相互理解性：修订间差异

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* '''[[阿塞拜疆语]]'''：[[土耳其语]]<ref name="Denis Sinor p.90">Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90</ref>
* '''[[阿塞拜疆语]]'''：[[土耳其语]]<ref name="Denis Sinor p.90">Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90</ref>
* '''[[白俄罗斯语]]'''：[[俄语]]、[[乌克兰语]]<ref name=BlrRusUkr>Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," ''The Slavonic Languages''. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."<br>C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and Index of the World's Languages'' (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."<br>Bernard Comrie. 1981. ''The Languages of the Soviet Union'' (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...</ref>
* '''[[白俄罗斯语]]'''：[[俄语]]、[[乌克兰语]]<ref name=BlrRusUkr>Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," ''The Slavonic Languages''. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."<br>C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and Index of the World's Languages'' (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."<br>Bernard Comrie. 1981. ''The Languages of the Soviet Union'' (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...</ref>
* '''[[波斯尼亚语]]'''：[[克罗地亚语]]、[[蒙特内哥罗语]]、[[塞尔维亚语]]（拉丁字母书写）<ref name=CroBosSerMon>{{cite book | title=Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration | page=14 | last=Greenberg | first=Robert David | year=2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780199258154 | }}</ref>
* '''[[波斯尼亚语]]'''：[[克罗地亚语]]、[[蒙特内哥罗语]]、[[塞尔维亚语]]（拉丁字母书写）<ref name=CroBosSerMon>{{cite book | title=Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration | page=14 | last=Greenberg | first=Robert David | year=2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780199258154 }}</ref>
* '''[[保加利亚语]]'''：[[马其顿语]]<ref name=BulMac>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=42 Language profile Macedonian] , UCLA International Institute</ref>
* '''[[保加利亚语]]'''：[[马其顿语]]<ref name=BulMac>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=42 Language profile Macedonian] , UCLA International Institute</ref>
* '''[[克罗地亚语]]'''：[[波斯尼亚语]]、[[蒙特内哥罗语]]、[[塞尔维亚语]]（拉丁字母书写）<ref name=CroBosSerMon/>
* '''[[克罗地亚语]]'''：[[波斯尼亚语]]、[[蒙特内哥罗语]]、[[塞尔维亚语]]（拉丁字母书写）<ref name=CroBosSerMon/>
* '''[[捷克语]]'''：[[斯洛伐克语]]、[[波兰语]]<ref name=CzeSlo>{{cite book |title=Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective |chapter=Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe ||last=Trudgill |first=Peter ||editor1-last=Duszak |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Okulska |editor2-first=Urszula |publisher=Peter Lang |series=Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11 |year=2004 |isbn=0820473286 }}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''[[捷克语]]'''：[[斯洛伐克语]]、[[波兰语]]<ref name=CzeSlo>{{cite book |title=Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective |chapter=Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe ||last=Trudgill |first=Peter ||editor1-last=Duszak |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Okulska |editor2-first=Urszula |publisher=Peter Lang |series=Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11 |year=2004 |isbn=0820473286 }}{{dead link|date=2018年1月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''[[丹麦语]]'''：[[瑞典语]]、[[挪威语]]<ref name=DanNorSve>{{cite journal | last=Bø | first=I | year=1976 | title=Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen. | journal=Rogalandsforskning | volume=4}} <!--see http://www.let.rug.nl/~gooskens/project/pdf/publ_methods_2009b.pdf--></ref>
* '''[[丹麦语]]'''：[[瑞典语]]、[[挪威语]]<ref name=DanNorSve>{{cite journal | last=Bø | first=I | year=1976 | title=Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen. | journal=Rogalandsforskning | volume=4}} <!--see http://www.let.rug.nl/~gooskens/project/pdf/publ_methods_2009b.pdf--></ref>
* '''[[芬兰语]]'''：[[爱沙尼亚语]] (部分)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51322181|title=The languages of the world|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=0203430166|edition=3rd ed|location=London|pages=|chapter=|oclc=51322181}}</ref>、 [[卡累利阿语]] (高度近似)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state|page=100 | last=Taagepera| first=Rein | year=1999| publisher=Routledge| isbn=0-415-91977-0|}}</ref>、[[克文语]]及[[梅安语]] (非常高度近似)
* '''[[芬兰语]]'''：[[爱沙尼亚语]] (部分)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51322181|title=The languages of the world|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=0203430166|edition=3rd ed|location=London|pages=|chapter=|oclc=51322181}}</ref>、 [[卡累利阿语]] (高度近似)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state|page=100 | last=Taagepera| first=Rein | year=1999| publisher=Routledge| isbn=0-415-91977-0}}</ref>、[[克文语]]及[[梅安语]] (非常高度近似)
* '''[[荷兰语]]'''：[[南非荷兰语]]（部分）<ref name="gooskens"/>、[[西弗里斯语]]（部分）<ref name="gooskens"/><ref name=DeuNed>{{cite book |title=Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area |page=51 | last=Beerkens | first=Roos | year=2010 | publisher= Waxmann Publishing Co. | isbn=9783830923466 | }}</ref>
* '''[[荷兰语]]'''：[[南非荷兰语]]（部分）<ref name="gooskens"/>、[[西弗里斯语]]（部分）<ref name="gooskens"/><ref name=DeuNed>{{cite book |title=Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area |page=51 | last=Beerkens | first=Roos | year=2010 | publisher= Waxmann Publishing Co. | isbn=9783830923466 }}</ref>
* '''[[英语]]'''：[[低地苏格兰语]]<ref name=EngSco>{{cite book | title=From Pictland to Alba 789-1000 | page=331 | last=Woolf | first=Alex | year=2007 | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | isbn=9780748612338 | }}</ref>
* '''[[英语]]'''：[[低地苏格兰语]]<ref name=EngSco>{{cite book | title=From Pictland to Alba 789-1000 | page=331 | last=Woolf | first=Alex | year=2007 | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | isbn=9780748612338 }}</ref>
* '''[[加利西亚语]]'''：[[葡萄牙语]]<ref name=GalPor>{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Jaine |year=2005 |title=Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities| journal=Estudios de Sociolingüística |volume=6 |issue=1| pages=39–64}}</ref>
* '''[[加利西亚语]]'''：[[葡萄牙语]]<ref name=GalPor>{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Jaine |year=2005 |title=Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities| journal=Estudios de Sociolingüística |volume=6 |issue=1| pages=39–64}}</ref>
* '''[[德语]]'''：[[荷兰语]]（部分）、[[卢森堡语]]<ref name="DeuNed"/>
* '''[[德语]]'''：[[荷兰语]]（部分）、[[卢森堡语]]<ref name="DeuNed"/>
* '''[[印尼语]]'''：[[马来语]]<ref name=IndMal>{{cite book |title=Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems |page=279 |last=Swan |first=Michael | year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9780521779395 |}}</ref>
* '''[[印尼语]]'''：[[马来语]]<ref name=IndMal>{{cite book |title=Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems |page=279 |last=Swan |first=Michael | year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9780521779395 }}</ref>
* '''[[卢旺达语]]'''：[[基隆迪语]]<ref name=KinKir>[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kirundi.php Kirundi Language]</ref>
* '''[[卢旺达语]]'''：[[基隆迪语]]<ref name=KinKir>[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kirundi.php Kirundi Language]</ref>
* '''[[基隆迪语]]'''：[[卢旺达语]]<ref name=KinKir/>
* '''[[基隆迪语]]'''：[[卢旺达语]]<ref name=KinKir/>
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* '''[[西班牙语]]'''：[[加泰隆尼亚语]]<ref name="EspGal">{{cite book||title=Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain|last=Wright|first=Sue|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd|year=1996|isbn=1853593540|page=80}}</ref>、[[葡萄牙语]]<ref name="GAVILANES LASO, J. L. 1996"/><ref name="Comparação Português e Castelhano"/><ref name="cvc.instituto-camoes.pt"/>
* '''[[西班牙语]]'''：[[加泰隆尼亚语]]<ref name="EspGal">{{cite book||title=Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain|last=Wright|first=Sue|publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd|year=1996|isbn=1853593540|page=80}}</ref>、[[葡萄牙语]]<ref name="GAVILANES LASO, J. L. 1996"/><ref name="Comparação Português e Castelhano"/><ref name="cvc.instituto-camoes.pt"/>
* '''[[瑞典语]]'''：[[丹麦语]]、[[挪威语]]<ref name=DanNorSve/>
* '''[[瑞典语]]'''：[[丹麦语]]、[[挪威语]]<ref name=DanNorSve/>
* '''[[托克劳语]]'''：[[图瓦卢语]]<ref name=TokTuv>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Tokelauan/ |title=Tokelauan language |access-date=2010-11-24 |||}}</ref>
* '''[[托克劳语]]'''：[[图瓦卢语]]<ref name=TokTuv>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Tokelauan/ |title=Tokelauan language |access-date=2010-11-24 }}</ref>
* '''[[土耳其语]]'''：[[阿塞拜疆语]]<ref name="Denis Sinor p.90"/>
* '''[[土耳其语]]'''：[[阿塞拜疆语]]<ref name="Denis Sinor p.90"/>
* '''[[图瓦卢语]]'''：[[托克劳语]]<ref name=TokTuv/>
* '''[[图瓦卢语]]'''：[[托克劳语]]<ref name=TokTuv/>
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* '''[[保加利亚语]]'''与'''[[马其顿语]]'''：[[托拉克语]]、[[波斯尼亚语]]、[[克罗地亚语]]（前两者用西里尔字母书写，后三者用拉丁字母书写）<ref name=Bul20>Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century)</ref>
* '''[[保加利亚语]]'''与'''[[马其顿语]]'''：[[托拉克语]]、[[波斯尼亚语]]、[[克罗地亚语]]（前两者用西里尔字母书写，后三者用拉丁字母书写）<ref name=Bul20>Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century)</ref>
* '''[[达利语]]'''：[[波斯语]]、[[塔吉克语]]<ref name=DariPersianTajik>[http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf Dari/Persian/Tajik languages]</ref>（塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写，其他两者则用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写）
* '''[[达利语]]'''：[[波斯语]]、[[塔吉克语]]<ref name=DariPersianTajik>[http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf Dari/Persian/Tajik languages]</ref>（塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写，其他两者则用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写）
* '''[[德语]]'''：[[意第绪语]]<ref name=DeuYid>{{cite book | title= Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1| page=192 | last=Avrum Ehrlich | first=Mark | year=2009 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=9781851098736 | }}</ref>（德语用拉丁字母书写，意第绪语则用希伯来字母书写）
* '''[[德语]]'''：[[意第绪语]]<ref name=DeuYid>{{cite book | title= Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1| page=192 | last=Avrum Ehrlich | first=Mark | year=2009 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=9781851098736 }}</ref>（德语用拉丁字母书写，意第绪语则用希伯来字母书写）
* '''[[印地语]]'''：[[乌尔都语]]<ref name=HinUrd>{{cite journal |last=Gumperz |first=John J. |title=Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India ||journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=February 1957 |pages=251–259}}</ref>（印地语用天城文书写，乌尔都语则用波斯-阿拉伯语字母书写）
* '''[[印地语]]'''：[[乌尔都语]]<ref name=HinUrd>{{cite journal |last=Gumperz |first=John J. |title=Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India ||journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1957-02 |pages=251–259}}</ref>（印地语用天城文书写，乌尔都语则用波斯-阿拉伯语字母书写）
* '''[[老挝语]]'''：[[泰语]]<ref name=ThaiLao>[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/node3.html Ausbau and Abstand languages]</ref>（各有书写系统）
* '''[[老挝语]]'''：[[泰语]]<ref name=ThaiLao>[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/node3.html Ausbau and Abstand languages]</ref>（各有书写系统）
* '''[[波斯语]]'''：[[塔吉克语]]<ref name=DariPersianTajik/>（波斯语与达利语用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写，塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写）
* '''[[波斯语]]'''：[[塔吉克语]]<ref name=DariPersianTajik/>（波斯语与达利语用波斯-阿拉伯字母书写，塔吉克语用西里尔字母书写）
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* '''[[乌尔都语]]'''：[[印地语]]<ref name=HinUrd/>
* '''[[乌尔都语]]'''：[[印地语]]<ref name=HinUrd/>
* '''[[维吾尔语]]'''：[[乌兹别克语]]<ref name=UznUig/>（维吾尔语用阿拉伯字母书写，乌兹别克语用拉丁字母书写）
* '''[[维吾尔语]]'''：[[乌兹别克语]]<ref name=UznUig/>（维吾尔语用阿拉伯字母书写，乌兹别克语用拉丁字母书写）
* '''[[乌兹别克语]]'''：[[维吾尔语]]<ref name=UznUig>{{cite book | title=The Turkic Languages | chapter=Uyghur | last=Hahn | first=Reinard F. | page=379 | editors=Lars Johanson, Éva Csató | year=1998 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=9780415082006 | }}</ref>
* '''[[乌兹别克语]]'''：[[维吾尔语]]<ref name=UznUig>{{cite book | title=The Turkic Languages | chapter=Uyghur | last=Hahn | first=Reinard F. | page=379 | editors=Lars Johanson, Éva Csató | year=1998 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=9780415082006 }}</ref>
* '''[[意第绪语]]'''：[[德语]]<ref name="DeuYid"/>
* '''[[意第绪语]]'''：[[德语]]<ref name="DeuYid"/>
* '''[[东干语]]'''：[[现代标準汉语]]（各有书写系统）
* '''[[东干语]]'''：[[现代标準汉语]]（各有书写系统）
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=== 仅书面 ===
=== 仅书面 ===
* '''[[法罗语]]'''：[[冰岛语]]<ref name=IslFao/>
* '''[[法罗语]]'''：[[冰岛语]]<ref name=IslFao/>
* '''[[冰岛语]]'''：[[法罗语]]<ref name=IslFao>{{cite book | title=Language and nationalism in Europe| page=106 | last=Barbour | first=Stephen | year=2000 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780199250851 | }}</ref>
* '''[[冰岛语]]'''：[[法罗语]]<ref name=IslFao>{{cite book | title=Language and nationalism in Europe| page=106 | last=Barbour | first=Stephen | year=2000 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780199250851 }}</ref>


=== 古语 ===
=== 古语 ===
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/相互理解性”