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|3=zh-hans:宣礼塔; zh-hant:叫拜樓;
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[[File:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|
{{Islam|culture}}
[[File:汶萊國際機場外清真寺Airport Mosque.jpg|
[[File:SA_Blue_Mosque.jpg|
'''-{zh-hans:清真寺;zh-hant:清真寺;zh-sg:回教堂;}-'''([[阿拉伯语]]:单数{{large|مسجد}} / {{large|جامع}} masjid / jāmiʿ,复数{{lang|ar|{{large|مساجد}}}} / {{lang|ar|{{large|جوامع}}}} masājid / jawāmiʿ),又称'''-{zh-sg:清真寺;zh-hans:回教堂;zh-hant:回教堂;}-'''、'''礼拜寺''',是供[[穆斯林]]群眾使用的[[宗教场所]]。
对于什么宗教场所可视作回教堂,[[遜尼派]]的[[伊斯兰教法学|回教法学]]{{里}}有严格以及具体的要求,不符合规定的场所则称作musallah。<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid">{{cite web|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |title=Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla |publisher=Qa.sunnipath.com |date=2005-07-03 |accessdate=2011-11-03
许多回教堂都有精致的[[圆顶]]、[[宣礼塔]]和礼拜殿,各有独特的建筑风格。回教堂起源于[[阿拉伯半岛]],如今所有人类聚居的大陆{{里}}均能发现其踪影,用作穆斯林(回教徒)[[礼拜 (伊斯兰教)|礼拜]]的地方,也可以作传达信息、教育以及争议解决等用途。回教堂的会众由[[伊玛目]]带领祷告。
== 词源 ==
[[File:RezaShrine2.jpg|
阿拉伯文的{{large|مسجد}} masjid一词,其词根为{{large|سجد}} sajada,意为“拜倒”,因为穆斯林礼拜时需要拜倒叩拜。<ref>"masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/114605].</ref>
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全世界的第一座回教堂通常被认为是位于[[麦加]]、以[[克尔白]]为中心的[[禁寺]]。<ref>{{harvnb|Kuban|1974|p=1}}</ref>早在公元638年起,禁寺就扩大了若干次,为的是容纳日益增多、住在禁寺周边地区或每年前往麦加[[朝觐 (伊斯兰教)|朝圣]]的回教徒。<ref>{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=241}}</ref>也有意见认为史上第一座回教堂则应该是坐落在今[[麦地那]]的[[库巴清真寺|库巴回教堂]],因为这是[[穆罕默德|穆罕默德先知]]在622年[[希吉拉|从麦加迁移]]时建造的第一座建筑。<ref>{{harvnb|Tajuddin|1998|p=135}}</ref>
[[File:Great Mosque of Kairouan Stitched Panorama - Grande Mosquée de Kairouan Panorama.jpg|
穆罕默德先知接着在麦地那亲自再建设一座回教堂,现称作[[先知寺|先知回教堂]],并帮助开拓回教堂作为伊斯兰城市的重点的概念。<ref name="chiu678">{{harvnb|Chiu|2010|pp=67–8}}</ref>先知回教堂的一些特点,在当今回教堂也仍常见,其中包括设于礼拜殿后墙正中处的小拱门的[[米哈拉布]]以及讲台[[敏拜尔]],<ref>{{harvnb|Cosman|Jones|2008|p=610}}</ref>该回教堂也建有一个大庭院,回教堂自此都常见这样的设计。<ref name="chiu678" />
{{clear}}
== 现代政治角色 ==
{{see also|伊斯兰教与政治}}
[[File:Aerial view of East London Mosque complex - Feb 2014.jpg|
20世纪末,作为政治用途的回教堂数量日渐增多,而当今西方世界的回教堂通常也会倡导民间参与。正因为回教堂在社群{{里}}的重要性,所以回教堂被用来宣扬与非信徒的和平共存,即使是在逆境中。
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=== 宣扬 ===
回教徒为少数群体的国家和地区比回教徒占主体的[[大中东]]国家和地区更有可能会通过回教堂作为倡导民间参与的一种方式。<ref name="tc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |publisher=Teachers' College – Columbia University |title=The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American |last=Jamal |first=Amany |accessdate=2006-04-22
== 组成建筑 ==
清真寺内不得有任何形式的[[偶像]],即没有任何人物、动物、图腾和标志的[[雕像]]、[[画像]],也不需要任何[[供品]](因为造物主-真主-是无求的 主),只有围绕的柱廊,中心一个大拱顶,主要的墙要向着[[麦加]]的[[卡巴]]方向,墙中间有一个凹下的[[壁]],叫做[[米哈拉布]]('''محراب'''),是指示[[穆斯林]]礼拜方向的。[[壁]]中有一座带[[阶梯]]的高台,是在[[主麻日]]时,为[[伊玛目]]站在上面带领诵读《古兰经》、讲道、宣布消息
由于《古兰经》要求穆斯林每日要做五次礼拜:日出前、正午后、下午时、日落和进入黑夜,在古代没有时钟的情况下,很难掌握统一的时间,因此在清真寺外建有[[宣礼塔]],每到礼拜时间,就有唤礼者在塔上大声呼唤,有的大清真寺四周有几个宣礼塔,现代都装有扩音器,不再或很少上宣礼塔唤礼(Azan),但是某些传统清真寺仍保留宣礼员上塔唤礼这一方式。
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== 参考文献 ==
=== 引用 ===
{{
=== 来源 ===
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* {{cite book | last=Asher | first=Catherine B. | year=1992 | title=Architecture of Mughal India | series=The New Cambridge History of India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, Eng. | isbn=9780521267281 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last=Bearman | editor-first=P.J. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor2-first=Th. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-first=C.E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor4-first=E. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-first = W.P. | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Bellows | editor-first=Keith | year=2008 | title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations |
* {{cite book | editor-last=Bloom | editor-first=Jonathan M. | editor2-last=Blair | editor2-first=Sheila | year=2009 | title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, Eng. | isbn=9780195309911 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Budge | first=E. A. Wallis | year=2001 | title=Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | location=Toronto | isbn=9780486149530 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Chiu | first=Y. C. | title=An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Part 1900| publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. | location=Delft, the Netherlands | isbn=9789059724372 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cosman | first=Madeleine Pelner | last2=Jones | first2=Linda Gale | title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |publisher=Infobase Publishing | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=9781438109077 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal | last=Cowen | first=Jill S. | date=July–August 1985 | title=Muslims in China | magazine=Saudi Aramco World | url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm | volume=36 | number=4 | ref=harv |
* {{cite book | editor-last=Dumper | editor-first=Michael | editor2-last=Stanley | editor2-first=Bruce E. | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |
* {{cite book | last=Elleh | first=Nnamdi | year=2002 | title=Architecture and Power in Africa | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Ct. | isbn= 9780275976798 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Essa | first=Ahmed | last2=Ali | first2=Othman | year=2010 | title=Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance |
* {{cite book | last=Flood | first=Finbarr Barry | year=2001 | title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture
| series=Islamic History and Civilization | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004116382 | ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book | last=Netton | first=Ian Richard | year=1996 | title=Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam | edition=annotated | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780700703401 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nielsen | editor-first=Jørgen Schøler | editor2-last=Akgönül | editor2-first=Samim | editor3-last=Alibašić | editor3-first=Ahmet | editor4-last=Goddard | editor4-first=Hugh | editor5-last=Maréchal | editor5-first=Brigitte | year=2011 | title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe | volume=3 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004205161 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Nimer | first=Mohamed | year=2002 | title=The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada |
* {{cite book | last=Ruggles | first=D. Fairchild | year=2002 | title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain | publisher=Penn State Press | location=University Park, Penn. | isbn=9780271042725 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Tajuddin | first=Mohamed | title=The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies | publisher=Penerbit UTM | location=Kuala Lumpur | year=1998 | isbn=9789835201318 | ref=harv }}
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== 扩展阅读 ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. |
* Campanini, Massimo, Mosque, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61069-177-2
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. |
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin |
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin |
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan |
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard |
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West |
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur |
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin |
* {{cite book|last=Kahera|first=Akel|title=Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics|year=2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|isbn=0-292-74344-0}}
{{refend}}
== 外部链接 ==
* [
* [http://www.tijarapages.com/ 英国清真寺和穆斯林词典]
* [http://www.islamicfinder.org/gallery/index.php?cat=10 世界各地清真寺]
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/themosque.htm 介绍清真寺]
|