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[[File:Yersinia pestis fluorescent.jpeg|200px| |
[[File:Yersinia pestis fluorescent.jpeg|200px|thumb|[[鼠疫]]的[[病原體]][[鼠疫杆菌]]([[荧光]])]] |
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'''瘟疫'''({{lang-en|Pandemic}}),也称'''大流行''',是指某种[[流行病]]的大范围[[疾病爆发|爆发]],其规模涉及多个[[大陆]]甚至全球(即全球大流行),并有大量人口患病<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 1 - Section 11|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html|accessdate=2020-12-11|author=|date=2020-05-11|format=|work=|publisher=[[美国疾控中心]](CDC)|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a pandemic?|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/|accessdate=2020-12-11|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]](WHO)|language=}}</ref>。瘟疫中的流行病多为[[传染病]],而这种流行病也被称为“大流行病”或“大流行性疾病”({{lang-en|Pandemic disease}})”<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=流行和大流行性疾病|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/zh/|accessdate=2020-12-21|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Disease outbreaks|url=http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/|accessdate=2020-12-21|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=世界卫生组织(WHO)|language=}}</ref>。 |
'''瘟疫'''({{lang-en|Pandemic}}),也称'''大流行''',是指某种[[流行病]]的大范围[[疾病爆发|爆发]],其规模涉及多个[[大陆]]甚至全球(即全球大流行),并有大量人口患病<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 1 - Section 11|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html|accessdate=2020-12-11|author=|date=2020-05-11|format=|work=|publisher=[[美国疾控中心]](CDC)|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a pandemic?|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/|accessdate=2020-12-11|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]](WHO)|language=}}</ref>。瘟疫中的流行病多为[[传染病]],而这种流行病也被称为“大流行病”或“大流行性疾病”({{lang-en|Pandemic disease}})”<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=流行和大流行性疾病|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/zh/|accessdate=2020-12-21|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Disease outbreaks|url=http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/|accessdate=2020-12-21|author=|date=|format=|work=|publisher=世界卫生组织(WHO)|language=}}</ref>。 |
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根據[[世界衛生組織]]的定義,瘟疫/大流行的出現應符合下列條件<ref name="who">{{cite web | language=en | url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/ | title=Avian influenza frequently asked questions | date=December 5, 2005 | accessdate=2009-02-13 | publisher=[[世界衛生組織]] | quote=A pandemic can start when three conditions have been met: a new influenza virus subtype emerges; it infects humans, causing serious illness; and it spreads easily and sustainably among humans. |
根據[[世界衛生組織]]的定義,瘟疫/大流行的出現應符合下列條件<ref name="who">{{cite web | language=en | url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/ | title=Avian influenza frequently asked questions | date=December 5, 2005 | accessdate=2009-02-13 | publisher=[[世界衛生組織]] | quote=A pandemic can start when three conditions have been met: a new influenza virus subtype emerges; it infects humans, causing serious illness; and it spreads easily and sustainably among humans. }}</ref>: |
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# 一種新病原体在人群中出現; |
# 一種新病原体在人群中出現; |
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# 病原体可感染人,并能引起嚴重症状; |
# 病原体可感染人,并能引起嚴重症状; |
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== 字源 == |
== 字源 == |
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=== 瘟疫 === |
=== 瘟疫 === |
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根據中 |
根據中国古籍著作《[[集韻]]》·平聲·魂韻:「瘟,疫也。」,而[[唐朝]]作家[[柳宗元]]於《永州龍興寺息壤記行文》:「南方多疫,勞者先死。」,至於瘟疫一詞乃自古沿用至今,最早運用此字的著作,可能為《[[抱朴子]]》·內篇·微旨:「經瘟疫則不畏,遇急難則隱形。」 |
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=== 大流行 === |
=== 大流行 === |
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== 生物武器 == |
== 生物武器 == |
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瘟疫也曾被用來當成[[生物武器]]。1346年時,蒙古軍將死於瘟疫的屍體丟到圍困的[[克里米亞]]的卡法(今日[[俄羅斯]]的[[费奥多西亚]]),[[札尼別]]時代的蒙古軍中,多人得了瘟疫,在長期圍困後,蒙古軍將因瘟疫的死屍體丟到城內,試圖傳染給城內的居民。這可能是導致[[黑死病]]在歐洲蔓延的原因之一<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wheelis M |title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=971–5 |pmid=12194776 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm |pmc=2732530 |doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536 |date=September 2002 |access-date=2013-11-08 |
瘟疫也曾被用來當成[[生物武器]]。1346年時,蒙古軍將死於瘟疫的屍體丟到圍困的[[克里米亞]]的卡法(今日[[俄羅斯]]的[[费奥多西亚]]),[[札尼別]]時代的蒙古軍中,多人得了瘟疫,在長期圍困後,蒙古軍將因瘟疫的死屍體丟到城內,試圖傳染給城內的居民。這可能是導致[[黑死病]]在歐洲蔓延的原因之一<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wheelis M |title=Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=971–5 |pmid=12194776 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm |pmc=2732530 |doi=10.3201/eid0809.010536 |date=September 2002 |access-date=2013-11-08 }}</ref>。 |
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[[美洲原住民]]在和[[旧大陆]]的探險隊接觸後,因為探險隊也引入許多致命的疾病,造成美洲原住民的大量死亡。有記載對美洲原住民的細菌戰只有一次,是在[[法國-印第安人戰爭]]後期,約1763年的[[龐蒂亞克戰爭]]中,是由英國指揮官[[杰弗裡·阿默斯特]]<!--及瑞士-英國的軍官上校Henry Bouquet-->曾想將有天花病毒的毯子送給印地安人<ref>{{cite book |
[[美洲原住民]]在和[[旧大陆]]的探險隊接觸後,因為探險隊也引入許多致命的疾病,造成美洲原住民的大量死亡。有記載對美洲原住民的細菌戰只有一次,是在[[法國-印第安人戰爭]]後期,約1763年的[[龐蒂亞克戰爭]]中,是由英國指揮官[[杰弗裡·阿默斯特]]<!--及瑞士-英國的軍官上校Henry Bouquet-->曾想將有天花病毒的毯子送給印地安人<ref>{{cite book |
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|first=Jared |last=Diamond |
|first=Jared |last=Diamond |
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|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |
|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |
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||publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |
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|year=1997 |
|year=1997 |
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|isbn=0-393-03891-2}}</ref>。可是不確定後來是否真的讓印地安人感染天花<ref>Dixon, ''Never Come to Peace'', 152–55; McConnell, ''A Country Between'', 195–96; Dowd, ''War under Heaven'', 190. 以下是一些認為有感染天花給印地安人的文獻:Nester, ''Haughty Conquerors"'', 112; Jennings, ''Empire of Fortune'', 447–48.</ref>。 |
|isbn=0-393-03891-2}}</ref>。可是不確定後來是否真的讓印地安人感染天花<ref>Dixon, ''Never Come to Peace'', 152–55; McConnell, ''A Country Between'', 195–96; Dowd, ''War under Heaven'', 190. 以下是一些認為有感染天花給印地安人的文獻:Nester, ''Haughty Conquerors"'', 112; Jennings, ''Empire of Fortune'', 447–48.</ref>。 |
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[[中 |
[[中国抗日戰爭]](1937-1945)期间,[[大日本帝國陸軍|日本军队]]的[[731部队]]为从事[[生物战]][[细菌战]]研究而对成千上万的人进行[[人體實驗]],其中大多数是中国人。在军事战役中,日本军队对中国軍人和平民也使用过细菌武器,造成[[霍乱]]、[[炭疽病]]、[[鼠疫]]等疾病流行,使大约40万中国平民丧生。<ref>{{cite news |title=Doctors of Depravity |publisher=Daily Mail |author=Christopher Hudson |date=2 March 2007 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=439776&in_page_id=1770 |location=London |accessdate=2013-11-21 }}</ref> |
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已知可被用于战争的疾病包括[[炭疽病]]、[[埃博拉病毒|埃博拉]]、[[马尔堡病毒]]、[[鼠疫]]、[[霍乱]]、[[斑疹傷寒]]、[[落磯山斑點熱]]、[[兔熱病]]、[[布魯氏菌病]]、[[Q型流感]]、[[玻利维亚出血热]]、[[球孢子菌病]]、[[馬鼻疽]]、[[類鼻疽]]、[[志賀氏菌]]、[[鸚鵡熱]]、[[流行性乙型脑炎]]、[[裂谷熱]]、[[黄热病]]和[[天花]]等。<ref name="Alibek">Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. ''Biohazard (book)|Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it.'' 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 978-0-385-33496-9 [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0385334966/].</ref> |
已知可被用于战争的疾病包括[[炭疽病]]、[[埃博拉病毒|埃博拉]]、[[马尔堡病毒]]、[[鼠疫]]、[[霍乱]]、[[斑疹傷寒]]、[[落磯山斑點熱]]、[[兔熱病]]、[[布魯氏菌病]]、[[Q型流感]]、[[玻利维亚出血热]]、[[球孢子菌病]]、[[馬鼻疽]]、[[類鼻疽]]、[[志賀氏菌]]、[[鸚鵡熱]]、[[流行性乙型脑炎]]、[[裂谷熱]]、[[黄热病]]和[[天花]]等。<ref name="Alibek">Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. ''Biohazard (book)|Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it.'' 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 978-0-385-33496-9 [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0385334966/].</ref> |
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== 參見 == |
== 參見 == |
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* [[地方性流行病]] |
* [[地方性流行病]] |
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* [[中 |
* [[中国瘟疫史]] |
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* [[叢林肉]] |
* [[叢林肉]] |
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* [[瘟神]] |
* [[瘟神]] |
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== 參考资料 == |
== 參考资料 == |
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{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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== 外部連結 == |
== 外部連結 == |
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* [ |
* [http://www.scribemedia.org/2006/12/18/pandemic-preparedness/ Pandemic Preparedness video. Expert panel discussion]{{en icon}} |
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* [http://www.who.int/en/ WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues] {{en icon}} |
* [http://www.who.int/en/ WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues] {{en icon}} |
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm Past pandemics that ravaged Europe] {{en icon}} |
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm Past pandemics that ravaged Europe] {{en icon}} |
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* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic/phases.htm CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases] {{en icon}} |
* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic/phases.htm CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases] {{en icon}} |
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* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site] {{en icon}} |
* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site] {{en icon}} |
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* [ |
* [http://www.fluwikie.com/index.php?n=Main.HomePage The Flu Wiki — to help local communities prepare for and perhaps cope with a possible influenza pandemic.]{{en icon}} |
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* [ |
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000DCB5A-9CC7-134E-9CC783414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (November 2005 Issue) Preparing for a Pandemic]{{en icon}} |
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* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 'Defying Death'] Freeview 'Next Big Thing' Video. A Discussion by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU{{en icon}} |
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 'Defying Death'] Freeview 'Next Big Thing' Video. A Discussion by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU{{en icon}} |
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