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1873年{{link-en|衛勒比·史密斯|Willoughby_Smith}}(Willoughby Smith)发现灰硒的电阻与所在環境的光度有关,<ref>See:
1873年{{link-en|衛勒比·史密斯|Willoughby_Smith}}(Willoughby Smith)发现灰硒的电阻与所在環境的光度有关,<ref>See:
* {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Willoughby|title=The action of light on selenium|journal=Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers|date=1873|volume=2|issue=4|pages=31–33|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007449892;view=1up;seq=67|doi=10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Willoughby|title=The action of light on selenium|journal=Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers|date=1873|volume=2|issue=4|pages=31–33|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007449892;view=1up;seq=67|doi=10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Willoughby|title=Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current|journal=Nature|date=20 February 1873|volume=7|issue=173|page=303|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2754884;view=1up;seq=321|doi=10.1038/007303e0|bibcode=1873Natur...7R.303.}}</ref>這个特性讓硒被用来当作感光元件。在1870年代中期,第一个用到硒的商業产品由[[维尔纳·冯·西门子]](Werner von Siemens)开发出来,[[亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔]](Alexander Graham Bell)1879年发明的光电話機(Photophone)也用到了硒元件,硒传輸的电流正比于照在其上的光线强度,這种现象也被用在[[测光表]]与类似裝置的設計。硒的半导体性質应用在許多电子設備,<ref>{{cite journal||title=Action of light on selenium|journal=[[Popular Science]]|date=1876|volume=10|issue=1|page=116|author1=Bonnier Corporation|access-date=2019-08-03|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||title= Earliest semiconductor device|pages= 77–79|series= Getting to Know Semiconductors|isbn= 978-981-02-3516-1|last1= Levinshtein|first1= M. E.|last2= Simin|first2= G. S.|date= 1992-12-01|access-date= 2019-08-03|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||page= 89|title= Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet|isbn= 978-0-415-14229-8|last1= Winston|first1= Brian|date= 1998-05-29|access-date= 2019-08-03|||}}</ref>1930年代初期开始有以硒設計的{{link-en|硒整流器|Selenium_rectifier}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Willoughby|title=Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current|journal=Nature|date=1873-02-20|volume=7|issue=173|page=303|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2754884;view=1up;seq=321|doi=10.1038/007303e0|bibcode=1873Natur...7R.303.}}</ref>這个特性讓硒被用来当作感光元件。在1870年代中期,第一个用到硒的商業产品由[[维尔纳·冯·西门子]](Werner von Siemens)开发出来,[[亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔]](Alexander Graham Bell)1879年发明的光电話機(Photophone)也用到了硒元件,硒传輸的电流正比于照在其上的光线强度,這种现象也被用在[[测光表]]与类似裝置的設計。硒的半导体性質应用在許多电子設備,<ref>{{cite journal||title=Action of light on selenium|journal=[[Popular Science]]|date=1876|volume=10|issue=1|page=116|author1=Bonnier Corporation|access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||title= Earliest semiconductor device|pages= 77–79|series= Getting to Know Semiconductors|isbn= 978-981-02-3516-1|last1= Levinshtein|first1= M. E.|last2= Simin|first2= G. S.|date= 1992-12-01|access-date= 2019-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||page= 89|title= Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet|isbn= 978-0-415-14229-8|last1= Winston|first1= Brian|date= 1998-05-29|access-date= 2019-08-03}}</ref>1930年代初期开始有以硒設計的{{link-en|硒整流器|Selenium_rectifier}}
,因为效率较好<ref>{{cite book||page= 18|title= A History of the World Semiconductor Industry|isbn= 978-0-86341-227-1|last1= Morris|first1= Peter Robin|date= 1990|access-date= 2019-08-03|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last= Bergmann|first= Ludwig|date= 1931|journal= Physikalische Zeitschrift|volume= 32|pages= 286–288|title= Über eine neue Selen-Sperrschicht-Photozelle}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1021/ie50392a002|title =Industrial Utilization of Selenium and Tellurium|date =1942|last1 =Waitkins|first1 = G. R.|last2 =Bearse|first2 = A. E.|last3 =Shutt|first3 =R.|journal =Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume =34|issue =8|pages =899–910}}</ref>取代了氧化铜[[整流器]]。此商業运用持續到1970年代,之后又被更便宜且更有效率的矽[[整流器]]所取代。
,因为效率较好<ref>{{cite book||page= 18|title= A History of the World Semiconductor Industry|isbn= 978-0-86341-227-1|last1= Morris|first1= Peter Robin|date= 1990|access-date= 2019-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last= Bergmann|first= Ludwig|date= 1931|journal= Physikalische Zeitschrift|volume= 32|pages= 286–288|title= Über eine neue Selen-Sperrschicht-Photozelle}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1021/ie50392a002|title =Industrial Utilization of Selenium and Tellurium|date =1942|last1 =Waitkins|first1 = G. R.|last2 =Bearse|first2 = A. E.|last3 =Shutt|first3 =R.|journal =Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume =34|issue =8|pages =899–910}}</ref>取代了氧化铜[[整流器]]。此商業运用持續到1970年代,之后又被更便宜且更有效率的矽[[整流器]]所取代。


硒的毒性危害到工人,在医療上引发关注。從动物食用高硒含量的作物而发现硒对动物有毒性。1954年生化学家{{link-en|珍·平森|Jane_Gibson}}(Jane Pinsent)首先发现[[微生物]]中硒与特定生物功能的关联,<ref>{{cite journal|pmc =1269698|title =The need for selenite and molybdate in the formation of formic dehydrogenase by members of the Coli-aerogenes group of bacteria||volume =57|issue =1|journal=Biochem. J. |date=1954|pages=10–16|author=Pinsent, Jane |pmid=13159942|doi=10.1042/bj0570010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi =10.1007/0-306-47466-2_267|series =Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10|date =2002|last1 =Stadtman|first1 =Thressa C.|isbn =978-0-306-46378-5|title =Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10|pages =831–836|chapter =Some Functions of the Essential Trace Element, Selenium}}</ref>1957年发现对哺乳动物相当重要。<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1021/ja01569a087|date =1957|last1 =Schwarz|first1 =Klaus|last2 =Foltz|first2 =Calvin M.|journal =Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume =79|issue =12|pages =3292–3293 | title=Selenium as an Integral Part of Factor 3 Against Dietary Necrotic Liver Degeneration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi =10.1007/0-387-33827-6_1|series =Selenium|date =2006|last1 =Oldfield|first1 =James E.|isbn =978-0-387-33826-2|title =Selenium||pages =1–6|chapter=Selenium: A historical perspective}}</ref>1970年代硒被发现出现在两組不同的[[酶]]之中。后来又发现蛋白質中含有[[硒半胱胺酸]]。1980年代硒半胱胺酸被发现在密碼子UGA中,其作用于[[細菌]]的轉錄機制最早被解开,后来也发现作用在[[哺乳动物]]的機制。(参看[[SECIS元件]])<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1128/MCB.22.11.3565-3576.2002|title =How Selenium Has Altered Our Understanding of the Genetic Code|date =2002|last1 =Hatfield|first1 = D. L.|last2 =Gladyshev|first2 = V. N.|journal =Molecular and Cellular Biology|volume =22|issue =11|pages =3565–3576|pmid =11997494|pmc =133838
硒的毒性危害到工人,在医療上引发关注。從动物食用高硒含量的作物而发现硒对动物有毒性。1954年生化学家{{link-en|珍·平森|Jane_Gibson}}(Jane Pinsent)首先发现[[微生物]]中硒与特定生物功能的关联,<ref>{{cite journal|pmc =1269698|title =The need for selenite and molybdate in the formation of formic dehydrogenase by members of the Coli-aerogenes group of bacteria||volume =57|issue =1|journal=Biochem. J. |date=1954|pages=10–16|author=Pinsent, Jane |pmid=13159942|doi=10.1042/bj0570010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi =10.1007/0-306-47466-2_267|series =Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10|date =2002|last1 =Stadtman|first1 =Thressa C.|isbn =978-0-306-46378-5|title =Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10|pages =831–836|chapter =Some Functions of the Essential Trace Element, Selenium}}</ref>1957年发现对哺乳动物相当重要。<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1021/ja01569a087|date =1957|last1 =Schwarz|first1 =Klaus|last2 =Foltz|first2 =Calvin M.|journal =Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume =79|issue =12|pages =3292–3293 | title=Selenium as an Integral Part of Factor 3 Against Dietary Necrotic Liver Degeneration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi =10.1007/0-387-33827-6_1|series =Selenium|date =2006|last1 =Oldfield|first1 =James E.|isbn =978-0-387-33826-2|title =Selenium||pages =1–6|chapter=Selenium: A historical perspective}}</ref>1970年代硒被发现出现在两組不同的[[酶]]之中。后来又发现蛋白質中含有[[硒半胱胺酸]]。1980年代硒半胱胺酸被发现在密碼子UGA中,其作用于[[細菌]]的轉錄機制最早被解开,后来也发现作用在[[哺乳动物]]的機制。(参看[[SECIS元件]])<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1128/MCB.22.11.3565-3576.2002|title =How Selenium Has Altered Our Understanding of the Genetic Code|date =2002|last1 =Hatfield|first1 = D. L.|last2 =Gladyshev|first2 = V. N.|journal =Molecular and Cellular Biology|volume =22|issue =11|pages =3565–3576|pmid =11997494|pmc =133838
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


[[File:Selenium powder.jpg|缩略图|180px|灰黑色的硒粉]]
[[File:Selenium powder.jpg|thumb|180px|灰黑色的硒粉]]


== 存在 ==
== 存在 ==


天然(即元素態)硒是一种少见的矿物,通常不会形成良好的晶体,但是当它生成時,会是陡峭的菱面体或微小的針狀(毛髮狀)晶体。<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Webminerals|url= http://www.galleries.com/minerals/elements/selenium/selenium.htm|title= Native Selenium|accessdate= 2009-06-06|||}}</ref>由于其他化合物和元素的存在,硒的分离常常變得复杂。
天然(即元素態)硒是一种少见的矿物,通常不会形成良好的晶体,但是当它生成時,会是陡峭的菱面体或微小的針狀(毛髮狀)晶体。<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Webminerals|url= http://www.galleries.com/minerals/elements/selenium/selenium.htm|title= Native Selenium|accessdate= 2009-06-06}}</ref>由于其他化合物和元素的存在,硒的分离常常變得复杂。


硒在天然界以多种无機物形式存在,包括[[硒化物]]、[[硒酸鹽]]和[[亚硒酸鹽]],但這些矿物很少见。 常见的[[透石膏]](selenite)并不是硒的矿物質,不含[[亚硒酸鹽|亚硒酸根离子]],而是早在发现硒之前,就像硒一样被称为月亮的一种[[石膏]](硫酸鈣水合物)。硒是許多金属硫化物矿物中最常见的杂質,它取代了一小部分的硫。<ref name="geosel1">{{cite journal|pmid= 9726787|date= 1998|last1= Kabata-Pendias|first1= A.|title= Geochemistry of selenium|volume= 17|issue= 3–4|pages= 173–177|journal= Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology}}</ref><ref name="geosel2">{{cite journal|doi= 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[94:SGAH]2.0.CO;2|volume= 36|pages= 94–97|title= Selenium Geochemistry and Health|last1= Fordyce|first1= Fiona|journal= AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment|year= 2007}}</ref>
硒在天然界以多种无機物形式存在,包括[[硒化物]]、[[硒酸鹽]]和[[亚硒酸鹽]],但這些矿物很少见。 常见的[[透石膏]](selenite)并不是硒的矿物質,不含[[亚硒酸鹽|亚硒酸根离子]],而是早在发现硒之前,就像硒一样被称为月亮的一种[[石膏]](硫酸鈣水合物)。硒是許多金属硫化物矿物中最常见的杂質,它取代了一小部分的硫。<ref name="geosel1">{{cite journal|pmid= 9726787|date= 1998|last1= Kabata-Pendias|first1= A.|title= Geochemistry of selenium|volume= 17|issue= 3–4|pages= 173–177|journal= Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology}}</ref><ref name="geosel2">{{cite journal|doi= 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[94:SGAH]2.0.CO;2|volume= 36|pages= 94–97|title= Selenium Geochemistry and Health|last1= Fordyce|first1= Fiona|journal= AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment|year= 2007}}</ref>
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某些土壤富含硒,而硒可以被某些植物进行[[生物累积]]。在土壤中,硒最常以可溶形式存在,例如硒酸鹽(类似于硫酸鹽),它们很容易透过淋溶进入河流,<ref name="geosel1"/><ref name="geosel2"/>海水含有相当量的硒。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00370-3|title= Role of oceans as biogenic sources of selenium|date= 2001|last1= Amouroux|first1= David|last2= Liss|first2=Peter S.|last3= Tessier|first3= Emmanuel|last4= Hamren-Larsson|first4= Marie|last5= Donard|first5= Olivier F.X|journal= Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume= 189|issue= 3–4|pages= 277–283|bibcode= 2001E&PSL.189..277A |display-authors=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1080/08910600701698986|title =How to use the world's scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food|date =2007|last1 =Haug|first1 =Anna|last2 =Graham|first2 =Robin D.|last3 =Christophersen|first3 =Olav A.|last4 =Lyons|first4 =Graham H.|journal =Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease|volume =19|issue =4|pages =209–228|pmid =18833333|pmc =2556185}}</ref>
某些土壤富含硒,而硒可以被某些植物进行[[生物累积]]。在土壤中,硒最常以可溶形式存在,例如硒酸鹽(类似于硫酸鹽),它们很容易透过淋溶进入河流,<ref name="geosel1"/><ref name="geosel2"/>海水含有相当量的硒。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00370-3|title= Role of oceans as biogenic sources of selenium|date= 2001|last1= Amouroux|first1= David|last2= Liss|first2=Peter S.|last3= Tessier|first3= Emmanuel|last4= Hamren-Larsson|first4= Marie|last5= Donard|first5= Olivier F.X|journal= Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume= 189|issue= 3–4|pages= 277–283|bibcode= 2001E&PSL.189..277A |display-authors=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1080/08910600701698986|title =How to use the world's scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food|date =2007|last1 =Haug|first1 =Anna|last2 =Graham|first2 =Robin D.|last3 =Christophersen|first3 =Olav A.|last4 =Lyons|first4 =Graham H.|journal =Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease|volume =19|issue =4|pages =209–228|pmid =18833333|pmc =2556185}}</ref>


人为的硒来源包括燃煤,以及硫化矿石的开採和冶煉。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c1.pdf |publisher= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |title= Public Health Statement: Selenium |accessdate= 2009-01-05 |||}}</ref>
人为的硒来源包括燃煤,以及硫化矿石的开採和冶煉。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c1.pdf |publisher= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |title= Public Health Statement: Selenium |accessdate= 2009-01-05 }}</ref>


== 生产 ==
== 生产 ==


如[[铜]]、[[鎳]]或[[鉛]]一般,硒最常由許多[[硫化物]][[矿石]]中的[[硒化物]]而得。取得硒的特別有效方法是来自电解法进行金属精煉的副产物,例如由铜精煉厂的[[阳极]]泥来獲得。另一个来源是来自[[硫酸]]厂的[[鉛室法|鉛室]]泥漿,但這是一个不再使用的制程。雖可以透过許多方法從這些泥中精制硒,然而,大多数元素態硒是[[精煉]]铜或生产[[硫酸]]的副产品。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c5.pdf |publisher= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |title= Public Health Statement: Selenium – Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal |accessdate= 2009-01-05 |||}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Se/key.html |title= Chemistry: Periodic Table: selenium: key information |accessdate= 2009-01-06 |publisher= webelements |||}}</ref>自铜的{{link-en|溶劑萃取和电解提煉|Solvent extraction and electrowinning}}(SX / EW)法发明以来,在全球铜的生产供应中所佔的份額越来越大,<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1016/S0301-4207(03)00025-4|title= SX-EW copper and the technology cycle|date= 2002|last1= Bartos|first1=P. J.|journal= Resources Policy|volume= 28|issue= 3–4|pages= 85–94}}</ref>這限縮了硒的来源,因为矿石中的硒,只有相当少的部分与铜一起被淋溶出。<ref name="Naumov">{{cite journal|doi =10.1007/s11015-010-9280-7|title =Selenium and tellurium: State of the markets, the crisis, and its consequences|date =2010|last1 =Naumov|first1 = A. V.|journal =Metallurgist|volume =54|issue =3–4|pages =197–200}}</ref>
如[[铜]]、[[鎳]]或[[鉛]]一般,硒最常由許多[[硫化物]][[矿石]]中的[[硒化物]]而得。取得硒的特別有效方法是来自电解法进行金属精煉的副产物,例如由铜精煉厂的[[阳极]]泥来獲得。另一个来源是来自[[硫酸]]厂的[[鉛室法|鉛室]]泥漿,但這是一个不再使用的制程。雖可以透过許多方法從這些泥中精制硒,然而,大多数元素態硒是[[精煉]]铜或生产[[硫酸]]的副产品。<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c5.pdf |publisher= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |title= Public Health Statement: Selenium – Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal |accessdate= 2009-01-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Se/key.html |title= Chemistry: Periodic Table: selenium: key information |accessdate= 2009-01-06 |publisher= webelements }}</ref>自铜的{{link-en|溶劑萃取和电解提煉|Solvent extraction and electrowinning}}(SX / EW)法发明以来,在全球铜的生产供应中所佔的份額越来越大,<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1016/S0301-4207(03)00025-4|title= SX-EW copper and the technology cycle|date= 2002|last1= Bartos|first1=P. J.|journal= Resources Policy|volume= 28|issue= 3–4|pages= 85–94}}</ref>這限縮了硒的来源,因为矿石中的硒,只有相当少的部分与铜一起被淋溶出。<ref name="Naumov">{{cite journal|doi =10.1007/s11015-010-9280-7|title =Selenium and tellurium: State of the markets, the crisis, and its consequences|date =2010|last1 =Naumov|first1 = A. V.|journal =Metallurgist|volume =54|issue =3–4|pages =197–200}}</ref>


硒的工業生产,通常涉及從纯化铜的过程中所獲得的殘餘物提取[[二氧化硒]];此法通常先将精煉铜所得之殘餘物[[氧化]],以产生二氧化硒,二氧化硒与水混合并[[酸]]化以形成[[亚硒酸]],接著将[[二氧化硫]]氣泡通入亚硒酸溶液([[還原]]步驟)得到元素態硒。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF03220269|title= Recovering selenium and tellurium from copper refinery slimes|date= 1989|last1= Hoffmann|first1= James E.|journal= JOM|volume= 41|issue= 7|pages= 33–38|bibcode= 1989JOM....41g..33H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF03220271|title= Recovering selenium from copper refinery slimes|date= 1989|last1= Hyvärinen|first1= Olli|last2= Lindroos|first2= Leo|last3= Yllö|first3= Erkki|journal= JOM|volume= 41|issue= 7|pages= 42–43|bibcode = 1989JOM....41g..42H }}</ref><!-- http://eprints.nmlindia.org/2071/-->
硒的工業生产,通常涉及從纯化铜的过程中所獲得的殘餘物提取[[二氧化硒]];此法通常先将精煉铜所得之殘餘物[[氧化]],以产生二氧化硒,二氧化硒与水混合并[[酸]]化以形成[[亚硒酸]],接著将[[二氧化硫]]氣泡通入亚硒酸溶液([[還原]]步驟)得到元素態硒。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF03220269|title= Recovering selenium and tellurium from copper refinery slimes|date= 1989|last1= Hoffmann|first1= James E.|journal= JOM|volume= 41|issue= 7|pages= 33–38|bibcode= 1989JOM....41g..33H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF03220271|title= Recovering selenium from copper refinery slimes|date= 1989|last1= Hyvärinen|first1= Olli|last2= Lindroos|first2= Leo|last3= Yllö|first3= Erkki|journal= JOM|volume= 41|issue= 7|pages= 42–43|bibcode = 1989JOM....41g..42H }}</ref><!-- http://eprints.nmlindia.org/2071/-->


硒的总儲量估計为93,000吨。2011年全球约生产了2,000吨硒,主要集中在德国(650吨)、日本(630吨)、比利時(200吨)和俄罗斯(140吨),這些数据不包括两个主要生产国,美国和中国。其價格于2004年急剧從4-5增长至27美元/磅。2004–2010年價格相对穩定,每磅约30美元(100磅包裝),但2011年增加到65美元/磅。2010年的消费量分別为:冶金--30%,玻璃制造--30% ,农业 - 10%,化学品和顏料 - 10%,电子产品 - 10%。中国是硒的主要消费国,每年用量为1,500-2,000吨。<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|title= Selenium and Tellurium: Statistics and Information|url= http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/selenium/|publisher= United States Geological Survey|accessdate= 2012-05-30|||}}</ref>
硒的总儲量估計为93,000吨。2011年全球约生产了2,000吨硒,主要集中在德国(650吨)、日本(630吨)、比利時(200吨)和俄罗斯(140吨),這些数据不包括两个主要生产国,美国和中国。其價格于2004年急剧從4-5增长至27美元/磅。2004–2010年價格相对穩定,每磅约30美元(100磅包裝),但2011年增加到65美元/磅。2010年的消费量分別为:冶金--30%,玻璃制造--30% ,农业 - 10%,化学品和顏料 - 10%,电子产品 - 10%。中国是硒的主要消费国,每年用量为1,500-2,000吨。<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|title= Selenium and Tellurium: Statistics and Information|url= http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/selenium/|publisher= United States Geological Survey|accessdate= 2012-05-30}}</ref>


== 应用 ==
== 应用 ==
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=== 合金 ===
=== 合金 ===
在[[黃铜]]中硒与[[鉍]]一起使用来取代毒性较高的[[鉛]]。美国根据例如1974年通过的“{{link-en|安全飲用水法|Safe Drinking Water Act}}”对飲用水中的鉛进行管控,這使得減少黃铜中的鉛含量成为必要;新款黃铜以EnviroBrass的名义上市銷售。<ref>{{cite book||page= 91|title= Copper and Copper Alloys|isbn= 978-0-87170-726-0|last1= Davis|first1= Joseph R.|date= 2001|publisher= ASM Int.|access-date= 2019-08-10|||}}</ref><!--https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ1RAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA378--> 与鉛和硫一样,硒在0.15%左右的濃度下提高了钢的可加工性;<ref>{{cite book||page= 67|title= Cutting Data for Turning of Steel|isbn= 978-0-8311-3314-6|last1= Isakov|first1= Edmund|date= 2008-10-31|access-date= 2019-08-10|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF00708374|title= Effect of selenium on the structure and properties of structural steel|date= 1979|last1= Gol'Dshtein|first1=Ya. E.|last2= Mushtakova|first2=T. L.|last3= Komissarova|first3=T. A.|journal= Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume= 21|issue= 10|pages= 741–746|bibcode= 1979MSHT...21..741G}}</ref>硒在铜合金中亦可产生相同的機械加工性能。<ref>{{cite book||page= 278|title= Copper and Copper Alloys|isbn= 978-0-87170-726-0|last= Davis|first= Joseph R.|publisher= [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]]|date= 2001|access-date= 2019-08-10|||}}</ref>
在[[黃铜]]中硒与[[鉍]]一起使用来取代毒性较高的[[鉛]]。美国根据例如1974年通过的“{{link-en|安全飲用水法|Safe Drinking Water Act}}”对飲用水中的鉛进行管控,這使得減少黃铜中的鉛含量成为必要;新款黃铜以EnviroBrass的名义上市銷售。<ref>{{cite book||page= 91|title= Copper and Copper Alloys|isbn= 978-0-87170-726-0|last1= Davis|first1= Joseph R.|date= 2001|publisher= ASM Int.|access-date= 2019-08-10}}</ref><!--https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ1RAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA378--> 与鉛和硫一样,硒在0.15%左右的濃度下提高了钢的可加工性;<ref>{{cite book||page= 67|title= Cutting Data for Turning of Steel|isbn= 978-0-8311-3314-6|last1= Isakov|first1= Edmund|date= 2008-10-31|access-date= 2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1007/BF00708374|title= Effect of selenium on the structure and properties of structural steel|date= 1979|last1= Gol'Dshtein|first1=Ya. E.|last2= Mushtakova|first2=T. L.|last3= Komissarova|first3=T. A.|journal= Metal Science and Heat Treatment|volume= 21|issue= 10|pages= 741–746|bibcode= 1979MSHT...21..741G}}</ref>硒在铜合金中亦可产生相同的機械加工性能。<ref>{{cite book||page= 278|title= Copper and Copper Alloys|isbn= 978-0-87170-726-0|last= Davis|first= Joseph R.|publisher= [[ASM International (society)|ASM International]]|date= 2001|access-date= 2019-08-10}}</ref>


=== 鋰硒电池 ===
=== 鋰硒电池 ===
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=== 太阳能电池 ===
=== 太阳能电池 ===
{{link-en|铜銦鎵硒|copper indium gallium selenide solar cells}}是用于太阳能电池的材料。<ref>{{cite book||pages= 43–44|chapter= Copper indium diselenide (CIS) cell|title= Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers|isbn= 978-1-84407-442-6|author= Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie|date= 2008|publisher= Earthscan|access-date= 2019-08-10|||}}</ref>
{{link-en|铜銦鎵硒|copper indium gallium selenide solar cells}}是用于太阳能电池的材料。<ref>{{cite book||pages= 43–44|chapter= Copper indium diselenide (CIS) cell|title= Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers|isbn= 978-1-84407-442-6|author= Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie|date= 2008|publisher= Earthscan|access-date= 2019-08-10}}</ref>


=== 光电导体 ===
=== 光电导体 ===
非晶質的硒(α-Se)薄膜可用作{{link-en|平板X射线探测器|Flat panel detector}}中的光电导体,<ref name=Tan2006>{{cite thesis|author=Wee Chong Tan|title=Optical Properties of Amorphous Selenium Films|degree=Master of Science|publisher=University of Saskatchewan|date=July 2006|url=https://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-07032006-182757/Revised_Optical_Properties_of_Amorphous_Selenium_Films.pdf|access-date=2019-08-10|||}}</ref>這些探测器使用非晶質的硒将入射的X射线光子直接捕獲并轉換成电荷。<ref name=AGFA>''[http://www.agfa.com/en/he/knowledge_training/technology/direct_indirect_conversion/index.jsp Direct vs. Indirect Conversion] ''</ref>
非晶質的硒(α-Se)薄膜可用作{{link-en|平板X射线探测器|Flat panel detector}}中的光电导体,<ref name=Tan2006>{{cite thesis|author=Wee Chong Tan|title=Optical Properties of Amorphous Selenium Films|degree=Master of Science|publisher=University of Saskatchewan|date=2006-07|url=https://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-07032006-182757/Revised_Optical_Properties_of_Amorphous_Selenium_Films.pdf|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>這些探测器使用非晶質的硒将入射的X射线光子直接捕獲并轉換成电荷。<ref name=AGFA>''[http://www.agfa.com/en/he/knowledge_training/technology/direct_indirect_conversion/index.jsp Direct vs. Indirect Conversion] ''</ref>


=== 整流器 ===
=== 整流器 ===
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制造橡膠中的{{link-en|硫化|Sulfur vulcanization}}过程所使用的催化劑,可用少量有機硒化合物来改进。<ref name="Naumov" />
制造橡膠中的{{link-en|硫化|Sulfur vulcanization}}过程所使用的催化劑,可用少量有機硒化合物来改进。<ref name="Naumov" />


电子業对硒的需求正在減少。<ref name="Naumov" />它的[[光电|太阳能光电]]和[[光电导效应]]仍可用于[[影印機]]、<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1080/03086648808079729|title =Application of Selenium-Tellurium Photoconductors to the Xerographic Copying and Printing Processes|date =1988|last1 =Springett|first1 = B. E.|journal =Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements|volume =38|issue =3–4|pages =341–350}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||pages =547–548|title =Computer Systems Architecture: A Networking Approach|isbn =978-0-321-34079-5|last =Williams|first =Rob|date =2006|publisher =Prentice Hall|access-date =2019-08-10|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||pages =81–83|chapter =The Laser Printer|publisher =Wiley-VCH|title =Lasers|isbn =978-3-527-64005-8|last1 =Diels|first1 =Jean-Claude|last2 =Arissian|first2 =Ladan|date =2011|access-date =2019-08-10|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||pages =3–5|publisher =Springer|title =Organic Electronics|isbn =978-3-642-04537-0|author =Meller, Gregor|author2 =Grasser, Tibor|last-author-amp =yes|date =2009|access-date =2019-08-10|||}}</ref><!--The use of tellurium doped selenium was first challenged by amorphous silicon and now organic photosensitive polymeres took over making the selenium drums obsolete technology.--> [[光感测器|光电池]]、[[测光表|照度計]]和[[太阳能电池]]。它在單纯复印紙的機器中作为光电导体的用途,曾經是主要的应用,但在20世紀的80年代,隨著越来越多的复印機轉成使用有機光电导体,光电导体的应用下降(尽管這仍然是一个大量的最终用途)。雖然曾經被广泛使用,{{link-en|硒整流器|Selenium rectifier}}大部分已被基于矽的整流器取代(或正在被替換)。最值得注意的例外是直流电源{{link-en|突波保护|Surge protector}},其中硒抑制器的卓越能量耐受力,使其比金属氧化物型的[[變阻器|壓敏电阻]]更適用。
电子業对硒的需求正在減少。<ref name="Naumov" />它的[[光电|太阳能光电]]和[[光电导效应]]仍可用于[[影印機]]、<ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1080/03086648808079729|title =Application of Selenium-Tellurium Photoconductors to the Xerographic Copying and Printing Processes|date =1988|last1 =Springett|first1 = B. E.|journal =Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements|volume =38|issue =3–4|pages =341–350}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||pages =547–548|title =Computer Systems Architecture: A Networking Approach|isbn =978-0-321-34079-5|last =Williams|first =Rob|date =2006|publisher =Prentice Hall|access-date =2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||pages =81–83|chapter =The Laser Printer|publisher =Wiley-VCH|title =Lasers|isbn =978-3-527-64005-8|last1 =Diels|first1 =Jean-Claude|last2 =Arissian|first2 =Ladan|date =2011|access-date =2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||pages =3–5|publisher =Springer|title =Organic Electronics|isbn =978-3-642-04537-0|author =Meller, Gregor|author2 =Grasser, Tibor|last-author-amp =yes|date =2009|access-date =2019-08-10}}</ref><!--The use of tellurium doped selenium was first challenged by amorphous silicon and now organic photosensitive polymeres took over making the selenium drums obsolete technology.--> [[光感测器|光电池]]、[[测光表|照度計]]和[[太阳能电池]]。它在單纯复印紙的機器中作为光电导体的用途,曾經是主要的应用,但在20世紀的80年代,隨著越来越多的复印機轉成使用有機光电导体,光电导体的应用下降(尽管這仍然是一个大量的最终用途)。雖然曾經被广泛使用,{{link-en|硒整流器|Selenium rectifier}}大部分已被基于矽的整流器取代(或正在被替換)。最值得注意的例外是直流电源{{link-en|突波保护|Surge protector}},其中硒抑制器的卓越能量耐受力,使其比金属氧化物型的[[變阻器|壓敏电阻]]更適用。


[[硒化鋅]]是蓝光[[发光二极体]](LED)的第一种材料,但现在[[氮化鎵]]佔据了市场的主导地位。<ref>{{cite book||page= 57|chapter= The birth of the Blues|first= Dennis|last= Normile|title= Popular Science|date= 2000|access-date= 2019-08-10|||}}</ref>硒化鎘曾是[[量子点]]中的重要成分。在{{link-en|X射线照术|Xeroradiography}}和固態平板X射线照相機中,无晶質的硒片被用来将[[X射线]]影像轉換为电荷分布图。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1002/pssb.200982007|title= Amorphous selenium and its alloys from early xeroradiography to high resolution X-ray image detectors and ultrasensitive imaging tubes|date= 2009|last1= Kasap|first1= Safa|last2= Frey|first2= Joel B.|last3= Belev|first3= George|last4= Tousignant|first4= Olivier|last5= Mani|first5= Habib|last6= Laperriere|first6= Luc|last7= Reznik|first7= Alla|last8= Rowlands|first8= John A.|journal= Physica Status Solidi B|volume= 246|issue= 8|pages= 1794–1805|bibcode= 2009PSSBR.246.1794K |display-authors=3}}</ref>游离硒(Se<sup>24+</sup>)是X射线雷射中使用的活性介質之一。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Principles of LASERs fourth ed|last=Svelto|first=Orazio|publisher=Plenum|year=1998|isbn=978-0-306-45748-7|location=|pages=457|via=}}</ref>
[[硒化鋅]]是蓝光[[发光二极体]](LED)的第一种材料,但现在[[氮化鎵]]佔据了市场的主导地位。<ref>{{cite book||page= 57|chapter= The birth of the Blues|first= Dennis|last= Normile|title= Popular Science|date= 2000|access-date= 2019-08-10}}</ref>硒化鎘曾是[[量子点]]中的重要成分。在{{link-en|X射线照术|Xeroradiography}}和固態平板X射线照相機中,无晶質的硒片被用来将[[X射线]]影像轉換为电荷分布图。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1002/pssb.200982007|title= Amorphous selenium and its alloys from early xeroradiography to high resolution X-ray image detectors and ultrasensitive imaging tubes|date= 2009|last1= Kasap|first1= Safa|last2= Frey|first2= Joel B.|last3= Belev|first3= George|last4= Tousignant|first4= Olivier|last5= Mani|first5= Habib|last6= Laperriere|first6= Luc|last7= Reznik|first7= Alla|last8= Rowlands|first8= John A.|journal= Physica Status Solidi B|volume= 246|issue= 8|pages= 1794–1805|bibcode= 2009PSSBR.246.1794K |display-authors=3}}</ref>游离硒(Se<sup>24+</sup>)是X射线雷射中使用的活性介質之一。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Principles of LASERs fourth ed|last=Svelto|first=Orazio|publisher=Plenum|year=1998|isbn=978-0-306-45748-7|location=|pages=457|via=}}</ref>


硒是一些化学反应中的催化劑,但由于毒性問題,它沒有被广泛使用。在 [[X射线結晶学|X射线晶体学]]中,摻入一个或多个硒原子代替硫,有助于多波长反常色散和{{link-en|單波长反常色散| Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction}}的定相。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1098/rspa.1993.0087|title= New Techniques of Applying Multi-Wavelength Anomalous Scattering Data|date= 1993|last1= Hai-Fu|first1= F.|last2= Woolfson|first2=M. M.|last3= Jia-Xing|first3= Y.|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume= 442|issue= 1914|pages= 13–32|bibcode= 1993RSPSA.442...13H }}</ref>
硒是一些化学反应中的催化劑,但由于毒性問題,它沒有被广泛使用。在 [[X射线結晶学|X射线晶体学]]中,摻入一个或多个硒原子代替硫,有助于多波长反常色散和{{link-en|單波长反常色散| Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction}}的定相。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1098/rspa.1993.0087|title= New Techniques of Applying Multi-Wavelength Anomalous Scattering Data|date= 1993|last1= Hai-Fu|first1= F.|last2= Woolfson|first2=M. M.|last3= Jia-Xing|first3= Y.|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume= 442|issue= 1914|pages= 13–32|bibcode= 1993RSPSA.442...13H }}</ref>


硒用于{{link-en|照相印刷品的调色|Photographic print toning}},并且由許多攝影制造商作为色劑出售。硒增强并擴展了黑白攝影图像的色调范围,并提高了列印的持久性。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1021/ed014p31|title= A project for general chemistry students: Color toning of photographic prints||date= 1937|last= MacLean|first= Marion E.|journal= Journal of Chemical Education|volume= 14|issue= 1|page= 31|bibcode= 1937JChEd..14...31M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3180042|title=Differences in Image Tonality Produced by Different Toning Protocols for Matte Collodion Photographs|last=Penichon |first=Sylvie |journal=Journal of the American Institute for Conservation|volume= 38|issue= 2|date= 1999|pages= 124–143|doi=10.2307/3180042}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||page= 176|publisher= Delmar|title= Exploring Basic Black & White Photography|isbn= 978-1-4018-1556-1|last= McKenzie|first= Joy|date= 2003|access-date= 2019-08-10|||}}</ref>
硒用于{{link-en|照相印刷品的调色|Photographic print toning}},并且由許多攝影制造商作为色劑出售。硒增强并擴展了黑白攝影图像的色调范围,并提高了列印的持久性。<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1021/ed014p31|title= A project for general chemistry students: Color toning of photographic prints||date= 1937|last= MacLean|first= Marion E.|journal= Journal of Chemical Education|volume= 14|issue= 1|page= 31|bibcode= 1937JChEd..14...31M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3180042|title=Differences in Image Tonality Produced by Different Toning Protocols for Matte Collodion Photographs|last=Penichon |first=Sylvie |journal=Journal of the American Institute for Conservation|volume= 38|issue= 2|date= 1999|pages= 124–143|doi=10.2307/3180042}}</ref><ref>{{cite book||page= 176|publisher= Delmar|title= Exploring Basic Black & White Photography|isbn= 978-1-4018-1556-1|last= McKenzie|first= Joy|date= 2003|access-date= 2019-08-10}}</ref>


硒-75在工業射线照相中用作加马射线源。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndt.net/article/apcndt2006/papers/12.pdf |title=Radiography of Welds Using Selenium 75, Ir 192 and X-rays |last1=Hayward |first1=Peter |last2=Currie |first2=Dean |accessdate=2019-08-10 |||}}</ref>
硒-75在工業射线照相中用作加马射线源。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndt.net/article/apcndt2006/papers/12.pdf |title=Radiography of Welds Using Selenium 75, Ir 192 and X-rays |last1=Hayward |first1=Peter |last2=Currie |first2=Dean |accessdate=2019-08-10 }}</ref>


== 性质 ==
== 性质 ==
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|微量
|微量
|核分裂产物
|核分裂产物
|{{val|1=327000}} 年<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptb.de/en/org/6/nachrichten6/2010/60710_en.htm|title=The half-life of <sup>79</sup>Se|date=2010-09-23|publisher=Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt|accessdate=2012-05-29|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Bühnemann|first2=Rolf|last3=Hollas|first3=Simon|last4=Kivel|first4=Niko|last5=Kossert|first5=Karsten|last6=Van Winckel|first6=Stefaan|last7=Gostomski|first7=Christoph Lierse v.|date=2010|title=Preparation of radiochemically pure <sup>79</sup>Se and highly precise determination of its half-life|journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes|volume=68|issue=12|pages=2339–2351|doi=10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006|pmid=20627600|last1=Jörg|first1=Gerhard|display-authors=3}}</ref>
|{{val|1=327000}} 年<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptb.de/en/org/6/nachrichten6/2010/60710_en.htm|title=The half-life of <sup>79</sup>Se|date=2010-09-23|publisher=Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt|accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last2=Bühnemann|first2=Rolf|last3=Hollas|first3=Simon|last4=Kivel|first4=Niko|last5=Kossert|first5=Karsten|last6=Van Winckel|first6=Stefaan|last7=Gostomski|first7=Christoph Lierse v.|date=2010|title=Preparation of radiochemically pure <sup>79</sup>Se and highly precise determination of its half-life|journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes|volume=68|issue=12|pages=2339–2351|doi=10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006|pmid=20627600|last1=Jörg|first1=Gerhard|display-authors=3}}</ref>
|-
|-
|<sup>80</sup>Se
|<sup>80</sup>Se
第273行: 第273行:
|鮭鱼 / 3 oz|| 40
|鮭鱼 / 3 oz|| 40
|-
|-
|大利蛋麵 /1杯|| 35
|大利蛋麵 /1杯|| 35
|-
|-
|沙朗牛排 / 3 oz|| 28
|沙朗牛排 / 3 oz|| 28
第394行: 第394行:
* 碘營养缺乏者。研究指出硒缺乏会惡化碘缺乏的症狀,適当補充硒可以緩解碘缺乏症狀以及在神經系统的影響。
* 碘營养缺乏者。研究指出硒缺乏会惡化碘缺乏的症狀,適当補充硒可以緩解碘缺乏症狀以及在神經系统的影響。
* 使用化療藥物者需要硒營养的補充。有研究指出,多种型態的硒可以減少化療藥物(例如:[[顺鉑]],cisplatin)所引发腎和骨髓的傷害。
* 使用化療藥物者需要硒營养的補充。有研究指出,多种型態的硒可以減少化療藥物(例如:[[顺鉑]],cisplatin)所引发腎和骨髓的傷害。
资料来源:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vitaminherbuniversity.com/topic.asp?categoryid=2&topicid=1028 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-11-14 |||}}</ref>
资料来源:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vitaminherbuniversity.com/topic.asp?categoryid=2&topicid=1028 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-11-14 }}</ref>


=== 吸收 ===
=== 吸收 ===
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[[维生素A]]、[[维生素C]]、[[维生素E]]都会增加硒的吸收,当在小腸腔的[[谷胱甘肽]](glutathione,GSH)濃度低時也会增加吸收。重金属(例:水银)和植酸被认为会抑制硒的吸收。
[[维生素A]]、[[维生素C]]、[[维生素E]]都会增加硒的吸收,当在小腸腔的[[谷胱甘肽]](glutathione,GSH)濃度低時也会增加吸收。重金属(例:水银)和植酸被认为会抑制硒的吸收。


高劑量的维生素C、鋅及重金属(例如:汞)会減少硒的吸收;但若在飲食中合併食用硒及维生素C,硒可以和飲食中的胺基酸形成保护結构进而不影響其吸收<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lammd.com/opinion/selenium_and_vitamin_C_absorption.cfm |title=存档副本 |access-date=2008-11-14 |||}}</ref>。
高劑量的维生素C、鋅及重金属(例如:汞)会減少硒的吸收;但若在飲食中合併食用硒及维生素C,硒可以和飲食中的胺基酸形成保护結构进而不影響其吸收<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lammd.com/opinion/selenium_and_vitamin_C_absorption.cfm |title=存档副本 |access-date=2008-11-14 }}</ref>。


=== 转运 ===
=== 转运 ===
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硒最主要的功能是作为各种[[硒蛋白]](selenoprotein)的組成分,进而影響其酵素活性或功能。
硒最主要的功能是作为各种[[硒蛋白]](selenoprotein)的組成分,进而影響其酵素活性或功能。
* [[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶]](glutathione peroxidase,GPX)
* [[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶]](glutathione peroxidase,GPX)
** 這是研究最多的含硒酵素,因为最早发现硒的生化功能就是作为谷胱甘肽过氧化酶的輔基。谷胱甘肽过氧化酶有五种亚型,通常标記为GPX1, 2, 3, 4, 5,每一种的亚型存在于不同的组织,但是催化相同的反应。主要的功能是消除组织中的[[过氧化氫]](H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)和其他有機態过氧化物。還原过氧化物時,同時利用谷胱甘肽提供還原力(图<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/selenium/ribogsh.jpg |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-01-10 |||}}</ref>)。
** 這是研究最多的含硒酵素,因为最早发现硒的生化功能就是作为谷胱甘肽过氧化酶的輔基。谷胱甘肽过氧化酶有五种亚型,通常标記为GPX1, 2, 3, 4, 5,每一种的亚型存在于不同的组织,但是催化相同的反应。主要的功能是消除组织中的[[过氧化氫]](H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)和其他有機態过氧化物。還原过氧化物時,同時利用谷胱甘肽提供還原力(图<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/selenium/ribogsh.jpg |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-01-10 }}</ref>)。


* [[甲狀腺素脫碘酶]]({{link-en|Iodothyronine Deiodinases|deiodinases}},IDI或DI)
* [[甲狀腺素脫碘酶]]({{link-en|Iodothyronine Deiodinases|deiodinases}},IDI或DI)
** 脫碘酶是含硒蛋白質,酵素的活性区是硒半胱氨酸。已知有三种亚型。第一型存在肝臟、腎臟和肌肉,第二型及第三型存在皮膚、脑下垂体、脂肪細胞和脑。主要功能是催化[[甲狀腺素]]和相关代謝物脫去碘原子(图)[[File:Iodothyronine_deiodinase.png|50px|有框|甲狀腺素脫碘酶的作用]],例如:5'-deiodinase(5'-DI)将T4型甲狀腺素脫碘轉換成T3型甲狀腺素,后者是体内活性最高的甲狀腺素,可调节代謝、生长及发育。去碘酶也会将T4轉換反式T3(reverse T3),催化产生反式T3的酵素是5-deiodinase。T3或是反式T3都可进一步脫碘产生T2或是3,3'-diiodothyronine,這些都是沒有活性的代謝物。
** 脫碘酶是含硒蛋白質,酵素的活性区是硒半胱氨酸。已知有三种亚型。第一型存在肝臟、腎臟和肌肉,第二型及第三型存在皮膚、脑下垂体、脂肪細胞和脑。主要功能是催化[[甲狀腺素]]和相关代謝物脫去碘原子(图)[[File:Iodothyronine_deiodinase.png|50px|frame|甲狀腺素脫碘酶的作用]],例如:5'-deiodinase(5'-DI)将T4型甲狀腺素脫碘轉換成T3型甲狀腺素,后者是体内活性最高的甲狀腺素,可调节代謝、生长及发育。去碘酶也会将T4轉換反式T3(reverse T3),催化产生反式T3的酵素是5-deiodinase。T3或是反式T3都可进一步脫碘产生T2或是3,3'-diiodothyronine,這些都是沒有活性的代謝物。


* 「硫氧化還原蛋白」還原酶([[硫氧还蛋白还原酶]],TrxR)
* 「硫氧化還原蛋白」還原酶([[硫氧还蛋白还原酶]],TrxR)
** 酵素的活性区有硒半胱氨酸,并含有FAD。此酵素存在血液、皮膚和肝臟等组织。主要反应是将氧化態的「硫氧化還原蛋白」({{link-en|thioredoxin| thioredoxin}})中的[[双硫鍵]](disulfide bond)予以還原。還原態的「硫氧化還原蛋白」可以将氫原子提供給其他化合物(图<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.biocentrum.dtu.dk/dk/research/bng/Figure1.jpg |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-01-10 |||}}</ref>)。
** 酵素的活性区有硒半胱氨酸,并含有FAD。此酵素存在血液、皮膚和肝臟等组织。主要反应是将氧化態的「硫氧化還原蛋白」({{link-en|thioredoxin| thioredoxin}})中的[[双硫鍵]](disulfide bond)予以還原。還原態的「硫氧化還原蛋白」可以将氫原子提供給其他化合物(图<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.biocentrum.dtu.dk/dk/research/bng/Figure1.jpg |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-01-10 }}</ref>)。


* 硒代磷酸鹽合成酶({{link-en|Selenophosphate synthetase|Selenophosphate synthetase 1}})
* 硒代磷酸鹽合成酶({{link-en|Selenophosphate synthetase|Selenophosphate synthetase 1}})
** 硒代磷酸鹽合成酶有两种亚型,其中一型含硒半胱氨酸,催化硒离子磷酸化成硒代磷酸鹽的反应,這是合成含硒蛋白質的必備原料(图<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/labs/lb/images/Perselenide.jpg |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-01-10 |||}}</ref>)。
** 硒代磷酸鹽合成酶有两种亚型,其中一型含硒半胱氨酸,催化硒离子磷酸化成硒代磷酸鹽的反应,這是合成含硒蛋白質的必備原料(图<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/labs/lb/images/Perselenide.jpg |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2008-01-10 }}</ref>)。


* 硒蛋白質P(Selenoprotein P)
* 硒蛋白質P(Selenoprotein P)