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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|540|0|earliest=555}}[[寒武 |
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|540|0|earliest=555}}[[寒武纪]] - 现代 |
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|image = Arthropoda.jpg |
|image = Arthropoda.jpg |
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|image_width = 250px |
|image_width = 250px |
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|image_caption = 已 |
|image_caption = 已灭绝与现代的节肢动物 |
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|taxon =Arthropoda |
|taxon =Arthropoda |
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|authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1829 |
|authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1829 |
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|subdivision_ranks = |
|subdivision_ranks = 亚门/纲 |
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|subdivision = |
|subdivision = |
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* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida |
* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida |
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* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha |
* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha |
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** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha |
** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha |
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** [[螯肢 |
** [[螯肢亚门]] Chelicerata |
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* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata |
* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata |
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** [[多足 |
** [[多足亚门]] Myriapoda |
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** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea |
** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea |
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*** [[甲 |
*** [[甲壳亚门]] Crustacea |
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*** ?†[[袋 |
*** ?†[[袋头纲]] Thylacocephala |
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*** [[六足 |
*** [[六足亚门]] Hexapoda |
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* ''[[地位未定]] '' |
* ''[[地位未定]] '' |
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**†未定属 ''Camptophyllia'' |
**†未定属 ''Camptophyllia'' |
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'''节肢 |
'''节肢动物'''是[[动物]]的一大类群,由[[六足亚门]]([[昆虫]]等)、[[甲壳亚门]]([[蝦]]、[[螃蟹]]等)、[[螯肢亚门]]([[蜘蛛]]、[[蠍子]]等)、[[多足亚门]]([[蜈蚣]]、[[马陆]]等)等外骨骼动物组成被称为'''节肢动物门'''([[学名]]:{{lang|la|Arthropoda}})的分类单位。为[[动物界]]中所属[[物种]]最多的一门,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=19467|title=中国大百科智慧藏:节肢动物门}}</ref>已被人类命名的昆虫类就有超过75万种<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/ptwInsect_introduceA01_02.htm| title=昆虫具有惊人的种类及数量| accessdate=2013-05-02| work=昆虫百科| publisher=台湾大学昆虫学系暨研究所}}</ref><ref name="Chapman">{{cite book |
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| author=Chapman, A. D. |
| author=Chapman, A. D. |
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| year=2006 |
| year=2006 |
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| url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html |
| url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html |
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| access-date=2013-05-02 |
| access-date=2013-05-02 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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| url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html |
| url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/biodiversity.html |
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| first=E.O. |
| first=E.O. |
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| accessdate=2013-05-02 |
| accessdate=2013-05-02 |
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节肢 |
节肢动物的特点为其分节的肢体,以及主要成份为α-[[甲壳素]]的[[角质层]]。甲壳生物的角质层中也包括了碳酸鈣,是{{link-en|生物矿化|biomineralization}}的产物。 |
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== 特 |
== 特征 == |
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节肢动物基本上都是[[有性繁殖]]、[[卵生]]的。也有[[孤雌生殖]]的 |
节肢动物基本上都是[[有性繁殖]]、[[卵生]]的。也有[[孤雌生殖]]的现象。 |
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其身 |
其身体表面有[[几丁质]]组成的[[外骨骼]];随着身体的长大,需要经历蛻皮的阶段,将旧的外骨骼脫掉。 |
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身 |
身体两侧对称,身体分节,像环节类动物,但部分体节融合成特别部位,如头部及胸部。有些节肢动物,例如蜘蛛,[[头部]]及[[胸部]]进一步融合成头胸部。每个特化部位的机能亦作相应的变化。 |
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身 |
身体,取体节的反复构造,被外骨骼包围而形成身体表面的体节单位。体节之间关节可动。根据种类的不同,也有如果体节里面特定的东西组合能相合一下继续的外骨骼被覆盖等,外表上某在构成机能上的单位。譬如,有分成头部,胸部,腹部3部分,或头胸部,腹部的2部分的身体称呼,这个作为每节肢动物的各分类群的特征采用。 |
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[[身 |
[[身体]]的[[附肢]],例如足部、[[触角]]、[[口器]]等都分节。 附肢的功能亦高度特化,负责感觉、行走、[[游泳]]、[[进食]]、以至[[生殖]]等。 |
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从各体节,有脚出。脚同样用外骨骼覆盖,脚上也有关节。 |
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一部分的分 |
一部分的分类群,成为由蛋孵化的幼体性成熟的成体的过程,有进行显著地形态变化的生物变态。甲壳类和昆虫类等。 |
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== 神经系统 == |
== 神经系统 == |
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节肢动物体内有[[腹神经索]],且在每个[[ |
节肢动物体内有[[腹神经索]],且在每个[[体节]]中连着一对[[神经节]],使[[感觉神经]]和[[运动神经]]从神经节连接到身体其他部分。 |
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[[脑]]部位于头部,在[[食道]]上方。 |
[[脑]]部位于头部,在[[食道]]上方。 |
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从寒武纪大爆发开始,节肢动物便是地球上最成功的动物之一,占据了当今生物界大约75%的物种多样性。 |
从寒武纪大爆发开始,节肢动物便是地球上最成功的动物之一,占据了当今生物界大约75%的物种多样性。 |
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== 分 |
== 分类 == |
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{{Cladogram| |
{{Cladogram| |
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|caption=S. M. Manton's (1973) polyphyletic Arthropod hypothesis with Uniramia as one of three Phyla.<ref>Manton, S. M. 1973. Arthropod phylogeny-a modern synthesis. J. Zool. 171:111-130.</ref> |
|caption=S. M. Manton's (1973) polyphyletic Arthropod hypothesis with Uniramia as one of three Phyla.<ref>Manton, S. M. 1973. Arthropod phylogeny-a modern synthesis. J. Zool. 171:111-130.</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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节肢动物的近期分类系统: |
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<ref name=Regier>{{cite journal |author1=Jerome C. Regier |author2=Jeffrey W. Shultz |author3=Andreas Zwick |author4=April Hussey |author5=Bernard Ball |author6=Regina Wetzer |author7=Joel W. Martin |author8=Clifford W. Cunningham |year=2010 |title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=463 |pages=1079–1083 |doi=10.1038/nature08742 |pmid=20147900 |issue=7284|bibcode = 2010Natur.463.1079R }}</ref> |
<ref name=Regier>{{cite journal |author1=Jerome C. Regier |author2=Jeffrey W. Shultz |author3=Andreas Zwick |author4=April Hussey |author5=Bernard Ball |author6=Regina Wetzer |author7=Joel W. Martin |author8=Clifford W. Cunningham |year=2010 |title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=463 |pages=1079–1083 |doi=10.1038/nature08742 |pmid=20147900 |issue=7284|bibcode = 2010Natur.463.1079R }}</ref> |
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* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida |
* †[[恐虾纲]] Dinocaridida |
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* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha |
* [[蛛形类]] Arachnomorpha |
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** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha |
** †[[三叶形亚门]] Trilobitomorpha |
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** [[螯肢 |
** [[螯肢亚门]] Chelicerata |
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* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata |
* [[有颚类]] Mandibulata |
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** [[多足 |
** [[多足亚门]] Myriapoda |
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** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea |
** [[泛甲壳动物]] Pancrustacea |
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*** [[甲 |
*** [[甲壳亚门]] Crustacea |
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*** ?†[[袋 |
*** ?†[[袋头纲]] Thylacocephala |
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*** [[六足 |
*** [[六足亚门]] Hexapoda |
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* ''[[地位未定]]'' |
* ''[[地位未定]]'' |
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**†未定属 {{link-en|Camptophyllia|Camptophyllia}} ''Camptophyllia'' |
**†未定属 {{link-en|Camptophyllia|Camptophyllia}} ''Camptophyllia'' |
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**†{{link-en|Artiopoda|Artiopoda}} |
**†{{link-en|Artiopoda|Artiopoda}} |
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== 和人 |
== 和人类的关系 == |
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[[File:Insect food stall.JPG| |
[[File:Insect food stall.JPG|thumb|right|在[[曼谷]]食物摊上出售的昆虫和蝎子]] |
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{{see also|食用昆 |
{{see also|食用昆虫}} |
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像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物 |
像[[螃蟹]]、[[海螯蝦]]、[[淡水龙虾]]、[[蝦]]等[[甲壳亚门]]生物长久以来就已是人类[[料理]]的一部份,目前也有不少已经商业飼养再贩售<ref>{{citation |author1=Wickins, J. F. |author2=Lee, D. O'C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Crustacean Farming: Ranching and Culture |edition=2nd |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-632-05464-0 |publisher=Blackwell |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=9780632054640 |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。昆虫的营养价值至少和肉类相当,在欧洲、印度以外的许多国家(伊斯兰文化例外)会生食或是熟食昆虫<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood2.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood II: Insects as Food!?! |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Bailey, S. }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/yf813.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 |title=Bugfood III: Insect Snacks from Around the World |publisher=University of Kentucky Department of Entomology |author=Unger, L.}}</ref>。烹调过的[[捕鸟蛛科|捕鸟蛛]](会去掉其防御用的高度刺激性触毛)是[[柬埔寨]]的一项美味<ref>{{citation |last=Rigby |first=R. |date=2002-09-21 |title=Tuck into a Tarantula |journal=Sunday Telegraph |url=http://www.rhymer.net/cutsE.htm |accessdate=2009-08-24 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://abc.net.au/news/indepth/featureitems/s664704.htm || |title=Spiderwomen serve up Cambodia's creepy caviar |date=2002-09-02 |publisher=ABC News Online |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Ray, N. |year=2002 |title=Lonely Planet Cambodia |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |isbn=1-74059-111-9 |page=308}}</ref>,也是委内瑞拉南部Piaroa印第安人的食物。人类也会无意间食用了其他食物中的昆虫<ref>{{Citation |author=R. L. Taylor |year=1975 |title=Butterflies in My Stomach (or: Insects in Human Nutrition) |publisher=Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, California}}</ref>,因此食品安全法规会订定不同食物中允许被昆虫污染的程度。为了供人类食用而刻意飼养节肢动物或是其他小动物(称为minilivestock),已开始出现在[[畜牧业]]中,而且是对生态友善的概念<ref>{{Citation |last=Paol etti|first=M. G. |title=Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2005 |pages=648 |isbn=978-1-57808-339-8 }}</ref>。{{le|商业蝴蝶繁殖|Commercial butterfly breeding}}提供鳞翅目給蝴蝶温室、学校及研究机构,作为教育展览或是研究用。 |
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不 |
不过节肢动物对人类食物最大的贡献是帮助植物[[传粉]]:2008的研究调查了100项[[联合国粮食及农业组织]]认定作为食物的植物,估计传粉的经济价值为1530亿欧元,约是2005年农业食物生产产值的9.5%<ref>{{citation |author1=Gallai, N. |author2=Salles, J.-M. |author3=Settele, J. |author4=Vaissière, B. E. |last-author-amp=yes |title=Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |date=August 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3}} Free summary at {{citation |last1=Gallai |first1=N. |last2=Salles |first2=J. |last3=Settele |first3=J. |last4=Vaissiere |first4=B. |title=Economic value of insect pollination worldwide estimated at 153 billion euros |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/haog-evo091508.php |accessdate=2008-10-03 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=68 |pages=810–821 |year=2009 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014 |issue=3 }}</ref>。除了授粉外,[[蜂族]]会制作[[蜂蜜]],这也是快速兴起的产业及国际贸易项目<ref>{{citation |title=Apiservices — International honey market — World honey production, imports & exports |url=http://www.beekeeping.com/databases/honey-market/world_honey.htm |accessdate=2008-10-03 }}</ref>。 |
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红色的[[胭脂虫]]生长在中美洲,对[[阿茲特克]]及[[玛雅文明]]有重要的经济价值<ref>{{citation |author=Threads In Tyme, LTD |title=Time line of fabrics |work= |url=http://threadsintyme.tripod.com/id63.htm |||accessdate=2005-07-14}}</ref>,当中美洲在被[[西班牙]]殖民的时候,胭脂虫是[[墨西哥]]第二大的出口<ref>{{citation |author=Jeff Behan |title=The bug that changed history |work= |url=http://www.gcrg.org/bqr/8-2/bug.htm |accessdate=2006-06-26 }}</ref>,目前又开始受到重视<ref>{{citation| title= Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage| work= | url= http://www.arrakis.es/~rpdeblas/cochinea.htm| accessdate= 2005-07-14}}</ref>。马蹄蟹的血液内含有凝血剂{{le|鱟血液細胞溶解产物|Limulus Amebocyte Lysate}},现在用来检查抗生素以及洗肾机器中是否有危险的[[细菌]],也用来检测[[脊髓性脑膜炎]]以及一些[[癌症]]<ref>{{citation |title=Coast |author=Heard, W. |url=http://www.marine.usf.edu/pjocean/packets/f01/f01u5p3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-08-25 |publisher=University of South Florida }}</ref>。[[法医昆虫学]]利用节肢动物的相关证据判断死者的死亡时间,死亡地点,有时甚至也包括死因<ref>{{Citation |last=Hall |first=R. D. |last2=Castner|first2=J. L. |title=Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations |editor=Byrd, J. H. |editor2=Castner, J. L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8493-8120-1 }}</ref>。近年来昆虫也用来作为药品或是其他医疗用物质的潜在来源<ref>{{citation |last=Dossey |first=Aaron |title=Insects and their chemical weaponry: New potential for drug discovery |journal=Natural Product Reports |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |date=December 2010 |volume=27 |pages=1737–1757 |doi=10.1039/C005319H |pmid=20957283 |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/NP/C005319H |access-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>。 |
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节肢动物结构相对简单,而且可以在陆地上及水中活动,因此有些[[机器人]]设计开始考慮模仿节肢动物的结构。分节提供的冗餘性可以让节肢动物及[[仿生学]]机器人在部份肢体受损或是移除时仍会正常移动<ref>{{Citation |author=Spagna, J. C. |author2=Goldman D. I. |author3=Lin P.-C. |author4=Koditschek D. E. |author5=R. J. Full |date=March 2007 |title=Distributed mechanical feedback in arthropods and robots simplifies control of rapid running on challenging terrain |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |volume=2 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/2/1/002 |url=http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/pub/PolyPEDAL/PolypedalPublications/Distributed_BB.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=17671322 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines |chapter=A Turning Strategy of a Multi-legged Locomotion Robot |pages=227–236 |year=2006 |author1=Kazuo Tsuchiya |author2=Shinya Aoi |author3=Katsuyoshi Tsujita |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.1007/4-431-31381-8_20}}</ref> |
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== |
== 参考文献 == |
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{{ReflistH}} |
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*{{ITIS|ID=82696 |taxon=Arthropoda |downloaded=2007年3月16日}} |
*{{ITIS|ID=82696 |taxon=Arthropoda |downloaded=2007年3月16日}} |
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{{ReflistF}} |
{{ReflistF}} |
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== 外部 |
== 外部链接 == |
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{{ |
{{节肢动物门}} |
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{{ |
{{动物界|N.}} |
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[[Category:无脊椎动物]] |
[[Category:无脊椎动物]] |
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[[Category:蛻皮 |
[[Category:蛻皮动物]] |
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[[Category:节肢动物门|*]] |
[[Category:节肢动物门|*]] |
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[[Category:1829年描述的分类群]] |
[[Category:1829年描述的分类群]] |