节肢动物:修订间差异

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{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|540|0|earliest=555}}[[寒武]] -
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|540|0|earliest=555}}[[寒武]] -
|image = Arthropoda.jpg
|image = Arthropoda.jpg
|image_width = 250px
|image_width = 250px
|image_caption = 已滅絕與現代的
|image_caption = 已灭绝与现代的
|taxon =Arthropoda
|taxon =Arthropoda
|authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1829
|authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1829
|subdivision_ranks = 亞門
|subdivision_ranks = 亚门
|subdivision =
|subdivision =
* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida
* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida
* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha
* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha
** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha
** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha
** [[螯肢亞門]] Chelicerata
** [[螯肢亚门]] Chelicerata
* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata
* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata
** [[多足亞門]] Myriapoda
** [[多足亚门]] Myriapoda
** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea
** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea
*** [[甲殼亞門]] Crustacea
*** [[甲壳亚门]] Crustacea
*** ?†[[袋頭綱]] Thylacocephala
*** ?†[[袋头纲]] Thylacocephala
*** [[六足亞門]] Hexapoda
*** [[六足亚门]] Hexapoda
* ''[[地位未定]] ''
* ''[[地位未定]] ''
**†未定属 ''Camptophyllia''
**†未定属 ''Camptophyllia''
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}}
}}


'''节肢物'''是[[物]]的一大群,由[[六足亞門]]([[昆]]等)、[[甲殼亞門]]([[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等)、[[螯肢亞門]]([[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等)、[[多足亞門]]([[蜈蚣]]、[[馬陸]]等)等外骨骼成被为'''节肢动物门'''([[学名]]:{{lang|la|Arthropoda}})的分類單位。为[[物界]]中所[[物]]最多的一,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏:节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人命名的昆蟲類就有超75萬種<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆具有人的種類量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆百科| publisher=台蟲學系暨研究所| | | }}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book
'''节肢物'''是[[物]]的一大群,由[[六足亚门]]([[昆]]等)、[[甲壳亚门]]([[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等)、[[螯肢亚门]]([[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等)、[[多足亚门]]([[蜈蚣]]、[[马陆]]等)等外骨骼成被为'''节肢动物门'''([[学名]]:{{lang|la|Arthropoda}})的分类单位。为[[物界]]中所[[物]]最多的一,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏:节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人命名的昆虫类就有超75万种<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆具有人的种类量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆百科| publisher=台虫学系暨研究所}}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book
| author=Chapman, A. D.
| author=Chapman, A. D.
| year=2006
| year=2006
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| url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html
| url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html
| access-date=2013-05-02
| access-date=2013-05-02
|
|
|
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html
| url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html
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| first=E.O.
| first=E.O.
| accessdate=2013-05-02
| accessdate=2013-05-02
}}</ref>。除昆外,常的[[蝦]]、[[蟹]]、[[蜘蛛]]、[[蜈蚣]]及已灭绝的[[三叶虫]]都属于节肢物。
|
|
|
}}</ref>。除昆外,常的[[蝦]]、[[蟹]]、[[蜘蛛]]、[[蜈蚣]]及已滅絕的[[三葉蟲]]都屬於节肢物。


节肢物的特點為其分的肢,以及主要成份α-[[甲素]]的[[角質層]]。甲壳生物的角質層中也包括了碳酸鈣,是{{link-en|生物化|biomineralization}}的物。
节肢物的特点为其分的肢,以及主要成份α-[[甲素]]的[[角质层]]。甲壳生物的角质层中也包括了碳酸鈣,是{{link-en|生物化|biomineralization}}的物。


== 特 ==
== 特 ==
节肢动物基本上都是[[有性繁殖]]、[[卵生]]的。也有[[孤雌生殖]]的象。
节肢动物基本上都是[[有性繁殖]]、[[卵生]]的。也有[[孤雌生殖]]的象。


其身表面有[[]]成的[[外骨骼]];着身大,需要經歷蛻皮的段,將舊的外骨骼脫掉。
其身表面有[[]]成的[[外骨骼]];着身大,需要经历蛻皮的段,将旧的外骨骼脫掉。


體兩側對稱,身,像環節類動物,但部分體節融合成特部位,如部及胸部。有些物,例如蜘蛛,[[部]]及[[胸部]]一步融合成胸部。每特化部位的能亦作相化。
体两侧对称,身,像环节类动物,但部分体节融合成特部位,如部及胸部。有些物,例如蜘蛛,[[部]]及[[胸部]]一步融合成胸部。每特化部位的能亦作相化。


,取體節的反復構造,被外骨骼包而形成身表面的體節單位。體節間關節。根據種類的不同,也有如果體節裡面特定的西合能相合一下繼續的外骨骼被覆等,外表上某在能上的位。譬如,有分成部,胸部,腹部3部分,或胸部,腹部的2部分的身體稱呼,這個物的各分群的特徵採用。
,取体节的反复构造,被外骨骼包而形成身表面的体节单位。体节间关节。根据种类的不同,也有如果体节里面特定的西合能相合一下继续的外骨骼被覆等,外表上某在能上的位。譬如,有分成部,胸部,腹部3部分,或胸部,腹部的2部分的身体称呼,这个物的各分群的特征采用。


[[身]]的[[附肢]],例如足部、[[角]]、[[口器]]等都分。 附肢的功能亦高度特化,負責、行走、[[游泳]]、[[食]]、以至[[生殖]]等。
[[身]]的[[附肢]],例如足部、[[角]]、[[口器]]等都分。 附肢的功能亦高度特化,负责、行走、[[游泳]]、[[食]]、以至[[生殖]]等。


體節,有出。用外骨骼覆上也有關節
体节,有出。用外骨骼覆上也有关节


一部分的分群,成由蛋孵化的幼性成熟的成程,有著地形態變化的生物變態。甲殼類和昆蟲類等。
一部分的分群,成由蛋孵化的幼性成熟的成程,有著地形态变化的生物变态。甲壳类和昆虫类等。


== 神经系统 ==
== 神经系统 ==


节肢动物体内有[[腹神经索]],且在每个[[體節]]中连着一对[[神经节]],使[[感觉神经]]和[[运动神经]]从神经节连接到身体其他部分。
节肢动物体内有[[腹神经索]],且在每个[[体节]]中连着一对[[神经节]],使[[感觉神经]]和[[运动神经]]从神经节连接到身体其他部分。


[[脑]]部位于头部,在[[食道]]上方。
[[脑]]部位于头部,在[[食道]]上方。
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从寒武纪大爆发开始,节肢动物便是地球上最成功的动物之一,占据了当今生物界大约75%的物种多样性。
从寒武纪大爆发开始,节肢动物便是地球上最成功的动物之一,占据了当今生物界大约75%的物种多样性。


== 分 ==
== 分 ==
{{Cladogram|
{{Cladogram|
|caption=S. M. Manton's (1973) polyphyletic Arthropod hypothesis with Uniramia as one of three Phyla.<ref>Manton, S. M. 1973. Arthropod phylogeny-a modern synthesis. J. Zool. 171:111-130.</ref>
|caption=S. M. Manton's (1973) polyphyletic Arthropod hypothesis with Uniramia as one of three Phyla.<ref>Manton, S. M. 1973. Arthropod phylogeny-a modern synthesis. J. Zool. 171:111-130.</ref>
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}}
}}


物的近期分类系统:
物的近期分类系统:
<ref name=Regier>{{cite journal |author1=Jerome C. Regier |author2=Jeffrey W. Shultz |author3=Andreas Zwick |author4=April Hussey |author5=Bernard Ball |author6=Regina Wetzer |author7=Joel W. Martin |author8=Clifford W. Cunningham |year=2010 |title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=463 |pages=1079–1083 |doi=10.1038/nature08742 |pmid=20147900 |issue=7284|bibcode = 2010Natur.463.1079R }}</ref>
<ref name=Regier>{{cite journal |author1=Jerome C. Regier |author2=Jeffrey W. Shultz |author3=Andreas Zwick |author4=April Hussey |author5=Bernard Ball |author6=Regina Wetzer |author7=Joel W. Martin |author8=Clifford W. Cunningham |year=2010 |title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=463 |pages=1079–1083 |doi=10.1038/nature08742 |pmid=20147900 |issue=7284|bibcode = 2010Natur.463.1079R }}</ref>
* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida
* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida
* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha
* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha
** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha
** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha
** [[螯肢亞門]] Chelicerata
** [[螯肢亚门]] Chelicerata
* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata
* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata
** [[多足亞門]] Myriapoda
** [[多足亚门]] Myriapoda
** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea
** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea
*** [[甲殼亞門]] Crustacea
*** [[甲壳亚门]] Crustacea
*** ?†[[袋頭綱]] Thylacocephala
*** ?†[[袋头纲]] Thylacocephala
*** [[六足亞門]] Hexapoda
*** [[六足亚门]] Hexapoda
* ''[[地位未定]]''
* ''[[地位未定]]''
**†未定属 {{link-en|Camptophyllia|Camptophyllia}} ''Camptophyllia''
**†未定属 {{link-en|Camptophyllia|Camptophyllia}} ''Camptophyllia''
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**†{{link-en|Artiopoda|Artiopoda}}
**†{{link-en|Artiopoda|Artiopoda}}


== 和人關係 ==
== 和人关系 ==
[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|缩略图||在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]]
[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|thumb|right|在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]]
{{see also|食用昆}}
{{see also|食用昆}}
像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物久以就已是人[[料理]]的一部份,目前也有不少已售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 |||}}</ref>。昆營養價值至少和肉,在洲、印度以外的家(伊斯文化例外)生食或是熟食昆<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. |||}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.| | | }}</ref>。烹調過的[[捕蛛科|捕蛛]](去掉其防御用的高度刺激性毛)是[[柬埔寨]]的一美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 |||}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>,也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人會無食用了其他食物中的昆<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>,因此食品安全法規會訂定不同食物中允被昆污染的程度。了供人食用而刻意飼节肢动物或是其他小物(稱為minilivestock),已始出在[[畜牧业]]中,而且是友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=u4eTQgAACAAJ}}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究機構做為教育展览或是研究用。
像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物久以就已是人[[料理]]的一部份,目前也有不少已售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。昆营养价值至少和肉,在洲、印度以外的家(伊斯文化例外)生食或是熟食昆<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.}}</ref>。烹调过的[[捕蛛科|捕蛛]](去掉其防御用的高度刺激性毛)是[[柬埔寨]]的一美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>,也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人会无食用了其他食物中的昆<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>,因此食品安全法规会订定不同食物中允被昆污染的程度。了供人食用而刻意飼节肢动物或是其他小物(称为minilivestock),已始出在[[畜牧业]]中,而且是友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 }}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究机构作为教育展览或是研究用。


节肢动物食物最大的貢獻助植物[[传粉]]:2008的研究調查了100[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]定作食物的植物,估传粉的經濟價1530億歐元,是2005年農業食物生產產值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E. |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 |||}}</ref>。除了授粉外,[[蜂族]]會製作[[蜂蜜]],也是快速起的產業國際貿目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices&nbsp;— International honey market&nbsp;— World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |||}}</ref>。
节肢动物食物最大的贡献助植物[[传粉]]:2008的研究查了100[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]定作食物的植物,估传粉的经济价1530亿欧元,是2005年农业食物生产产值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E. |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 }}</ref>。除了授粉外,[[蜂族]]会制作[[蜂蜜]],也是快速起的产业国际贸目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices&nbsp;— International honey market&nbsp;— World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 }}</ref>。


色的[[胭脂虫]]生在中美洲,[[阿茲特克]]及[[雅文明]]有重要的經濟價值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>,中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的候,胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 |||}}</ref>,目前又始受到重<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14| | | }}</ref>。蹄蟹的血液含有凝血{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}},在用來檢查抗生素以及洗腎機器中是否有危的[[细菌]],也用來檢測[[脊髓性膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida |||}}</ref>。[[法蟲學]]利用节肢动物的相關證據死者的死亡時間,死亡地,有甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=iAtRGA2IfcwC&pg=PA3&dq=forensic+entomology}}</ref>。近年也用來做為藥品或是其他醫療用物源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 |||}}</ref>。
色的[[胭脂虫]]生在中美洲,[[阿茲特克]]及[[雅文明]]有重要的经济价值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>,中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的候,胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 }}</ref>,目前又始受到重<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14}}</ref>。蹄蟹的血液含有凝血{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}},在用来检查抗生素以及洗肾机器中是否有危的[[细菌]],也用来检测[[脊髓性膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida }}</ref>。[[法虫学]]利用节肢动物的相关证据死者的死亡时间,死亡地,有甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 }}</ref>。近年也用来作为药品或是其他医疗用物源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。


結構對簡單,而且可以在地上及水中活,因此有些[[机器人]]設計開始考慮模仿物的結構。分提供的冗餘性可以讓節物及[[仿生]]机器人在部份肢或是移除正常移<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref>
结构对简单,而且可以在地上及水中活,因此有些[[机器人]]设计开始考慮模仿物的结构。分提供的冗餘性可以让节物及[[仿生]]机器人在部份肢或是移除正常移<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref>


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== 考文献 ==
== 考文献 ==
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*{{ITIS|ID=82696 |taxon=Arthropoda |downloaded=2007年3月16日}}
*{{ITIS|ID=82696 |taxon=Arthropoda |downloaded=2007年3月16日}}
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== 外部連結 ==
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[[Category:无脊椎动物]]
[[Category:无脊椎动物]]
[[Category:蛻皮物]]
[[Category:蛻皮物]]
[[Category:节肢动物门|*]]
[[Category:节肢动物门|*]]
[[Category:1829年描述的分类群]]
[[Category:1829年描述的分类群]]