物的结构。分节提供的冗餘性可以让节肢动物及[[仿生学]]机器人在部份肢体受损或是移除时仍会正常移动<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 ~~|||~~}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref>

节肢动物结构相对简单，而且可以在陆地上及水中活动，因此有些[[机器人]]设计开始考慮模仿节肢动物的结构。分节提供的冗餘性可以让节肢动物及[[仿生学]]机器人在部份肢体受损或是移除时仍会正常移动<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref>

@@ 第27行： / 第27行： @@
 }}
-'''节肢动物'''是[[动物]]的一大类群，由[[六足亚门]]（[[昆虫]]等）、[[甲壳亚门]]（[[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等）、[[螯肢亚门]]（[[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等）、[[多足亚门]]（[[蜈蚣]]、[[马陆]]等）等外骨骼动物组成被称为'''节肢动物门'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|Arthropoda}}）的分类单位。为[[动物界]]中所属[[物种]]最多的一门，<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏：节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人类命名的昆虫类就有超过75万种<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆虫具有惊人的种类及数量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆虫百科| publisher=台湾大学昆虫学系暨研究所| | | }}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book
+'''节肢动物'''是[[动物]]的一大类群，由[[六足亚门]]（[[昆虫]]等）、[[甲壳亚门]]（[[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等）、[[螯肢亚门]]（[[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等）、[[多足亚门]]（[[蜈蚣]]、[[马陆]]等）等外骨骼动物组成被称为'''节肢动物门'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|Arthropoda}}）的分类单位。为[[动物界]]中所属[[物种]]最多的一门，<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏：节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人类命名的昆虫类就有超过75万种<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆虫具有惊人的种类及数量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆虫百科| publisher=台湾大学昆虫学系暨研究所}}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book
  | author=Chapman, A. D.
  | year=2006
@@ 第36行： / 第36行： @@
  | url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html
  | access-date=2013-05-02
- |
- |
- |
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  | url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html
@@ 第45行： / 第42行： @@
  | first=E.O.
  | accessdate=2013-05-02
- |
- |
- |
  }}</ref>。除昆虫外，常见的[[蝦]]、[[蟹]]、[[蜘蛛]]、[[蜈蚣]]及已灭绝的[[三叶虫]]都属于节肢动物。
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 == 和人类的关系 ==
-[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|缩略图|右|在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]]
+[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|thumb|right|在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]]
 {{see also|食用昆虫}}
-像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物长久以来就已是人类[[料理]]的一部份，目前也有不少已经商业飼养再贩售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 |||}}</ref>。昆虫的营养价值至少和肉类相当，在欧洲、印度以外的许多国家（伊斯兰文化例外）会生食或是熟食昆虫<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. |||}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.| | | }}</ref>。烹调过的[[捕鸟蛛科|捕鸟蛛]]（会去掉其防御用的高度刺激性触毛）是[[柬埔寨]]的一项美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 |||}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>，也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人类也会无意间食用了其他食物中的昆虫<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>，因此食品安全法规会订定不同食物中允许被昆虫污染的程度。为了供人类食用而刻意飼养节肢动物或是其他小动物（称为minilivestock），已开始出现在[[畜牧业]]中，而且是对生态友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=u4eTQgAACAAJ}}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究机构，做为教育展览或是研究用。
+像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物长久以来就已是人类[[料理]]的一部份，目前也有不少已经商业飼养再贩售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。昆虫的营养价值至少和肉类相当，在欧洲、印度以外的许多国家（伊斯兰文化例外）会生食或是熟食昆虫<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.}}</ref>。烹调过的[[捕鸟蛛科|捕鸟蛛]]（会去掉其防御用的高度刺激性触毛）是[[柬埔寨]]的一项美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>，也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人类也会无意间食用了其他食物中的昆虫<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>，因此食品安全法规会订定不同食物中允许被昆虫污染的程度。为了供人类食用而刻意飼养节肢动物或是其他小动物（称为minilivestock），已开始出现在[[畜牧业]]中，而且是对生态友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 }}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究机构，作为教育展览或是研究用。
-不过节肢动物对人类食物最大的贡献是帮助植物[[传粉]]：2008的研究调查了100项[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]认定作为食物的植物，估计传粉的经济价值为1530亿欧元，约是2005年农业食物生产产值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E.  |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 |||}}</ref>。除了授粉外，[[蜂族]]会制作[[蜂蜜]]，这也是快速兴起的产业及国际贸易项目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices&nbsp;— International honey market&nbsp;— World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |||}}</ref>。
+不过节肢动物对人类食物最大的贡献是帮助植物[[传粉]]：2008的研究调查了100项[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]认定作为食物的植物，估计传粉的经济价值为1530亿欧元，约是2005年农业食物生产产值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E.  |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 }}</ref>。除了授粉外，[[蜂族]]会制作[[蜂蜜]]，这也是快速兴起的产业及国际贸易项目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices&nbsp;— International honey market&nbsp;— World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 }}</ref>。
-红色的[[胭脂虫]]生长在中美洲，对[[阿茲特克]]及[[玛雅文明]]有重要的经济价值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>，当中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的时候，胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 |||}}</ref>，目前又开始受到重视<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14| | | }}</ref>。马蹄蟹的血液内含有凝血剂{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解产物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}}，现在用来检查抗生素以及洗肾机器中是否有危险的[[细菌]]，也用来检测[[脊髓性脑膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida |||}}</ref>。[[法医昆虫学]]利用节肢动物的相关证据判断死者的死亡时间，死亡地点，有时甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=iAtRGA2IfcwC&pg=PA3&dq=forensic+entomology}}</ref>。近年来昆虫也用来做为药品或是其他医疗用物质的潜在来源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 |||}}</ref>。
+红色的[[胭脂虫]]生长在中美洲，对[[阿茲特克]]及[[玛雅文明]]有重要的经济价值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>，当中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的时候，胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 }}</ref>，目前又开始受到重视<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14}}</ref>。马蹄蟹的血液内含有凝血剂{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解产物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}}，现在用来检查抗生素以及洗肾机器中是否有危险的[[细菌]]，也用来检测[[脊髓性脑膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida }}</ref>。[[法医昆虫学]]利用节肢动物的相关证据判断死者的死亡时间，死亡地点，有时甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 }}</ref>。近年来昆虫也用来作为药品或是其他医疗用物质的潜在来源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。
-节肢动物结构相对简单，而且可以在陆地上及水中活动，因此有些[[机器人]]设计开始考慮模仿节肢动物的结构。分节提供的冗餘性可以让节肢动物及[[仿生学]]机器人在部份肢体受损或是移除时仍会正常移动<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita  |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref>
+节肢动物结构相对简单，而且可以在陆地上及水中活动，因此有些[[机器人]]设计开始考慮模仿节肢动物的结构。分节提供的冗餘性可以让节肢动物及[[仿生学]]机器人在部份肢体受损或是移除时仍会正常移动<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita  |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref>
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