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| speakers = 5000万 |
| speakers = 5000万 |
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| date = 2019 |
| date = 2019 |
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'''约鲁巴语'''(èdè Yorùbá)是[[西非]]超过4500万人使用的[[方言连续体]]。<ref>Ethnologue 2019</ref>它是[[约鲁巴人]]的母语,使用者位 |
'''约鲁巴语'''(èdè Yorùbá)是[[西非]]超过4500万人使用的[[方言连续体]]。<ref>Ethnologue 2019</ref>它是[[约鲁巴人]]的母语,使用者位於[[尼日利亚]]、[[贝宁]]、[[多哥]]、[[巴西]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mestredidi.org/tradicao.htm |title=Alapini Mestre Didi Asipa |access-date=2009-05-24 }}</ref>、[[塞拉利昂]]、北[[加纳]]、[[古巴]]<ref>Anagó,vocabulario Lucumi, el Yoruba que se habla en Cuba, por Lydia Cabrera, prologo de Roger Bastide; Miami, coleccion del Chichereku, Ediciones Universal, 1986.</ref>。 |
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约鲁巴语为[[孤立语|孤立]][[声调语言]],意即它沒有 |
约鲁巴语为[[孤立语|孤立]][[声调语言]],意即它沒有詞形變化,且以聲調辨義,約魯巴語的句法结构为[[SVO]]。 |
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== 音系 == |
== 音系 == |
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約魯巴語有三種可能的音節:單獨母音(V)、子音+母音(CV)和母音化鼻音(N)。且每個音節都有三種聲調:高‹´›、中 ‹{{unicode|¯}}› (一般可不標明)和低‹`›。由'{{unicode|n̄ ò lọ}}'(意即「我不去」)這個句子可知約魯巴語的聲調結構: |
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* {{unicode|n̄}} — {{IPA|[ŋ̄]}} - 意即 |
* {{unicode|n̄}} — {{IPA|[ŋ̄]}} - 意即「我」 |
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* ò — {{IPA|[ó]}} — 意即 |
* ò — {{IPA|[ó]}} — 意即「不」,此為否定詞 |
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* lọ — {{IPA|[lɔ]}} — 意即 |
* lọ — {{IPA|[lɔ]}} — 意即「去」 |
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=== 母音 === |
=== 母音 === |
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标 |
标准的約魯巴語具有七個非鼻化母音及五個鼻化母音。約魯巴語沒有[[雙母音]],而多個並排的母音中,每個單獨的母音都為獨立音節,並以此發音。其他方言的母音數可能會有不同。 |
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[[File:Yoruba vowel chart.svg| |
[[File:Yoruba vowel chart.svg|thumb|約魯巴語母音圖<ref>After Bamgboṣe (1969:166).</ref>非鼻化母音以黑點表示其位置;鼻化母音以著色色塊表其可能的範圍。]] |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[前母音|前]] |
! [[前母音|前]] |
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! [[ |
! [[後母音|後]] |
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! 前 |
! 前 |
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! |
! 後 |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[ |
! [[閉母音|閉]] |
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| align=center | {{IPA|i}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|i}} |
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| align=center | {{IPA|u}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|u}} |
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| align=center | {{IPA|ũ}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|ũ}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[中 |
! [[中閉母音|中閉]] |
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| align=center | {{IPA|e}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|e}} |
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| align=center | {{IPA|o}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|o}} |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[中 |
! [[中開母音|中開]] |
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| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ}} |
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| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ}} |
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| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ̃}} |
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ̃}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[ |
! [[開母音|開]] |
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| align=center colspan=2 | {{IPA|a}} |
| align=center colspan=2 | {{IPA|a}} |
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| colspan=2 | |
| colspan=2 | |
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|} |
|} |
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第五 |
第五個鼻化母音{{IPA|[ã]}}的狀態是具爭議性的。雖然此音出現於交談中,但一些作者认为此音不與其他音素對立;而此音也常常是{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}的自由變體<ref>Notably, Ayọ Bamgboṣe (1966:8).</ref>在書寫上,除非是在碰到做為{{IPA|/l/}}同位異音的{{IPA|[n]}}(見「子音」一節)出現在鼻化母音前的狀況,例如''inú''這個表「內部、度子」的字,它在事實上的發音是{{IPA|[īnṹ]}}。<ref>Abraham在他的''Dictionary of Modern Yoruba''一書中背離此慣例,明確地將這些鼻化母音的鼻化狀況表出,因此''inú''等字就變成了''inún''等的形式</ref>,不然一般常藉由在母音符号後加‹n›來表鼻化母音(i.e., ‹in›, ‹un›, ‹ẹn›, ‹ọn›) |
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!rowspan=2| |
!rowspan=2| |
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!rowspan=2|[[唇音]] |
!rowspan=2|[[唇音]] |
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!rowspan=2|[[ |
!rowspan=2|[[齒齦音]] |
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!rowspan=2|[[ |
!rowspan=2|[[齒齦後音]]/<br>[[硬顎音]] |
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!colspan=2|[[軟顎音]] |
!colspan=2|[[軟顎音]] |
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!rowspan=2|[[喉音]] |
!rowspan=2|[[喉音]] |
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== |
== 語法 == |
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=== |
=== 語序 === |
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約魯巴語的[[語序]]如下<ref>[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yor WALS Online - Language Yoruba<!-- 机器人生成的标题 -->]</ref>: |
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* 基本 |
* 基本語序:[[SVO|主詞─動詞─受詞]](SVO) |
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* [[介 |
* [[介詞]]多為前置詞 |
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* 名 |
* 名詞領屬、[[形容詞]]、[[指示詞]]、[[數詞]]、[[關係子句]]等皆置於其所修飾的名詞後。 |
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約魯巴語語序示例如下: |
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:O ra aga/(他 |
:O ra aga/(他買了椅子) |
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此句直 |
此句直譯為:他、買、椅子 |
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:ó nà Adé/(他打了Adé) |
:ó nà Adé/(他打了Adé) |
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此句直 |
此句直譯為:他、打、Adé(Adé為一人名) |
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=== 概 |
=== 概覽 === |
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約魯巴語是種高度的[[分析語]]。<ref>Karlsson, F. ''Yleinen kielitiede.'' ("General linguistics") Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1998.</ref>其基本語序,如上所述,為主詞─動詞─受詞(SVO)<ref name="RowlandsEvan">Rowlands, Evan Colyn. (1969). Teach Yourself Yoruba. English Universities Press: London.</ref>。 |
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儘管 |
儘管約魯巴語的名詞在語法上沒有[[性 (语法)|性]]的區別,<ref>Ogunbowale, P. O. (1970). The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. University of London Press: London.</ref>但它在指人名詞和非指人名詞上是有分別的。做為原尼日尔-刚果语名詞類別系統的遺跡,約魯巴語的這種區別只在疑問代詞上是顯著的,其中tani(意即「誰?」)用於人;而kini(意即「什麼?」)用於人以外的事物。 |
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=== 代 |
=== 代詞 === |
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約魯巴語不是一种代詞脫落語,通常在主詞的位置必須有東西,也就是說,像*ra aga這樣的句子通常是不能接受的;然而,在第三人稱單數代詞出現於否定詞kò或未來時標明yóò前時,主詞是可省略的,因此像Kò lọ(意即「(他)不去」)和yóò lo(意即「(他)將會去」)這樣的句子是可接受的。<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/downloads/casefiles/YorubaGS.pdf |title=存档副本 |access-date=2013-05-01 }}</ref> |
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<!-- |
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===名 |
===名詞=== |
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The associative construction (covering [[possessive]]/genitive and related notions) consists of juxtaposing nouns in the order modified-modifier as in ''inú àpótí'' {inside box} 'the inside of the box', ''fìlà Àkàndé'' 'Akande’s cap' or ''àpótí aṣọ'' 'box for clothes' (Bamgboṣe 1966:110, Rowlands 1969:45-6). More than two nouns can be juxtaposed: ''rélùweè abẹ́ ilẹ̀'' (railway under ground) ‘underground railway’, ''inú àpótí aṣọ'' 'the inside of the clothes box'. In the rare case where this results in two possible readings, disambiguation is left to the context. Plural nouns are indicated by a plural word.<ref name="RowlandsEvan" />--> |
The associative construction (covering [[possessive]]/genitive and related notions) consists of juxtaposing nouns in the order modified-modifier as in ''inú àpótí'' {inside box} 'the inside of the box', ''fìlà Àkàndé'' 'Akande’s cap' or ''àpótí aṣọ'' 'box for clothes' (Bamgboṣe 1966:110, Rowlands 1969:45-6). More than two nouns can be juxtaposed: ''rélùweè abẹ́ ilẹ̀'' (railway under ground) ‘underground railway’, ''inú àpótí aṣọ'' 'the inside of the clothes box'. In the rare case where this results in two possible readings, disambiguation is left to the context. Plural nouns are indicated by a plural word.<ref name="RowlandsEvan" />--> |
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=== |
=== 動詞 === |
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約魯巴語的動詞多半是單音節的,但亦有少部份有多個音節,且不随人稱做變化;另外,約魯巴語的一些動詞詞素是可拆開的,像fihàn(意即「介紹」)和bàjẹ́(意即「弄壞」)等動詞即為其例。如下所示(以下以粗體表示的部份為動詞詞素拆開後的各部份)<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch" />: |
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* fihàn: |
* fihàn: |
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:Olu '''fi''' Ade '''han''' Ola - Olu |
:Olu '''fi''' Ade '''han''' Ola - Olu將Ade介紹給了Ola |
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* bàjẹ́: |
* bàjẹ́: |
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:Ojo '''ba''' isu naa '''jẹ́''' - Ojo弄 |
:Ojo '''ba''' isu naa '''jẹ́''' - Ojo弄壞了蕃薯 |
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約魯巴語有[[連動結構]],它和汉语一樣,可在一個句子中將多個動詞並列。如下所示<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch" />: |
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* Olú sáré lọ sí Ìbàdàn - Olú很快地去了Ìbàdàn |
* Olú sáré lọ sí Ìbàdàn - Olú很快地去了Ìbàdàn |
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此句中sáré和lọ皆 |
此句中sáré和lọ皆為動詞,其中sáré之意為「跑」,lọ之意為「去」。 |
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動詞詞幹單獨出現時表一個已完成的動作;時態與體會藉''ń''(此為現在進行式/非完成體標明)、''ti''(此為過去時標明)等來標明。另外約魯巴語透過加於動詞前的質詞''kò''來表示否定。 |
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== |
== 註釋及參考 == |
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=== |
=== 註釋 === |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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==== 历史 ==== |
==== 历史 ==== |
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* {{cite book | author=Adetugbọ, Abiọdun | year=1973 | chapter=The Yoruba Language in Yoruba History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | |
* {{cite book | author=Adetugbọ, Abiọdun | year=1973 | chapter=The Yoruba Language in Yoruba History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | pages=176–204 }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | year=1973 | title=Sources of Yoruba History | |
* {{cite book | author=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | year=1973 | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Hair, P.E.H. | year=1967 | title=The Early Study of Nigerian Languages | |
* {{cite book | author=Hair, P.E.H. | year=1967 | title=The Early Study of Nigerian Languages | | chapter=The Early Study of Yoruba, 1825-1850 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973a | chapter=Contemporary Written Sources | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | |
* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973a | chapter=Contemporary Written Sources | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | pages=9–24 }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973b | chapter= Traditional History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | |
* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973b | chapter= Traditional History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | pages=25–40 }} |
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==== 字典 ==== |
==== 字典 ==== |
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* {{cite book | author=Abraham, Roy Clive | year=1958 | title=Dictionary of Modern Yoruba | |
* {{cite book | author=Abraham, Roy Clive | year=1958 | title=Dictionary of Modern Yoruba | | publisher=University of London Press | location=London }} |
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* {{cite book | author=CMS (Canon C.W. Wakeman, ed.) | year=1950 | orig-year=1937 | title=A Dictionary of the Yoruba language | publisher=University Press | location=Ibadan }} |
* {{cite book | author=CMS (Canon C.W. Wakeman, ed.) | year=1950 | orig-year=1937 | title=A Dictionary of the Yoruba language | publisher=University Press | location=Ibadan }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Delanọ, Oloye Isaac | year=1958 | title=Atúmọ̀ ede Yoruba [short dictionary and grammar of the Yoruba language] | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=London }} |
* {{cite book | author=Delanọ, Oloye Isaac | year=1958 | title=Atúmọ̀ ede Yoruba [short dictionary and grammar of the Yoruba language] | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=London }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Sachnine, Michka | year=1997 | title=Dictionnaire yorùbá-français, suivi d’un index français-yorùbâ | publisher=Karthala | location=Paris }} |
* {{cite book | author=Sachnine, Michka | year=1997 | title=Dictionnaire yorùbá-français, suivi d’un index français-yorùbâ | publisher=Karthala | location=Paris }} |
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==== 文法 |
==== 文法書籍 ==== |
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* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2000 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part I) | others=Monograph Series no. 9 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }} |
* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2000 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part I) | others=Monograph Series no. 9 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2001 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part II) | others=Monograph Series no. 10 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }} |
* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2001 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part II) | others=Monograph Series no. 10 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Crowther, Samuel Ajayi | title=Yoruba Grammar | publisher=London | year=1852 }} <br />— ''the first grammar of Yoruba.'' |
* {{cite book | author=Crowther, Samuel Ajayi | title=Yoruba Grammar | publisher=London | year=1852 }} <br />— ''the first grammar of Yoruba.'' |
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* {{cite book | author=Rowlands, E.C. | year=1969 | title=Teach Yourself Yoruba | publisher=The English Universities Press | location=London }} |
* {{cite book | author=Rowlands, E.C. | year=1969 | title=Teach Yourself Yoruba | publisher=The English Universities Press | location=London }} |
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* {{cite book | author=Ward, Ida | |
* {{cite book | author=Ward, Ida | | year=1952 | title=An introduction to the Yoruba language | publisher=W. Heffer & Sons | location=Cambridge }} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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== 外部 |
== 外部連結 == |
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<div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Leave a [[v:Wikiversity:KnowCycle|Knowcycle]] calling card to collaborate on the topic of the <div style="margin-left:10px;">'''''[[v:{{{1|Wikiversity:KnowCycle/Yoruba language}}}|{{{1|Yoruba language}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div> |
<div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Leave a [[v:Wikiversity:KnowCycle|Knowcycle]] calling card to collaborate on the topic of the <div style="margin-left:10px;">'''''[[v:{{{1|Wikiversity:KnowCycle/Yoruba language}}}|{{{1|Yoruba language}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div> |
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* [ |
* [http://www.yorubaworld.info/ Yoruba World Centre - Information service, Heritage promotion, Language learning and Yorùbá digital content development (2000)] |
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* [ |
* [http://www.llmap.org/languages/yor.html Map of Yoruba language from the LL-Map project] |
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[[Category:大西洋- |
[[Category:大西洋-剛果語族]] |
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[[Category:主 |
[[Category:主謂賓語序语言]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:約魯巴人| ]] |
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[[Category:尼日利亚语言]] |
[[Category:尼日利亚语言]] |