约鲁巴语:修订间差异

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| speakers = 5000万
| speakers = 5000万
| date = 2019
| date = 2019
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| familycolor = Niger-Congo
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| fam2 = [[大西洋-刚果语族]]
| fam2 = [[大西洋-刚果语族]]
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| iso3 = yor
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'''约鲁巴语'''(èdè Yorùbá)是[[西非]]超过4500万人使用的[[方言连续体]]。<ref>Ethnologue 2019</ref>它是[[约鲁巴人]]的母语,使用者位[[尼日利亚]]、[[贝宁]]、[[多哥]]、[[巴西]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mestredidi.org/tradicao.htm |title=Alapini Mestre Didi Asipa |access-date=2009-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094326/http://www.mestredidi.org/tradicao.htm |archive-date=2009-05-04 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>、[[塞拉利昂]]、北[[加纳]]、[[古巴]]<ref>Anagó,vocabulario Lucumi, el Yoruba que se habla en Cuba, por Lydia Cabrera, prologo de Roger Bastide; Miami, coleccion del Chichereku, Ediciones Universal, 1986.</ref>。
'''约鲁巴语'''(èdè Yorùbá)是[[西非]]超过4500万人使用的[[方言连续体]]。<ref>Ethnologue 2019</ref>它是[[约鲁巴人]]的母语,使用者位[[尼日利亚]]、[[贝宁]]、[[多哥]]、[[巴西]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mestredidi.org/tradicao.htm |title=Alapini Mestre Didi Asipa |access-date=2009-05-24 }}</ref>、[[塞拉利昂]]、北[[加纳]]、[[古巴]]<ref>Anagó,vocabulario Lucumi, el Yoruba que se habla en Cuba, por Lydia Cabrera, prologo de Roger Bastide; Miami, coleccion del Chichereku, Ediciones Universal, 1986.</ref>。


约鲁巴语为[[孤立语|孤立]][[声调语言]],意即它沒有化,且以声调约鲁的句法结构为[[SVO]]。
约鲁巴语为[[孤立语|孤立]][[声调语言]],意即它沒有化,且以聲調約魯的句法结构为[[SVO]]。


== 音系 ==
== 音系 ==
约鲁有三可能的音单独母音(V)、子音+母音(CV)和母音化鼻音(N)。且每都有三种声调:高‹´›、中 ‹{{unicode|¯}}› (一般可不明)和低‹`›。由'{{unicode|n̄ ò lọ}}'(意即我不去)这个句子可知约鲁声调结构
約魯有三可能的音單獨母音(V)、子音+母音(CV)和母音化鼻音(N)。且每都有三種聲調:高‹´›、中 ‹{{unicode|¯}}› (一般可不明)和低‹`›。由'{{unicode|n̄ ò lọ}}'(意即我不去)這個句子可知約魯聲調結構


* {{unicode|n̄}} — {{IPA|[ŋ̄]}} - 意即
* {{unicode|n̄}} — {{IPA|[ŋ̄]}} - 意即
* ò — {{IPA|[ó]}} — 意即”,否定
* ò — {{IPA|[ó]}} — 意即」,否定
* lọ — {{IPA|[lɔ]}} — 意即
* lọ — {{IPA|[lɔ]}} — 意即


=== 母音 ===
=== 母音 ===
约鲁具有七非鼻化母音及五鼻化母音。约鲁沒有[[母音]],而多个并排的母音中,每个单独的母音都为独立音以此音。其他方言的母音可能有不同。
約魯具有七非鼻化母音及五鼻化母音。約魯沒有[[母音]],而多個並排的母音中,每個單獨的母音都為獨立音以此音。其他方言的母音可能有不同。


[[File:Yoruba vowel chart.svg|缩略图|约鲁母音<ref>After Bamgboṣe (1969:166).</ref>非鼻化母音以黑表示其位置;鼻化母音以著色色表其可能的范围。]]
[[File:Yoruba vowel chart.svg|thumb|約魯母音<ref>After Bamgboṣe (1969:166).</ref>非鼻化母音以黑表示其位置;鼻化母音以著色色表其可能的範圍。]]


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! [[前母音|前]]
! [[前母音|前]]
! [[母音|]]
! [[母音|]]
! 前
! 前
!
!
|-
|-
! [[母音|]]
! [[母音|]]
| align=center | {{IPA|i}}
| align=center | {{IPA|i}}
| align=center | {{IPA|u}}
| align=center | {{IPA|u}}
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| align=center | {{IPA|ũ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ũ}}
|-
|-
! [[中母音|中]]
! [[中母音|中]]
| align=center | {{IPA|e}}
| align=center | {{IPA|e}}
| align=center | {{IPA|o}}
| align=center | {{IPA|o}}
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| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|-
! [[中母音|中]]
! [[中母音|中]]
| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ}}
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| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ̃}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ̃}}
|-
|-
! [[母音|]]
! [[母音|]]
| align=center colspan=2 | {{IPA|a}}
| align=center colspan=2 | {{IPA|a}}
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;
| colspan=2 | &nbsp;
|}
|}


第五鼻化母音{{IPA|[ã]}}的狀是具争议性的。然此音出现于中,但一些作者认为此音不其他音素立;而此音也常常是{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}的自由变体<ref>Notably, Ayọ Bamgboṣe (1966:8).</ref>在书写上,除非是在碰到做{{IPA|/l/}}同位音的{{IPA|[n]}}(见“子音)出在鼻化母音前的狀況,例如''inú''这个“内部、度子的字,它在事上的音是{{IPA|[īnṹ]}}。<ref>Abraham在他的''Dictionary of Modern Yoruba''一中背此慣例,明将这些鼻化母音的鼻化狀況表出,因此''inú''等字就成了''inún''等的形式</ref>,不然一般常藉由在母音符号加‹n›表鼻化母音(i.e., ‹in›, ‹un›, ‹ẹn›, ‹ọn›)
第五鼻化母音{{IPA|[ã]}}的狀是具爭議性的。然此音出現於中,但一些作者认为此音不其他音素立;而此音也常常是{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}的自由變體<ref>Notably, Ayọ Bamgboṣe (1966:8).</ref>在書寫上,除非是在碰到做{{IPA|/l/}}同位音的{{IPA|[n]}}(見「子音)出在鼻化母音前的狀況,例如''inú''這個「內部、度子的字,它在事上的音是{{IPA|[īnṹ]}}。<ref>Abraham在他的''Dictionary of Modern Yoruba''一中背此慣例,明將這些鼻化母音的鼻化狀況表出,因此''inú''等字就成了''inún''等的形式</ref>,不然一般常藉由在母音符号加‹n›表鼻化母音(i.e., ‹in›, ‹un›, ‹ẹn›, ‹ọn›)
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!rowspan=2| &nbsp;
!rowspan=2| &nbsp;
!rowspan=2|[[唇音]]
!rowspan=2|[[唇音]]
!rowspan=2|[[齿齦音]]
!rowspan=2|[[齦音]]
!rowspan=2|[[齿音]]/<br>[[硬顎音]]
!rowspan=2|[[音]]/<br>[[硬顎音]]
!colspan=2|[[軟顎音]]
!colspan=2|[[軟顎音]]
!rowspan=2|[[喉音]]
!rowspan=2|[[喉音]]
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== 法 ==
== 法 ==
=== 序 ===
=== 序 ===
约鲁的[[序]]如下<ref>[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yor WALS Online - Language Yoruba<!-- 机器人生成的标题 -->]</ref>:
約魯的[[序]]如下<ref>[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yor WALS Online - Language Yoruba<!-- 机器人生成的标题 -->]</ref>:
* 基本序:[[SVO|主动词─受]](SVO)
* 基本序:[[SVO|主動詞─受]](SVO)
* [[介]]多前置
* [[介]]多前置
* 名词领属、[[形容]]、[[指示]]、[[数词]]、[[关系子句]]等皆置其所修的名词后
* 名詞領屬、[[形容]]、[[指示]]、[[數詞]]、[[關係子句]]等皆置其所修的名詞後


约鲁语语序示例如下:
約魯語語序示例如下:
:O ra aga/(他了椅子)
:O ra aga/(他了椅子)
此句直译为:他、、椅子
此句直譯為:他、、椅子


:ó nà Adé/(他打了Adé)
:ó nà Adé/(他打了Adé)
此句直译为:他、打、Adé(Adé一人名)
此句直譯為:他、打、Adé(Adé一人名)


=== 概 ===
=== 概 ===
约鲁高度的[[分析]]。<ref>Karlsson, F. ''Yleinen kielitiede.'' ("General linguistics") Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1998.</ref>其基本序,如上所述,动词─受(SVO)<ref name="RowlandsEvan">Rowlands, Evan Colyn. (1969). Teach Yourself Yoruba. English Universities Press: London.</ref>。
約魯高度的[[分析]]。<ref>Karlsson, F. ''Yleinen kielitiede.'' ("General linguistics") Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1998.</ref>其基本序,如上所述,動詞─受(SVO)<ref name="RowlandsEvan">Rowlands, Evan Colyn. (1969). Teach Yourself Yoruba. English Universities Press: London.</ref>。


儘管约鲁的名法上沒有[[性 (语法)|性]]的区别,<ref>Ogunbowale, P. O. (1970). The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. University of London Press: London.</ref>但它在指人名和非指人名上是有分的。做原尼日尔-刚果语名词类别的遺约鲁这种区别只在疑上是著的,其中tani(意即?”)用人;而kini(意即么?”)用人以外的事物。
儘管約魯的名法上沒有[[性 (语法)|性]]的區別,<ref>Ogunbowale, P. O. (1970). The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. University of London Press: London.</ref>但它在指人名和非指人名上是有分的。做原尼日尔-刚果语名詞類別的遺約魯這種區別只在疑上是著的,其中tani(意即?」)用人;而kini(意即麼?」)用人以外的事物。


=== 代 ===
=== 代 ===
约鲁不是一种代脫落,通常在主的位置必西,也就是,像*ra aga这样的句子通常是不能接受的;然而,在第三人称单数现于否定kò或未来时标明yóò前,主是可省略的,因此像Kò lọ(意即(他)不去)和yóò lo(意即(他)将会)这样的句子是可接受的。<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/downloads/casefiles/YorubaGS.pdf |title=存档副本 |access-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125032808/http://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/downloads/casefiles/YorubaGS.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-25 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
約魯不是一种代脫落,通常在主的位置必西,也就是,像*ra aga這樣的句子通常是不能接受的;然而,在第三人稱單數現於否定kò或未來時標明yóò前,主是可省略的,因此像Kò lọ(意即(他)不去)和yóò lo(意即(他)將會)這樣的句子是可接受的。<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/downloads/casefiles/YorubaGS.pdf |title=存档副本 |access-date=2013-05-01 }}</ref>
<!--
<!--
===名===
===名===
The associative construction (covering [[possessive]]/genitive and related notions) consists of juxtaposing nouns in the order modified-modifier as in ''inú àpótí'' {inside box} 'the inside of the box', ''fìlà Àkàndé'' 'Akande’s cap' or ''àpótí aṣọ'' 'box for clothes' (Bamgboṣe 1966:110, Rowlands 1969:45-6). More than two nouns can be juxtaposed: ''rélùweè abẹ́ ilẹ̀'' (railway under ground) ‘underground railway’, ''inú àpótí aṣọ'' 'the inside of the clothes box'. In the rare case where this results in two possible readings, disambiguation is left to the context. Plural nouns are indicated by a plural word.<ref name="RowlandsEvan" />-->
The associative construction (covering [[possessive]]/genitive and related notions) consists of juxtaposing nouns in the order modified-modifier as in ''inú àpótí'' {inside box} 'the inside of the box', ''fìlà Àkàndé'' 'Akande’s cap' or ''àpótí aṣọ'' 'box for clothes' (Bamgboṣe 1966:110, Rowlands 1969:45-6). More than two nouns can be juxtaposed: ''rélùweè abẹ́ ilẹ̀'' (railway under ground) ‘underground railway’, ''inú àpótí aṣọ'' 'the inside of the clothes box'. In the rare case where this results in two possible readings, disambiguation is left to the context. Plural nouns are indicated by a plural word.<ref name="RowlandsEvan" />-->


=== 动词 ===
=== 動詞 ===
约鲁动词多半是的,但亦有少部份有多,且不随人化;另外,约鲁的一些动词词素是可拆的,像fihàn(意即介紹)和bàjẹ́(意即坏”)等动词其例。如下所示(以下以粗表示的部份为动词词素拆开后的各部份)<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch" />:
約魯動詞多半是的,但亦有少部份有多,且不随人化;另外,約魯的一些動詞詞素是可拆的,像fihàn(意即介紹)和bàjẹ́(意即壞」)等動詞其例。如下所示(以下以粗表示的部份為動詞詞素拆開後的各部份)<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch" />:
* fihàn:
* fihàn:
:Olu '''fi''' Ade '''han''' Ola - OluAde介紹給了Ola
:Olu '''fi''' Ade '''han''' Ola - OluAde介紹給了Ola
* bàjẹ́:
* bàjẹ́:
:Ojo '''ba''' isu naa '''jẹ́''' - Ojo弄了蕃薯
:Ojo '''ba''' isu naa '''jẹ́''' - Ojo弄了蕃薯


约鲁有[[连动结构]],它和汉语一,可在一句子中个动词并列。如下所示<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch" />:
約魯有[[連動結構]],它和汉语一,可在一句子中個動詞並列。如下所示<ref name = "Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch" />:
* Olú sáré lọ sí Ìbàdàn - Olú很快地去了Ìbàdàn
* Olú sáré lọ sí Ìbàdàn - Olú很快地去了Ìbàdàn
此句中sáré和lọ皆为动词,其中sáré之意为“”,lọ之意为“
此句中sáré和lọ皆為動詞,其中sáré之意為「」,lọ之意為「


动词词干单独现时表一已完成的作;时态与体会藉''ń''(此为现行式/非完成体标明)、''ti''(此为过时标明)等来标明。另外约鲁于动词前的质词''kò''表示否定。
動詞詞幹單獨現時表一已完成的作;時態與體會藉''ń''(此為現行式/非完成體標明)、''ti''(此為過時標明)等來標明。另外約魯於動詞前的質詞''kò''表示否定。


== 注释考 ==
== 註釋考 ==
=== 注释 ===
=== 註釋 ===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
=== 考文 ===

=== 考文 ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
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==== 历史 ====
==== 历史 ====
* {{cite book | author=Adetugbọ, Abiọdun | year=1973 | chapter=The Yoruba Language in Yoruba History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/n199 176]–204 }}
* {{cite book | author=Adetugbọ, Abiọdun | year=1973 | chapter=The Yoruba Language in Yoruba History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | pages=176–204 }}
* {{cite book | author=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | year=1973 | title=Sources of Yoruba History | url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford }}
* {{cite book | author=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | year=1973 | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford }}
* {{cite book | author=Hair, P.E.H. | year=1967 | title=The Early Study of Nigerian Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/earlystudyofnige0000hair | chapter=The Early Study of Yoruba, 1825-1850 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge }}
* {{cite book | author=Hair, P.E.H. | year=1967 | title=The Early Study of Nigerian Languages | | chapter=The Early Study of Yoruba, 1825-1850 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge }}
* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973a | chapter=Contemporary Written Sources | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/9 9]–24 }}
* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973a | chapter=Contemporary Written Sources | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | pages=9–24 }}
* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973b | chapter= Traditional History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/25 25]–40 }}
* {{cite book | author=Law, R.C.C. | year=1973b | chapter= Traditional History | editor=Biobaku, S.O. (ed.) | title=Sources of Yoruba History | | pages=25–40 }}
==== 字典 ====
==== 字典 ====
* {{cite book | author=Abraham, Roy Clive | year=1958 | title=Dictionary of Modern Yoruba | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000abra | publisher=University of London Press | location=London }}
* {{cite book | author=Abraham, Roy Clive | year=1958 | title=Dictionary of Modern Yoruba | | publisher=University of London Press | location=London }}
* {{cite book | author=CMS (Canon C.W. Wakeman, ed.) | year=1950 | orig-year=1937 | title=A Dictionary of the Yoruba language | publisher=University Press | location=Ibadan }}
* {{cite book | author=CMS (Canon C.W. Wakeman, ed.) | year=1950 | orig-year=1937 | title=A Dictionary of the Yoruba language | publisher=University Press | location=Ibadan }}
* {{cite book | author=Delanọ, Oloye Isaac | year=1958 | title=Atúmọ̀ ede Yoruba [short dictionary and grammar of the Yoruba language] | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=London }}
* {{cite book | author=Delanọ, Oloye Isaac | year=1958 | title=Atúmọ̀ ede Yoruba [short dictionary and grammar of the Yoruba language] | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=London }}
* {{cite book | author=Sachnine, Michka | year=1997 | title=Dictionnaire yorùbá-français, suivi d’un index français-yorùbâ | publisher=Karthala | location=Paris }}
* {{cite book | author=Sachnine, Michka | year=1997 | title=Dictionnaire yorùbá-français, suivi d’un index français-yorùbâ | publisher=Karthala | location=Paris }}


==== 文法籍 ====
==== 文法籍 ====
* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2000 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part I) | others=Monograph Series no. 9 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }}
* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2000 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part I) | others=Monograph Series no. 9 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }}
* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2001 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part II) | others=Monograph Series no. 10 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }}
* {{cite book | author=Adéwọlé, L.O. | year=2001 | title=Beginning Yorùbá (Part II) | others=Monograph Series no. 10 | publisher=CASAS | location=Cape Town }}
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* {{cite book | author=Crowther, Samuel Ajayi | title=Yoruba Grammar | publisher=London | year=1852 }} <br />— ''the first grammar of Yoruba.''
* {{cite book | author=Crowther, Samuel Ajayi | title=Yoruba Grammar | publisher=London | year=1852 }} <br />— ''the first grammar of Yoruba.''
* {{cite book | author=Rowlands, E.C. | year=1969 | title=Teach Yourself Yoruba | publisher=The English Universities Press | location=London }}
* {{cite book | author=Rowlands, E.C. | year=1969 | title=Teach Yourself Yoruba | publisher=The English Universities Press | location=London }}
* {{cite book | author=Ward, Ida | authorlink=Ida Ward | year=1952 | title=An introduction to the Yoruba language | publisher=W. Heffer & Sons | location=Cambridge }}
* {{cite book | author=Ward, Ida | | year=1952 | title=An introduction to the Yoruba language | publisher=W. Heffer & Sons | location=Cambridge }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部連結 ==
<div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Leave a [[v:Wikiversity:KnowCycle|Knowcycle]] calling card to collaborate on the topic of the <div style="margin-left:10px;">'''''[[v:{{{1|Wikiversity:KnowCycle/Yoruba language}}}|{{{1|Yoruba language}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div>
<div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Leave a [[v:Wikiversity:KnowCycle|Knowcycle]] calling card to collaborate on the topic of the <div style="margin-left:10px;">'''''[[v:{{{1|Wikiversity:KnowCycle/Yoruba language}}}|{{{1|Yoruba language}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div>


* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170527013630/http://www.yorubaworld.info/ Yoruba World Centre - Information service, Heritage promotion, Language learning and Yorùbá digital content development (2000)]
* [http://www.yorubaworld.info/ Yoruba World Centre - Information service, Heritage promotion, Language learning and Yorùbá digital content development (2000)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130325235456/http://www.llmap.org/languages/yor.html Map of Yoruba language from the LL-Map project]
* [http://www.llmap.org/languages/yor.html Map of Yoruba language from the LL-Map project]


[[Category:大西洋-族]]
[[Category:大西洋-族]]
[[Category:主谓宾语序语言]]
[[Category:主謂賓語序语言]]
[[Category:约鲁巴人| ]]
[[Category:約魯巴人| ]]
[[Category:尼日利亚语言]]
[[Category:尼日利亚语言]]