心房顫動:修订间差异

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| risks = [[高血压]]、{{tsl|en|valvular heart disease|瓣膜性心臟病}}、[[冠狀动脉疾病]]、[[心肌症]]、[[先天性心臟病]]、[[慢性阻塞性肺病]]、[[睡眠呼吸暂停]]<ref name=Mun2014/><ref name=Anu2014/><ref name=Ng2013/>
| risks = [[高血压]]、{{tsl|en|valvular heart disease|瓣膜性心臟病}}、[[冠狀动脉疾病]]、[[心肌症]]、[[先天性心臟病]]、[[慢性阻塞性肺病]]、[[睡眠呼吸暂停]]<ref name=Mun2014/><ref name=Anu2014/><ref name=Ng2013/>
| diagnosis = 感觉得到[[脉搏|脉搏跳动]]、[[心电图]]<ref name=Ferg2013/>
| diagnosis = 感觉得到[[脉搏|脉搏跳动]]、[[心电图]]<ref name=Ferg2013/>
| differential =[[心律不整]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hui|first1=David|last2=Leung|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Padwal|first3=Raj|title=Approach to Internal Medicine: A Resource Book for Clinical Practice|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319118215|page=45||language=en|access-date=2017-07-29|||}}</ref>
| differential =[[心律不整]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hui|first1=David|last2=Leung|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Padwal|first3=Raj|title=Approach to Internal Medicine: A Resource Book for Clinical Practice|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319118215|page=45||language=en|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref>
| prevention =
| prevention =
| treatment = 心跳速率控制或心跳节奏控制<ref name=Anu2014/>
| treatment = 心跳速率控制或心跳节奏控制<ref name=Anu2014/>
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| prognosis =
| prognosis =
| frequency = 2.5% (已开发国家);0.5% (开发中国家)<ref name=Zoni2014/>
| frequency = 2.5% (已开发国家);0.5% (开发中国家)<ref name=Zoni2014/>
| deaths = 加上[[心房撲动]]=193,300 人 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref>
| deaths = 加上[[心房撲动]]=193,300 人 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=2016-10-08|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''心房顫动'''({{lang-en|Atrial fibrillation}},[[缩写]]:{{lang|en|Af}}、{{lang|en|A-fib}}),又称为'''心房微顫'''、'''房顫'''、'''心房纖维性顫动'''、'''心房纖顫'''、'''房性纖顫'''等,是[[心律不整]]的一种,特色是心房快速而不规则的跳动<ref>{{cite web|title=Heart Disease Other Related Conditions|url=http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/other_conditions.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=19 February 2015|date=September 3, 2014|||}}</ref>。
'''心房顫动'''({{lang-en|Atrial fibrillation}},[[缩写]]:{{lang|en|Af}}、{{lang|en|A-fib}}),又称为'''心房微顫'''、'''房顫'''、'''心房纖维性顫动'''、'''心房纖顫'''、'''房性纖顫'''等,是[[心律不整]]的一种,特色是心房快速而不规则的跳动<ref>{{cite web|title=Heart Disease Other Related Conditions|url=http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/other_conditions.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=2015-02-19|date=2014-09-03}}</ref>。


心房顫动依据持续时间长短有三种分类,包含阵发性、持续性及永久性。
心房顫动依据持续时间长短有三种分类,包含阵发性、持续性及永久性。
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== 病因与诊断 ==
== 病因与诊断 ==
[[高血压]]和{{link-en|瓣膜性心臟病|vavular heart disease}}是造成心房顫动的两个最常见危险因子<ref name="Anu2014" /><ref name="Ng2013">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=TN|last2=Hilmer|first2=SN|last3=Cumming|first3=RG|title=Review of epidemiology and management of atrial fibrillation in developing countries.|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|date=10 September 2013|volume=167|issue=6|pages=2412–20|pmid=23453870|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.184}}</ref>。其他和心臟相关、也会增加得到心房顫动的危险因子还有:[[心臟衰竭]]、[[冠狀动脉疾病]]、[[心肌症]]和[[先天性心臟病]]<ref name="Anu2014">{{cite journal|last1=Anumonwo|first1=JM|last2=Kalifa|first2=J|title=Risk Factors and Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Cardiology clinics|date=November 2014|volume=32|issue=4|pages=485–494|pmid=25443231|doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2014.07.007}}</ref>。在发展中国家,瓣膜性心臟病多半是因为[[风溼热]]所造成<ref name="Kna2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mischke|first1=K|last2=Knackstedt|first2=C|last3=Marx|first3=N|last4=Vollmann|first4=D|title=Insights into atrial fibrillation.|journal=Minerva medica|date=April 2013|volume=104|issue=2|pages=119-30|pmid=23514988}}</ref>。和肺臟相关而会增加得到心房顫动的危险因子有:[[慢性阻塞性肺病]]、[[肥胖症]]和[[睡眠呼吸中止症]]<ref name="Mun2014" />。其他危险因子尚有:过量[[乙醇|饮酒]]、[[糖尿病]]、[[甲狀腺功能亢进症]]<ref name="Mun2014" /><ref name="Kna2013" />。然而,一半以上心房顫动的病人并沒有上述所说的危险因子<ref name="Mun2014" />。当摸到紊乱的[[脉搏]]时可以推测可能患有此疾病,但确切诊断要靠[[心电图]] <ref name="Ferg2013">{{cite journal |author=Ferguson C, Inglis SC, Newton PJ, Middleton S, Macdonald PS, Davidson PM |title=Atrial fibrillation: stroke prevention in focus |journal=ACC |volume=00 |issue=2 |pages=92–8 |year=2013 |pmid=24054541 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2013.08.002 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1036731413001690 |last2=Inglis |last3=Newton |last4=Middleton |last5=MacDonald |last6=Davidson |access-date=2015-03-24 |||}}</ref>,心电图上会看到不规则的心室节律及找不到代表心房节律的{{tsl|en|P wave (electrocardiography)|P波 (心电图)|P波}}<ref name="Ferg2013" />。
[[高血压]]和{{link-en|瓣膜性心臟病|vavular heart disease}}是造成心房顫动的两个最常见危险因子<ref name="Anu2014" /><ref name="Ng2013">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=TN|last2=Hilmer|first2=SN|last3=Cumming|first3=RG|title=Review of epidemiology and management of atrial fibrillation in developing countries.|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|date=2013-09-10|volume=167|issue=6|pages=2412–20|pmid=23453870|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.184}}</ref>。其他和心臟相关、也会增加得到心房顫动的危险因子还有:[[心臟衰竭]]、[[冠狀动脉疾病]]、[[心肌症]]和[[先天性心臟病]]<ref name="Anu2014">{{cite journal|last1=Anumonwo|first1=JM|last2=Kalifa|first2=J|title=Risk Factors and Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Cardiology clinics|date=2014-11|volume=32|issue=4|pages=485–494|pmid=25443231|doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2014.07.007}}</ref>。在发展中国家,瓣膜性心臟病多半是因为[[风溼热]]所造成<ref name="Kna2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mischke|first1=K|last2=Knackstedt|first2=C|last3=Marx|first3=N|last4=Vollmann|first4=D|title=Insights into atrial fibrillation.|journal=Minerva medica|date=2013-04|volume=104|issue=2|pages=119-30|pmid=23514988}}</ref>。和肺臟相关而会增加得到心房顫动的危险因子有:[[慢性阻塞性肺病]]、[[肥胖症]]和[[睡眠呼吸中止症]]<ref name="Mun2014" />。其他危险因子尚有:过量[[乙醇|饮酒]]、[[糖尿病]]、[[甲狀腺功能亢进症]]<ref name="Mun2014" /><ref name="Kna2013" />。然而,一半以上心房顫动的病人并沒有上述所说的危险因子<ref name="Mun2014" />。当摸到紊乱的[[脉搏]]时可以推测可能患有此疾病,但确切诊断要靠[[心电图]] <ref name="Ferg2013">{{cite journal |author=Ferguson C, Inglis SC, Newton PJ, Middleton S, Macdonald PS, Davidson PM |title=Atrial fibrillation: stroke prevention in focus |journal=ACC |volume=00 |issue=2 |pages=92–8 |year=2013 |pmid=24054541 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2013.08.002 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1036731413001690 |last2=Inglis |last3=Newton |last4=Middleton |last5=MacDonald |last6=Davidson |access-date=2015-03-24 }}</ref>,心电图上会看到不规则的心室节律及找不到代表心房节律的{{tsl|en|P wave (electrocardiography)|P波 (心电图)|P波}}<ref name="Ferg2013" />。


== 风险 ==
== 风险 ==
心房顫动会造成血液流动不佳,因此心房内的血液会较容易凝结,在心房内产生血栓、血块,当血块随血液循环流至脑部时,便会堵住脑动脉,进而造成脑中风。根据研究显示,有心房顫动的患者其脑中风的可能性是正常人5倍,且因心房顫动所造成的中风,复发率高、預后也较差。另,统计显示,每20位心房顫动患者就有1位会在一年内发生中风<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reply to Mavrogenis et al.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-110567|last=Gonzalez|first=Jean-Michel|last2=Barthet|first2=Marc|date=2016-09-26|journal=Endoscopy|issue=10|doi=10.1055/s-0042-110567|volume=48|pages=952–952|issn=0013-726X}}</ref>。因此,对于心房顫动患者而言,如何有效預防中风发生是相当重要的问题。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stroke patients with atrial fibrillation have a worse prognosis than patients without: data from the Austrian Stroke registry|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.030|last=Steger|first=Christina|last2=Pratter|first2=Angelika|date=2004-10-01|journal=European Heart Journal|issue=19|doi=10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.030|volume=25|pages=1734–1740|issn=0195-668X|last3=Martinek-Bregel|first3=Monika|last4=Avanzini|first4=Marion|last5=Valentin|first5=Andreas|last6=Slany|first6=Jörg|last7=Stöllberger|first7=Claudia}}</ref><ref name="自动生成1">{{Cite web|title=Stroke risk when you have atrial fibrillation|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/stroke-risk-when-you-have-atrial-fibrillation|accessdate=2021-03-22|last=Publishing|first=Harvard Health|work=Harvard Health|||}}</ref>心房顫动病患罹患中风的机率较一般人高,其中有约79%的心房顫动病患,终其一生约有16%的风险会发生中风<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPROVING DETECTION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK AND STROKE|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5ab8f562d462b8029238d011|access-date=2021-11-11|date=2018-05-09|last=Ghosh|first=Madhura|work=dx.doi.org}}</ref>。
心房顫动会造成血液流动不佳,因此心房内的血液会较容易凝结,在心房内产生血栓、血块,当血块随血液循环流至脑部时,便会堵住脑动脉,进而造成脑中风。根据研究显示,有心房顫动的患者其脑中风的可能性是正常人5倍,且因心房顫动所造成的中风,复发率高、預后也较差。另,统计显示,每20位心房顫动患者就有1位会在一年内发生中风<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reply to Mavrogenis et al.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-110567|last=Gonzalez|first=Jean-Michel|last2=Barthet|first2=Marc|date=2016-09-26|journal=Endoscopy|issue=10|doi=10.1055/s-0042-110567|volume=48|pages=952–952|issn=0013-726X}}</ref>。因此,对于心房顫动患者而言,如何有效預防中风发生是相当重要的问题。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stroke patients with atrial fibrillation have a worse prognosis than patients without: data from the Austrian Stroke registry|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.030|last=Steger|first=Christina|last2=Pratter|first2=Angelika|date=2004-10-01|journal=European Heart Journal|issue=19|doi=10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.030|volume=25|pages=1734–1740|issn=0195-668X|last3=Martinek-Bregel|first3=Monika|last4=Avanzini|first4=Marion|last5=Valentin|first5=Andreas|last6=Slany|first6=Jörg|last7=Stöllberger|first7=Claudia}}</ref><ref name="自动生成1">{{Cite web|title=Stroke risk when you have atrial fibrillation|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/stroke-risk-when-you-have-atrial-fibrillation|accessdate=2021-03-22|last=Publishing|first=Harvard Health|work=Harvard Health}}</ref>心房顫动病患罹患中风的机率较一般人高,其中有约79%的心房顫动病患,终其一生约有16%的风险会发生中风<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPROVING DETECTION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK AND STROKE|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5ab8f562d462b8029238d011|access-date=2021-11-11|date=2018-05-09|last=Ghosh|first=Madhura|work=dx.doi.org}}</ref>。


然而,心房顫动病患的中风风险并不相同。目前大多数使用CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc分数系统来评估,分数范围从0分到9分,分数越高,表示每年的中风风险越高。许多研究及指南皆建议,医生应治疗CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc分数为2或更高分的患者,且大部分都应接受抗凝药物的治疗,来預防并降低中风的发生风险。<ref name="自动生成1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5|last=Hendrickson|first=W. A.|last2=Ward|first2=K. B.|date=1975-10-27|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90508-2|volume=66|pages=1349–1356|issn=1090-2104|pmid=5|access-date=2021-03-22|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4|last=Wiesmann|first=U. N.|last2=DiDonato|first2=S.|date=1975-10-27|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90506-9|volume=66|pages=1338–1343|issn=1090-2104|pmid=4|last3=Herschkowitz|first3=N. N.|access-date=2021-03-22|||}}</ref>此外,由于病人的病況会随时间改变,应经常评估病人的CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc分数,了解中风风险<ref>{{Cite web|title=project_intro_detail|url=http://www.hc.mmh.org.tw/webhc/project_intro_detail.aspx?project=7514&page=QA|access-date=2021-11-11|work=www.hc.mmh.org.tw}}</ref>。
然而,心房顫动病患的中风风险并不相同。目前大多数使用CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc分数系统来评估,分数范围从0分到9分,分数越高,表示每年的中风风险越高。许多研究及指南皆建议,医生应治疗CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc分数为2或更高分的患者,且大部分都应接受抗凝药物的治疗,来預防并降低中风的发生风险。<ref name="自动生成1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5|last=Hendrickson|first=W. A.|last2=Ward|first2=K. B.|date=1975-10-27|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90508-2|volume=66|pages=1349–1356|issn=1090-2104|pmid=5|access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of chloroquine on cultured fibroblasts: release of lysosomal hydrolases and inhibition of their uptake|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4|last=Wiesmann|first=U. N.|last2=DiDonato|first2=S.|date=1975-10-27|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90506-9|volume=66|pages=1338–1343|issn=1090-2104|pmid=4|last3=Herschkowitz|first3=N. N.|access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref>此外,由于病人的病況会随时间改变,应经常评估病人的CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc分数,了解中风风险<ref>{{Cite web|title=project_intro_detail|url=http://www.hc.mmh.org.tw/webhc/project_intro_detail.aspx?project=7514&page=QA|access-date=2021-11-11|work=www.hc.mmh.org.tw}}</ref>。
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="3" |CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc 分数系统
| colspan="3" |CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc 分数系统
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== 治疗 ==
== 治疗 ==
心房顫动的治疗一般是用药物将心跳速度降至接近正常的范围(此治疗策略称为速度控制,{{lang-en|rate control}})或是用药物将不规则的心律整流为正常的[[竇房节律]](此策略称为心律控制,{{lang-en|rhythm control}})<ref name=Anu2014/>。{{link-en|电极心臟整流|Cardioversion}}可用于将心律整流为正常的竇房节律,当病人生命征象不稳定时常使用这个方法<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oishi|first1=ML|last2=Xing|first2=S|title=Atrial fibrillation: management strategies in the emergency department.|journal=Emergency medicine practice|date=February 2013|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1-26; quiz 27|pmid=23369365}}</ref>。[[射频燒灼术]]可用于防止心房顫动的再发<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amerena|first1=JV|last2=Walters|first2=TE|last3=Mirzaee|first3=S|last4=Kalman|first4=JM|title=Update on the management of atrial fibrillation.|journal=The Medical journal of Australia|date=4 November 2013|volume=199|issue=9|pages=592–7|pmid=24182224|doi=10.5694/mja13.10191}}</ref>。
心房顫动的治疗一般是用药物将心跳速度降至接近正常的范围(此治疗策略称为速度控制,{{lang-en|rate control}})或是用药物将不规则的心律整流为正常的[[竇房节律]](此策略称为心律控制,{{lang-en|rhythm control}})<ref name=Anu2014/>。{{link-en|电极心臟整流|Cardioversion}}可用于将心律整流为正常的竇房节律,当病人生命征象不稳定时常使用这个方法<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oishi|first1=ML|last2=Xing|first2=S|title=Atrial fibrillation: management strategies in the emergency department.|journal=Emergency medicine practice|date=2013-02|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1-26; quiz 27|pmid=23369365}}</ref>。[[射频燒灼术]]可用于防止心房顫动的再发<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amerena|first1=JV|last2=Walters|first2=TE|last3=Mirzaee|first3=S|last4=Kalman|first4=JM|title=Update on the management of atrial fibrillation.|journal=The Medical journal of Australia|date=2013-11-04|volume=199|issue=9|pages=592–7|pmid=24182224|doi=10.5694/mja13.10191}}</ref>。


整体而言,心房顫动患者中风的风险是一般人的2-7倍<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mortality and rate of stroke or embolism in atrial fibrillation during long-term follow-up in the embolism in left atrial thrombi (ELAT) study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960270111|last=Stöllberger|first=Claudia|last2=Chnupa|first2=Pavel|date=2004-01|journal=Clinical Cardiology|issue=1|doi=10.1002/clc.4960270111|volume=27|pages=40–46|issn=0160-9289|last3=Abzieher|first3=Christine|last4=Länger|first4=Thomas|last5=Finsterer|first5=Josef|last6=Klem|first6=Igor|last7=Hartl|first7=Elisabeth|last8=Wehinger|first8=Cornelius|last9=Schneider|first9=Barbara}}</ref>,使用[[华法林]](Warfarin)可以預防患者发生中风的机率达70%,相较于[[乙酰水杨酸|阿斯匹林]](Aspirn)的20%有更显著的效果<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faculty Opinions recommendation of Robotic magnetic navigation for atrial fibrillation ablation.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3410/f.12509.469991|access-date=2021-11-11|date=2006-04-11|last=Shen|first=Win-Kuang|work=Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature}}</ref>。不过根据[https://www.escardio.org/Sub-specialty-communities/European-Heart-Rhythm-Association-(EHRA) 2018年欧洲心律学会](EHRA)治疗指引建议,口服抗凝血剂的治疗更优于[[华法林]](Warfarin)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/kp.2018.0180|last=Steffel|first=Jan|last2=Verhamme|first2=Peter|date=2018-09-07|journal=Kardiologia Polska|issue=9|doi=10.5603/kp.2018.0180|volume=76|pages=1283–1298|issn=1897-4279|last3=Potpara|first3=Tatjana S.|last4=Albaladejo|first4=Pierre|last5=Antz|first5=Matthias|last6=Desteghe|first6=Lien|last7=Haeusler|first7=Karl Georg|last8=Oldgren|first8=Jonas|last9=Reinecke|first9=Holger}}</ref>;现在有新型抗凝血剂包括普栓达(Dabigatran)、 拜瑞妥(Rivaroxaban)、艾必克凝(Apixaban)及里先安(Edoxaban),这些新型口服抗凝血剂经大型临床试验都证实其預防中风的效果不亚于传统口服抗凝血剂,而且造成顱内出血的风险明显降低,服药患者如果突然遇到车禍、跌倒、大量出血等需要进行緊急手术时,目前部分新型口服抗凝血剂已有专一反转剂上市(如达栓普(idarucizumab)),可以迅速恢复凝血功能而让病人接受手术<ref>{{Cite web|title=中华民国心律医学会 台湾心房顫动之现況与并发症 心房顫动之药物及非药物治疗|url=http://thrs.org.tw/DB/Information/file/10/1.pdf}}</ref>。
整体而言,心房顫动患者中风的风险是一般人的2-7倍<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mortality and rate of stroke or embolism in atrial fibrillation during long-term follow-up in the embolism in left atrial thrombi (ELAT) study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960270111|last=Stöllberger|first=Claudia|last2=Chnupa|first2=Pavel|date=2004-01|journal=Clinical Cardiology|issue=1|doi=10.1002/clc.4960270111|volume=27|pages=40–46|issn=0160-9289|last3=Abzieher|first3=Christine|last4=Länger|first4=Thomas|last5=Finsterer|first5=Josef|last6=Klem|first6=Igor|last7=Hartl|first7=Elisabeth|last8=Wehinger|first8=Cornelius|last9=Schneider|first9=Barbara}}</ref>,使用[[华法林]](Warfarin)可以預防患者发生中风的机率达70%,相较于[[乙酰水杨酸|阿斯匹林]](Aspirn)的20%有更显著的效果<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faculty Opinions recommendation of Robotic magnetic navigation for atrial fibrillation ablation.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3410/f.12509.469991|access-date=2021-11-11|date=2006-04-11|last=Shen|first=Win-Kuang|work=Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature}}</ref>。不过根据[https://www.escardio.org/Sub-specialty-communities/European-Heart-Rhythm-Association-(EHRA) 2018年欧洲心律学会](EHRA)治疗指引建议,口服抗凝血剂的治疗更优于[[华法林]](Warfarin)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/kp.2018.0180|last=Steffel|first=Jan|last2=Verhamme|first2=Peter|date=2018-09-07|journal=Kardiologia Polska|issue=9|doi=10.5603/kp.2018.0180|volume=76|pages=1283–1298|issn=1897-4279|last3=Potpara|first3=Tatjana S.|last4=Albaladejo|first4=Pierre|last5=Antz|first5=Matthias|last6=Desteghe|first6=Lien|last7=Haeusler|first7=Karl Georg|last8=Oldgren|first8=Jonas|last9=Reinecke|first9=Holger}}</ref>;现在有新型抗凝血剂包括普栓达(Dabigatran)、 拜瑞妥(Rivaroxaban)、艾必克凝(Apixaban)及里先安(Edoxaban),这些新型口服抗凝血剂经大型临床试验都证实其預防中风的效果不亚于传统口服抗凝血剂,而且造成顱内出血的风险明显降低,服药患者如果突然遇到车禍、跌倒、大量出血等需要进行緊急手术时,目前部分新型口服抗凝血剂已有专一反转剂上市(如达栓普(idarucizumab)),可以迅速恢复凝血功能而让病人接受手术<ref>{{Cite web|title=中华民国心律医学会 台湾心房顫动之现況与并发症 心房顫动之药物及非药物治疗|url=http://thrs.org.tw/DB/Information/file/10/1.pdf}}</ref>。
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心房顫动是最常见之引发异常心臟跳动的原因<ref name=Mun2014/>。依据2014-2016年的调查估计,中国人口中约有1.8%受心房顫动影响,且罹患心房顫动的机率随着年纪增长而增加<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Atrial fibrillation prevalence, awareness and management in a nationwide survey of adults in China|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317915|last=Du|first=Xin|last2=Guo|first2=Lizhu|date=2021-01-28|journal=Heart|issue=7|doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317915|volume=107|pages=535–541|issn=1355-6037|last3=Xia|first3=Shijun|last4=Du|first4=Jing|last5=Anderson|first5=Craig|last6=Arima|first6=Hisatomi|last7=Huffman|first7=Mark|last8=Yuan|first8=Yiqiang|last9=Zheng|first9=Yang}}</ref>。全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)估计2016年时,全球约有4630万的心房顫动患者<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659|last=Benjamin|first=Emelia J.|last2=Muntner|first2=Paul|date=2019-03-05|journal=Circulation|issue=10|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659|volume=139|language=en|issn=0009-7322|last3=Alonso|first3=Alvaro|last4=Bittencourt|first4=Marcio S.|last5=Callaway|first5=Clifton W.|last6=Carson|first6=April P.|last7=Chamberlain|first7=Alanna M.|last8=Chang|first8=Alexander R.|last9=Cheng|first9=Susan}}</ref>。
心房顫动是最常见之引发异常心臟跳动的原因<ref name=Mun2014/>。依据2014-2016年的调查估计,中国人口中约有1.8%受心房顫动影响,且罹患心房顫动的机率随着年纪增长而增加<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Atrial fibrillation prevalence, awareness and management in a nationwide survey of adults in China|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317915|last=Du|first=Xin|last2=Guo|first2=Lizhu|date=2021-01-28|journal=Heart|issue=7|doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317915|volume=107|pages=535–541|issn=1355-6037|last3=Xia|first3=Shijun|last4=Du|first4=Jing|last5=Anderson|first5=Craig|last6=Arima|first6=Hisatomi|last7=Huffman|first7=Mark|last8=Yuan|first8=Yiqiang|last9=Zheng|first9=Yang}}</ref>。全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)估计2016年时,全球约有4630万的心房顫动患者<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659|last=Benjamin|first=Emelia J.|last2=Muntner|first2=Paul|date=2019-03-05|journal=Circulation|issue=10|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659|volume=139|language=en|issn=0009-7322|last3=Alonso|first3=Alvaro|last4=Bittencourt|first4=Marcio S.|last5=Callaway|first5=Clifton W.|last6=Carson|first6=April P.|last7=Chamberlain|first7=Alanna M.|last8=Chang|first8=Alexander R.|last9=Cheng|first9=Susan}}</ref>。


而在[[开发中国家]],男性约有0.6 %患有此一疾病,而约有0.4%女性人口,亦受到心房顫动的困擾。患有心房顫动的人口比例随着年纪而增加,50岁以下的人口,仅有0.14%;而60至70岁的年齡层,则提升为4%;而一旦超过80岁,则超过14 %的年长者会有心房顫动的问题<ref name="Zoni2014" />。据统计,心房顫动和[[心室纖维顫动]]在1990年造成约29,000死亡病例,而至2018年,175,326位病患因心房顫动而死亡<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Health Interview Survey, 1989: Multiple Cause of Death, Dates of Death, 1989-1991|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr06478|access-date=2021-11-11|date=1995-06-05|work=ICPSR Data Holdings}}</ref>。而历史上首次记录脉搏异常的报告出自1749年法国外科医生{{link-en|尚巴提·德·塞纳|Jean-Baptiste de Sénac}};而首次利用心电图记录心房顫动过程者则是1909年,由英国的{{link-en|汤玛斯·路易斯爵士|Thomas Lewis}}所完成<ref name="Mun2014">{{cite journal|last1=Munger|first1=TM|last2=Wu|first2=LQ|last3=Shen|first3=WK|title=Atrial fibrillation.|journal=Journal of biomedical research|date=January 2014|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1-17|pmid=24474959|doi=10.7555/JBR.28.20130191}}</ref>。
而在[[开发中国家]],男性约有0.6 %患有此一疾病,而约有0.4%女性人口,亦受到心房顫动的困擾。患有心房顫动的人口比例随着年纪而增加,50岁以下的人口,仅有0.14%;而60至70岁的年齡层,则提升为4%;而一旦超过80岁,则超过14 %的年长者会有心房顫动的问题<ref name="Zoni2014" />。据统计,心房顫动和[[心室纖维顫动]]在1990年造成约29,000死亡病例,而至2018年,175,326位病患因心房顫动而死亡<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Health Interview Survey, 1989: Multiple Cause of Death, Dates of Death, 1989-1991|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr06478|access-date=2021-11-11|date=1995-06-05|work=ICPSR Data Holdings}}</ref>。而历史上首次记录脉搏异常的报告出自1749年法国外科医生{{link-en|尚巴提·德·塞纳|Jean-Baptiste de Sénac}};而首次利用心电图记录心房顫动过程者则是1909年,由英国的{{link-en|汤玛斯·路易斯爵士|Thomas Lewis}}所完成<ref name="Mun2014">{{cite journal|last1=Munger|first1=TM|last2=Wu|first2=LQ|last3=Shen|first3=WK|title=Atrial fibrillation.|journal=Journal of biomedical research|date=2014-01|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1-17|pmid=24474959|doi=10.7555/JBR.28.20130191}}</ref>。


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==