流行病列表：修订间差异

本列表记录[[人类历史]]上主要的由[[传染病|'''传染病''']]所导致的'''[[流行病]]疫情'''，非传染病导致的流行病疫情不包含在本列表中，另可参见“[[传染病历史]]”。关于发生在[[中国]]境内的流行病，亦可参见“[[中国瘟疫史]]”，但由于[[中医学|中医]]和[[西医]]的用语不同，故[[中国历史]]上的部分流行病与当今[[医学]]对[[疾病]]的定义没有准确对应<ref>{{Cite web|title=病菌改变历史：1890年多位晚清重臣因瘟疫去世|url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/200912/1228_7180_1490340.shtml|date=2009-12-28|publisher=《[[新民晚报]]》|agency=[[凤凰网]]|language=zh|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=被忽视的光绪十六年冬季的传染病，与“俄罗斯大流感”有何关联？|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-03-13/doc-iimxyqwa0218803.shtml|author=姜鸣|date=2020-03-13|last=|work=[[新浪]]|publisher=[[澎湃新闻]]|language=zh|||}}</ref>。

流行病是指在一段时间内众多人口所得的[[疾病]]。[[疾病爆发]]所导致的流行病疫情，可以是小范围的[[地方性流行病]]，或全球性的[[瘟疫]]（大流行）<ref>{{Cite web|title=Principles of Epidemiology|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html|date=2020-05-11|publisher=[[美国疾控中心]]（CDC）|language=en-us|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a pandemic?|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/|date=2010-02-24|publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]（WHO）|language=en|||}}</ref>。

|[[第二次鼠疫大流行]]的开端，约30%-60%[[欧洲]]人口死亡<ref>{{Cite web|title=教科文组织：黑死病在丝绸之路上的传播给人们带来何种启示？|url=https://news.un.org/zh/story/2020/04/1053972 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date=2020-04-01 |publisher=[[联合国]]|language=zh |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plague|url=https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=438&identifier=Plague&identifierType=name&menuItemId=108&catId=183 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[美国国立卫生研究院]]（National Institutes of Health）|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bright Side of the Black Death|url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-bright-side-of-the-black-death |accessdate=2020-12-07|date=2017-02-06|work=American Scientist|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/black-death-fatal-flu-past-pandemics-show-why-people-margins-suffer-most |accessdate=2020-12-07|author=Lizzie Wade|date=2020-05-14 |publisher=《[[科学 (期刊)|科学]]》（Science {{!}} AAAS）|language=en |||}}</ref>；源头不明/有争议。

|许多研究认为死亡人数至少5000万<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=联合国应对禽流感与大流行威胁|url=https://www.un.org/chinese/influenza/topics/previous_flu_pandemics.shtml|accessdate=2020-12-06|last=|publisher=联合国新闻部联合国网站事务科|language=zh-cn|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html |publisher=美国疾控中心（CDC）|language= |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=[Spanish flu in Norway 1918-19]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11808016/|last=Borza|first=T.|date=2001-12-10|journal=Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke|issue=30|volume=121|pages=3551–3554|issn=0029-2001|pmid=11808016 |accessdate=2020-12-06 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1918 Flu Pandemic Was Brutal, Killing More Than 50 Million People Worldwide|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/02/826358104/the-1918-flu-pandemic-was-brutal-killing-as-many-as-100-million-people-worldwide |accessdate=2020-12-06|work=NPR.org|language=en |||}}</ref>；与[[第一次世界大战]]联系紧密，美国[[堪萨斯州]]的军营内最早有第一波疫情记录，但对源头并无共识<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of 1918 Flu Pandemic {{!}} Pandemic Influenza (Flu) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date=2019-01-22 |publisher=[[美国疾控中心]]（CDC）|language=en-us |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins of the Spanish Influenza pandemic (1918–1920) and its relation to the First World War|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805838/|last=Erkoreka|first=Anton|date=2009-11-30|journal=Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine : An International Journal of Biomedical Research|issue=2|volume=3|pages=190–194|issn=1747-0862|pmc=2805838|pmid=20076789 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref>。

|[[第一次鼠疫大流行]]的开端，以[[拜占庭帝国]]皇帝[[查士丁尼一世]]的名字命名，约25%-60%欧洲人口死亡<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/116/51/25546|last=Mordechai|first=Lee|last2=Eisenberg|first2=Merle|date=2019-12-17|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|issue=51|doi=10.1073/pnas.1903797116|volume=116|pages=25546–25554|language=en|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31792176|last3=Newfield|first3=Timothy P.|last4=Izdebski|first4=Adam|last5=Kay|first5=Janet E.|last6=Poinar|first6=Hendrik |accessdate=2020-12-29 |||}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Top 10 Terrible Epidemics|author=Ishaan Tharoor|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027546,00.html |date=2010-10-26|journal=《[[时代杂志]]》（''Time''） |language=en-us |issn=0040-781X |accessdate=2020-12-06 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=An Empire's Epidemic|url=https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[加州大学洛杉矶分校]]（UCLA）|language= |||}}</ref><!-- removed_ref site199 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><ref>{{Cite web|title=Two of History's Deadliest Plagues Were Linked, With Implications for Another Outbreak|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/1/140129-justinian-plague-black-death-bacteria-bubonic-pandemic/ |accessdate=2020-12-06 |date=2014-01-31 |publisher=《[[国家地理]]》（National Geographic）|language=en |||}}</ref>；源头不明/有争议。

|<ref name="UN2018">{{cite web|title=Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2020 fact sheet|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet |accessdate=2020-12-31 |publisher=[[联合国艾滋病联合规划署]]（UNAIDS）|language=en |||}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=艾滋病毒/艾滋病|url=https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]（WHO）|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=艾滋病|url=https://www.un.org/zh/sections/issues-depth/aids/index.html |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date=2016-02-10 |publisher=[[联合国]]|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2019年世界艾滋病日|url=https://www.who.int/zh/campaigns/world-aids-day/2019 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]|language=zh}}</ref>；研究人员认为，病毒在[[西非地区]]由[[黑猩猩]]传播给人类<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234451/|last=Sharp|first=Paul M.|last2=Hahn|first2=Beatrice H.|date=2011-9|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine:|issue=1|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841|volume=1|issn=2157-1422|pmc=3234451|pmid=22229120 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Origin of HIV & AIDS|url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/origin |accessdate=2020-12-07|date=2015-07-20|work=Avert|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第一个得艾滋病的人对黑猩猩做了什么？|url=https://tech.ifeng.com/c/7vI2dKzHPXM |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=凤凰网|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HIV病毒和艾滋病从哪里来的？|url=https://www.bbc.com/ukchina/simp/vert_earth/2015/12/151204_vert_earth_where-hiv-first-emerged |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date=2015-12-04 |publisher=[[英国广播公司]]（BBC）|language=zh-hans |||}}</ref>。

|源于[[清朝]][[咸丰 (年号)|咸丰年间]]的[[云南省|云南]]，与[[清军]]镇压[[云南回变]]联系紧密，主要死亡人口在[[印度]]和[[中国]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|title=粮食、习俗、卫生与十九世纪的岭南瘟疫|author=赖文，李永宸|url=http://www.paper.edu.cn/scholar/showpdf/NUj2YNzIMTD0IxeQh|journal=《中国中医基础医学杂志》|issue=10 |year=2004 |accessdate=2020-12-28 |||}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=历史时期中国的鼠疫自然疫源地|url=https://history.sjtu.edu.cn/SJTU/JDHistory/kindeditor/Upload/file/20200709/202007091008323390000.pdf |author=曹树基，李玉尚 |agency=上海交通大学|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Top 10 Terrible Epidemics|author=Josh Sanburn|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027498,00.html |date=2010-10-26|journal=《[[时代杂志]]》（''Time''） |language=en-US|issn=0040-781X |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics|url=https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/ |accessdate=2020-12-06|author=John Frith |publisher=''Journal of Military and Veterans' Health''|language=en |||}}</ref>。此次大流行导致了[[1894年香港鼠疫|香港鼠疫]]、[[东北大鼠疫]]等重大地区性疫情。

|1545年-1548年第一波疫情死亡500万-1500万人（约80%的墨西哥人口）；1576年-1578年第二波疫情死亡200万-250万人（约50%的墨西哥人口）<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730237/|last=Acuna-Soto|first=Rodolfo|last2=Stahle|first2=David W.|date=2002-4|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|issue=4|doi=10.3201/eid0804.010175|volume=8|pages=360–362|issn=1080-6040|pmc=2730237|pmid=11971767|last3=Cleaveland|first3=Malcolm K.|last4=Therrell|first4=Matthew D. |accessdate=2020-12-06 |||}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=When half of the population died: the epidemic of hemorrhagic fevers of 1576 in Mexico|author=Rodofo Acuna-Soto, David W. Stahle, Matthew D. Therrell, Richard D. Griffin, Malcolm K. Cleaveland|url=https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/240/1/1/536409|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letter|issue=1 |year=2004|volume=240 |accessdate=2020-12-06 |||}}</ref>。可能由欧洲[[殖民者]]带入<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=One of history's worst epidemics may have been caused by a common microbe|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/one-history-s-worst-epidemics-may-have-been-caused-common-microbe |accessdate=2020-12-15|author=Angus Chen|date=2018-01-16 |publisher=《[[科学 (期刊)|科学]]》（''Science''）|language=en |||}}</ref>。

|'''590万+（官方报告<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Map|url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html|accessdate=2022-02-22|publisher=Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center ([[约翰斯·霍普金斯大学]]）|language=en|||}}</ref>） -'''

'''1513万+（学术估计<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Projections|url=https://covid19.healthdata.org/global?view=cumulative-deaths&tab=trend|accessdate=2022-02-22|publisher=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ([[华盛顿大学]])|language=en|||}}</ref>{{NoteTag|官方報告很有可能严重低估了新冠肺炎的死亡人数。2021年5月21日，根据[[世界卫生组织]]的估计，真实死亡人数可能为官方報告的2-3倍<ref>{{cite web|title=Total death toll from COVID-19 could be at least 6-8 million: WHO|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/total-death-toll-covid-19-could-be-least-6-8-million-who-2021-05-21|website=Reuters|date=2021-05-21 |accessdate=2021-05-28 |||}}</ref>。}}）'''

|最早确诊案例发现于中国[[武汉市|武汉]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[世界卫生组织]]（WHO）|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=世卫组织应对COVID-19疫情时间线|url=https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=世界卫生组织（WHO）|language=zh |||}}</ref>。

|由[[罗马帝国]]的军队从[[近东地区]]带回<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reactions to Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World|url=https://www.ancient.eu/article/1534/reactions-to-plague-in-the-ancient--medieval-world/ |accessdate=2020-12-06|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia |||}}</ref>。

|<ref name=":1" />；欧洲人“[[航海大发现]]”时期传入，天花大流行在[[西班牙征服阿兹特克帝国]]过程中扮演了重要角色<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Infectious Diseases and Human Population History: Throughout history the establishment of disease has been a side effect of the growth of civilization|author=Andrew P. Dobson, E. Robin Carper|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/46/2/115/252374|journal=BioScience|issue=2 |year=1996|volume=46 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref>。

|主要发生于[[第一次世界大战]]以及[[俄国内战]]期间<ref>{{Cite journal|title=TYPHUS AND ITS CONTROL IN RUSSIA, 1870-1940|author=K. DAVID PATTERSON|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0AF993E555D30A9F8DCD864F4DDD4344/S0025727300058725a.pdf/div-class-title-typhus-and-its-control-in-russia-1870-1940-div.pdf|journal=Medical History|issue=37 |year=1993 |accessdate=2020-12-06 |||}}</ref>。

|该病毒被认为源自A型[[禽流感病毒]]，于[[中华人民共和国|中国]][[贵州省|贵州]]首次爆发<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance|url=https://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/GIP_PandemicInfluenzaRiskManagementInterimGuidance_Jun2013.pdf?ua=1 |date=2013 |publisher=世界卫生组织（WHO）|language=en |||}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=1957-1958 Pandemic (H2N2 virus) {{!}} Pandemic Influenza (Flu) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1957-1958-pandemic.html |accessdate=2020-11-15 |date=2019-01-22 |publisher=美国疾病控制与预防中心|language=en-us |||}}</ref>。美国微生物学家[[莫里斯·希勒曼]]发明的疫苗拯救了数十万人的生命<ref name=":142">{{Cite web|title=How America Brought the 1957 Influenza Pandemic to a Halt|url=https://daily.jstor.org/how-america-brought-the-1957-influenza-pandemic-to-a-halt/ |accessdate=2020-11-15|date=2020-04-07|last=Zeldovich|first=Lina|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US |||}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|title=Confronting a Pandemic, 1957|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/foundations/confronting-a-pandemic-1957-67564 |accessdate=2020-11-15|work=The Scientist Magazine®|language=en |||}}</ref>。

|[[亚洲流感]]病毒发生[[抗原移型]]而来，在[[英佔香港|香港]]首次爆发<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong Flu (1968 Influenza Pandemic)|url=https://www.sinobiological.com/research/virus/1968-influenza-pandemic-hong-kong-flu |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=Sino Biological|language=en |||}}</ref>；当时也被称为“毛流感（Mao flu）”或“[[毛泽东]]流感（Mao Tse-tung flu）”<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|title=Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics|author=Mark Honigsbaum|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31201-0/abstract |date=2020-06-13|journal=《[[柳叶刀 (杂志)|柳叶刀]]》(The Lancet)|issue=10240|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31201-0 |volume=395 |pages=1824–1826|language=en|issn=0140-6736|pmid=32464113 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref><!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><ref>{{Cite web|title=The crises of winters past|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/251375.stm |accessdate=2020-11-16 |date= |publisher=[[英国广播公司]]（BBC）|language=en |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Mao's medicine made modern China|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-mao-s-medicine-made-modern-china |accessdate=2020-11-16 |date= |publisher=[[旁观者]]（The Spectator）|language= |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desert Sun 28 May 1969 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19690528.2.113&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=cdnc.ucr.edu|||}}</ref>。

|[[第二次鼠疫大流行]]的疫情，于[[巴格达|巴格达地区]]（今[[伊拉克]][[首都]]）首次爆发<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plague in Iran: its history and current status|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037359/|last=Hashemi Shahraki|first=Abdolrazagh|last2=Carniel|first2=Elizabeth|date=2016-07-24|journal=Epidemiology and Health|doi=10.4178/epih.e2016033|volume=38|issn=2092-7193|pmc=5037359|pmid=27457063|last3=Mostafavi|first3=Ehsan|access-date=2020-12-06|||}}</ref>。

|<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smallpox and the Epidemiological Heritage of Modern Japan: Towards a Total History|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143877/|last=SUZUKI|first=AKIHITO|date=2011-7|journal=Medical History|issue=3|volume=55|pages=313–318|issn=0025-7273|pmc=3143877|pmid=21792253 |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref>；公元6世纪，天花随着[[丝绸之路]]的贸易活动传到了日本和[[朝鲜半岛]]，此后造成大约1/3日本人口死亡<ref>{{Cite web|title=丝绸之路上的疾病传播：天花|url=https://zh.unesco.org/silkroad/content/sichouzhilushangdejibingchuanbotianhua |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[联合国教科文组织]]|language= |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book ||publisher=Independently Published|date=2019-11-25|isbn=978-1-7025-3599-1|language=en|first=David|last=Depierre|title=Smallpox Along the Silk Road: Disease in Chinese History }}</ref>。

|[[第二次鼠疫大流行]]的疫情，由其它欧洲国家传入，主要影响了意大利的中部及南部地区（[[那不勒斯王国]]），对[[那不勒斯|那不勒斯城]]的人口造成了毁灭性打击<ref name="Emerging2">{{Cite journal|title=Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/1/11-0597_article|last=Scasciamacchia|first=Silvia|last2=Serrecchia|first2=Luigina|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|issue=1|doi=10.3201/eid1801.110597|year=2012|volume=18|pages=186–188|language=en-us|pmc=3310102|pmid=22260781|last3=Giangrossi|first3=Luigi|last4=Garofolo|first4=Giuliano|last5=Balestrucci|first5=Antonio|last6=Sammartino|first6=Gilberto|last7=Fasanella|first7=Antonio |accessdate=2021-01-14 |||}}</ref><ref name="Alfani">{{Cite journal|title=Plague in seventeenth-century Europe and the decline of Italy: an epidemiological hypothesis|url=https://academic.oup.com/ereh/article/17/4/408/499216|last=Alfani|first=Guido|date=2013-06-19|journal=European Review of Economic History|issue=4|volume=17|pages=408–430|via=Oxford Academic |accessdate=2021-01-14 |||}}</ref>。

|最早于[[印度]]爆发，[[俄罗斯帝国]]约有100万人死亡<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1817|url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Snow/pandemic1846-63.html |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[加州大学洛杉矶分校]]（UCLA）|language= |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book ||publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00473-3|language=en|first=Geoffrey A.|last=Hosking|title=Russia and the Russians: A History |accessdate=2020-12-07 |||}}</ref>。期间，英国医生[[约翰·斯诺 (医学家)|约翰·斯诺]]采用科学方法，确定了霍乱的传播途径并成功控制疫情，被后世誉为“[[流行病学]]之父”<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 1 - Section 2|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section2.html |accessdate=2020-12-21 |date=2020-05-11 |publisher=[[美国疾控中心]]（CDC）|language=en-us |||}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|title=公共卫生监测的过去、现在和未来:(一)过去|author=蔡智强，李丽萍，白云屛|url=http://www.jbjc.org/JBJC/html/article_8459.htm|journal=《疾病监测》|issue=9 |year=2015年|volume=30 }}</ref>。

|[[第二次鼠疫大流行]]的疫情，又称“[[米兰]]大鼠疫”，意大利约25%的人口死亡<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of Cristofano and the Plague. A Study in the History of Public Health in the Age of Galileo|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2860436|last=Rosen|first=George|date=1975|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|issue=1|doi=10.2307/2860436|volume=28|pages=83–86|issn=0034-4338|access-date=2020-12-07|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A tragedy of the great plague of Milan in 1630 - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine|url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101627450-bk |accessdate=2020-12-07 |date= |publisher=[[美国国立卫生研究院]]（National Institutes of Health）|language=}}</ref>。欧洲“[[三十年战争]]”期间（1618年－1648年），军队的调度将鼠疫带到意大利<ref>{{Cite book ||publisher=New York : Facts On File|date=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4|last=Kohn|first=George C.|title=Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence : from ancient times to the present }}</ref>。

|<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Our Coronavirus Predicament Isn't All That New|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-15/coronavirus-of-today-eerily-similar-to-1889-russian-flu-pandemic|newspaper= |accessdate=2020-12-07|language=en |publisher=[[彭博新聞社]]|format= |||}}</ref>；于俄罗斯帝国的[[布哈拉]]地区首次爆发，与此同时[[加拿大]]、[[格陵兰|格林兰岛]]等地也有疫情报告<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A brief outline of respiratory viral disease outbreaks: 1889–till date on the public health perspectives|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00628-5|last=Noor|first=Rashed|last2=Maniha|first2=Syeda Muntaka|date=2020-09-02|journal=VirusDisease|doi=10.1007/s13337-020-00628-5|language=en|issn=2347-3517|pmc=PMC7466926|pmid=32905186}}</ref>。

* [[结核病]]（TB）在18世纪、19世纪于[[欧洲]]成为流行病，呈现季节性特征，并且当前还在全球流行<ref name=":032">{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=2021-02-26|last=Frith|first=John|website=Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health|||}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5051959/|last=Zürcher|first=Kathrin|last2=Zwahlen|first2=Marcel|date=2016-10-05|journal=PLoS ONE|accessdate=2021-02-27|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575|volume=11|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5051959|pmid=27706149||||last3=Ballif|first3=Marie|last4=Rieder|first4=Hans L.|last5=Egger|first5=Matthias|last6=Fenner|first6=Lukas}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/tuberculosis#tab=tab_1|accessdate=2021-02-26|publisher=世界卫生组织|language=en|||}}</ref>。结核病与[[艾滋病]]的患病率和死亡率紧密相关，称为“结核病/艾滋病共流行（TB/HIV syndemic）”<ref name=":82" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=CDC Grand Rounds: the TB/HIV syndemic|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22763886/|last=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|date=2012-07-06|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report|issue=26|volume=61|pages=484–489|issn=1545-861X|pmid=22763886|access-date=2021-02-27|||}}</ref>。依据[[世界卫生组织]]的数据，每年有1000万人患上结核病，150万人因此死亡，在[[COVID-19疫情]]之前结核病是世界上每年致死人数最多的流行病<ref name=":82" />。但由于缺乏能准确描述历史上结核病流行/大流行（具体时间和死亡数字）的资料，故暂时不记录在上表中。

* 依据世界卫生组织，截止2019年世界上有约2.96亿人口患有慢性[[乙型肝炎]]（乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性），且每年有约150万新增病例<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=乙型肝炎|url=https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b|date=2021-07-27|work=[[世界卫生组织]]|language=en|||}}</ref>。2019年，全球有约82万人死于乙肝，多因[[肝硬化]]和[[肝細胞癌|肝细胞癌]]（[[原发性肝细胞癌|原发性肝癌]]）<ref name=":17" />。在亚洲和非洲多处，乙肝已经成为一种[[地方病]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321493/|last=Franco|first=Elisabetta|last2=Bagnato|first2=Barbara|date=2012-03-27|journal=World Journal of Hepatology|issue=3|doi=10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.74|volume=4|pages=74–80|issn=1948-5182|pmc=3321493|pmid=22489259|last3=Marino|first3=Maria Giulia|last4=Meleleo|first4=Cristina|last5=Serino|first5=Laura|last6=Zaratti|first6=Laura|access-date=2021-08-10|||}}</ref>。此外，约有270万人口同时感染了[[乙肝病毒]]和[[艾滋病病毒]]，占乙肝感染者总人数的1%<ref name=":17" />。

* 依据世界卫生组织，世界上约有5800万人口患有慢性[[丙型肝炎]]，且每年有约150万新增病例<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=丙型肝炎|url=https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c|date=2021-07-27|work=[[世界卫生组织]]|language=zh|||}}</ref>。2019年，全球有约29万人死于丙肝，多因[[肝硬化]]和[[肝細胞癌|肝细胞癌]]（[[原发性肝细胞癌|原发性肝癌]]）<ref name=":18" />。历史上有多次丙肝流行疫情。

|[[第二次鼠疫大流行]]的疫情，发生于[[崇祯]]年间，是[[明朝]]灭亡的重要因素<ref>{{Cite web|title=专家谈明朝灭亡：鼠疫或为重要原因|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/12-03/5572670.shtml |accessdate=2020-12-29 |publisher=[[中新网]]|language= |||}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=《中国抗疫简史》：面对灾难，我们自古从未低头！|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/publish/2020-07/02/c_1210686600.htm |accessdate=2020-12-29 |date=2020-07-02 |publisher=新华出版社|language= |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=明朝北京的瘟疫与帝国医療体系的应變|url=http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~bihp/75/75.2/chiu.htm |accessdate=2020-12-29|author=邱仲麟|date= |publisher=[[中央研究院]] |||}}</ref>。

|50%-70%的当地人口死亡<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smallpox at Sydney Cove – who, when, why?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2013.849750|last=Warren|first=Christopher|date=2014-01-02|journal=Journal of Australian Studies|issue=1|doi=10.1080/14443058.2013.849750|volume=38|pages=68–86|issn=1444-3058}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Smallpox epidemic|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/smallpox-epidemic |accessdate=2021-01-03 |publisher=[[澳大利亚国立博物馆]] (National Museum of Australia)|language=en |||}}</ref>

- [[菲利波·帕西尼]]首次分离出[[霍乱弧菌]]<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=Who first discovered cholera?|url=https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/firstdiscoveredcholera.html |accessdate=2021-02-20 |publisher=[[加州大学洛杉矶分校]]|language=en |||}}</ref>。

- 1894年，[[亚历山大·耶尔辛]]在[[香港]]成功分离出[[鼠疫杆菌]]<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|title=Plague history: Yersin's discovery of the causative bacterium in 1894 enabled, in the subsequent century, scientific progress in understanding the disease and the development of treatments and vaccines|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24438235/|last=Butler|first=T.|date=2014-03|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases|issue=3|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12540|volume=20|pages=202–209|issn=1469-0691|pmid=24438235 |accessdate=2021-01-03 |||}}</ref><!-- removed_ref site163 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->。

- 1897年，[[沃尔德玛·哈夫金]]在印度发明了首剂鼠疫疫苗<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012|newspaper=BBC News|date=2020-12-11 |accessdate=2021-01-03|language=en-GB|author=Joel Gunter, Vikas Pandey |||}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web|title=沃尔德玛·哈夫金：被世界遗忘的疫苗先驱|url=http://med.china.com.cn/content/pid/221983/tid/1026 |accessdate=2021-01-03|author=Joel Gunter，Vikas Pandey|date=2020-12-11 |publisher=[[英国广播公司]]（BBC）|agency=中国医疗|language=zh |||}}</ref>。

|10,000<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=1902大瘟疫：中西医交锋|url=http://www.eeo.com.cn/2020/0601/385486.shtml |accessdate=2020-12-29 |date= |publisher=经济观察网|language= |||}}</ref>

|1918年－1919年|| [[世界|全球]]|| [[1918年流感大流行|西班牙流感]]|| [[流感]]|| [[甲型H1N1流感病毒]]|| 500,000,000 || 20,000,000–100,000,000 || [[病死率]]为2%-3%（也有研究估计高于10%）<ref name=":03"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Comparing COVID-19 and the 1918–19 influenza pandemics in the United Kingdom|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220305117|date=2020-09-01|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.075|volume=98|pages=67–70|language=en|issn=1201-9712 |accessdate=2020-12-29 |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic|url=https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ |accessdate=2020-12-29 |date= |publisher=斯坦福大学（Stanford University）|language= |||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1918 Flu Pandemic Was Brutal, Killing More Than 50 Million People Worldwide|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/02/826358104/the-1918-flu-pandemic-was-brutal-killing-as-many-as-100-million-people-worldwide |accessdate=2020-12-29 |date= |publisher=[[NPR]]|language=en |||}}</ref>

| 1,000,000—4,000,000 ||[[病死率]]为0.3%-0.67%（也有研究估计低于0.2%）<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|title=A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6364422/|last=Nickol|first=Michaela E.|last2=Kindrachuk|first2=Jason|date=2019-02-06|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|doi=10.1186/s12879-019-3750-8|volume=19|issn=1471-2334|pmc=6364422|pmid=30727970 |accessdate=2020-11-15 |||}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title=History lessons: the Asian Flu pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714797/|last=Jackson|first=Claire|date=2009-08-01|journal=The British Journal of General Practice|issue=565|doi=10.3399/bjgp09X453882|volume=59|pages=622–623|issn=0960-1643|pmc=2714797|pmid=22751248 |accessdate=2020-11-15 |||}}</ref>

|1968年－1969年|| 全球 || [[香港流感]]|| 流感 || [[甲型H3N2流感病毒]]|| ＞500,000,000 || 1,000,000—4,000,000 ||亚洲流感H2N2[[抗原移型]]而来，[[病死率]]为低于0.5%（也有估计低于0.2%）<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong Flu (1968 Influenza Pandemic)|url=https://www.sinobiological.com/research/virus/1968-influenza-pandemic-hong-kong-flu |accessdate=2020-11-16 |date= |publisher=Sino Biological|language= |||}}</ref>

|最早病例在中国北方，主要感染25、26岁及以下的人群，普遍认为病毒来源于苏联或中国的实验室泄露事故或疫苗接种事故<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-Function Debate|url=https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/4/e01013-15|last=Rozo|first=Michelle|last2=Gronvall|first2=Gigi Kwik|date=2015-09-01|journal=mBio|issue=4|doi=10.1128/mBio.01013-15|volume=6|language=en|issn=2150-7511|pmid=26286690 |accessdate=2021-01-10 |||}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{cite journal|title=The re-emergence of H1N1 influenza virus in 1977: a cautionary tale for estimating divergence times using biologically unrealistic sampling dates|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011184|date=June 2010|journal=PLOS ONE|issue=6|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011184|volume=5|pages=e11184|pmc=2887442|pmid=20567599|vauthors=Wertheim JO |accessdate=2021-06-24 |||}}</ref>。

| 61,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017–2018 influenza season|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/2017-2018/archive.htm |accessdate=2021-01-14 |date=2019-11-22 |publisher=[[美国疾控中心]]（US CDC）|language=en-us |||}}</ref>

|'''2.65%（初步修正值；截至2021年3月28日）'''<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Update (Live)|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ |publisher=[[Worldometer]]|language=en |||}}</ref>{{NoteTag|COVID-19目前正处于流行阶段，所以直接利用实时的“死亡人数/确诊人数”并不能得到准确的病死率，譬如一些确诊病患的死亡存在滞后性（这会导致实时的观测值较真实情况偏低），而采用“死亡人数/（死亡人数+痊愈人数）”或更复杂的计算方法可以在一定程度上修正偏差<ref name=":CFR">{{Cite web|title=估计2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的病死率|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/333642/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mortality-2020.1-chi.pdf |date=2020-08-04 |publisher=[[世界卫生组织]] |language=zh |||}}</ref>。此外，2020年8月，[[世界卫生组织]]指出，“在COVID-19大流行的过程中，我们发现对CFR（病死率）的初步估算存在较大差异，这可能产生误导。出于多种原因，很难对各国估算的CFR进行比较。发现和报告全部COVID-19死亡病例的可能性可能被夸大或者缩小。”<ref name=":CFR"/>截止2020年12月31日，依据美国[[约翰·霍普金斯大学]]实时数据，多数国家未经修正的观测病死率在0.5%-5%之间<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mortality Analyses |url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality |accessdate=2020-12-30 |publisher=约翰霍普金斯新冠病毒资源中心（Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center） ||||language=en }}</ref>。}}