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{{about|一种哲学上的物质论|物理学化学范畴中对[[原子]]的观点的历史|原子理 |
{{about|一种哲学上的物质论|物理学化学范畴中对[[原子]]的观点的历史|原子理论}} |
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'''原子 |
'''原子论'''(英语:Atomism,来自古希腊语{{lang|el|atomos}},含义为“不可分割”)是在一些古代传统中发展出的一种[[自然哲学]]。原子论者将自然世界理论化为由两基本部分所构成:不可分割的'''[[原子]]'''和空无的'''[[虚空]]'''(void)。 |
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== |
== 简介 == |
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依 |
依据[[亚里士多德]]引述的原子论观点,原子是不可构造的和永恒不变的,并且形狀和大小有无窮的变化。它们在[[空无]](empty)中移动,相互碰离,有时变成与一个或多个其他原子相鉤结而形成[[聚簇]](cluster)。不同形狀、排列和位置的聚簇引起世界上各种[[宏观物质]](substance)。<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''Metaphysics'' I, 4, 985<sup>b</sup> 10–15.</ref><ref name="SEP">Berryman, Sylvia, "Ancient Atomism", ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/atomism-ancient/</ref> |
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== 溯源 == |
== 溯源 == |
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对原子概念的记述可以上溯到[[古希腊]]和[[印度历史|古印度]]。在西方,对原子的记述出现在公元前5世纪[[留基伯]]和[[德謨克利特]]的著作中<ref>The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated 1999, ISBN 0-8020-4390-9, pp. 157-158.</ref>。有人将[[印度]]的[[耆那教]]<ref>{{cite book |
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|last=Gangopadhyaya|first=Mrinalkanti |
|last=Gangopadhyaya|first=Mrinalkanti |
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|title=Indian Atomism: History and Sources |
|title=Indian Atomism: History and Sources |
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|isbn=0-391-02177-X |
|isbn=0-391-02177-X |
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|oclc=10916778}} |
|oclc=10916778}} |
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</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Iannone|first= A. Pablo|year= 2001|title= Dictionary of World Philosophy|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0415179955|oclc= 44541769| |
</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Iannone|first= A. Pablo|year= 2001|title= Dictionary of World Philosophy|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0415179955|oclc= 44541769||pages= 83,356|access-date= 2011-12-14}}</ref>的原子论认定为开创者[[笩駄摩那|大雄]]在公元前6世纪提出,并将与其同时代[[六师外道]]的{{en-link|正命论|Ājīvika}}和[[顺世派]]先驅的[[元素]]思想也称为原子论<ref>Thomas McEvilley, The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies ISBN 1-58115-203-5, Allwarth Press, 2002, p. 317-321.</ref>。对于印度文化影响希腊还是反之,亦或二者独立演化迄今仍存在争议。<ref>{{cite book |
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|last=Teresi|first=Dick|publisher = Simon & Schuster |
|last=Teresi|first=Dick|publisher = Simon & Schuster |
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|title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science |
|title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science |
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|year=2003|isbn=074324379X |
|year=2003|isbn=074324379X |
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|url = http://books.google.com/?id=pheL_ubbXD0C&pg=PA213 |
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|pages = 213–214}}</ref> |
|pages = 213–214}}</ref> |
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在古印度哲 |
在古印度哲学中,[[正理派]]和[[胜论派]]后来发展出了[[极微|原子]]如何组合成更复杂物体的理论。<ref>Richard King, Indian philosophy: an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, , Edinburgh University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-7486-0954-7, pp. 105-107.</ref>佛教中,在对应于[[古典元素|元素论]]的[[四界]]学说基础上,发展出了对应原子论的[[极微]]学说,后来进一步演繹出成规模体系的色聚理论。 |
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== 注解 == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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⚫ | |||
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* Clericuzio, Antonio. ''Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century''. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. |
* Clericuzio, Antonio. ''Elements, Principles, and Corpuscles; a study of atomism and chemistry in the seventeenth century''. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. |
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* [[F. M. Cornford|Cornford, Francis MacDonald.]] ''Plato's Cosmology: The ''Timaeus'' of Plato''. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957. |
* [[F. M. Cornford|Cornford, Francis MacDonald.]] ''Plato's Cosmology: The ''Timaeus'' of Plato''. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1957. |
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* McEvilley, Thomas (2002). ''The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies''. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58115-203-5. |
* McEvilley, Thomas (2002). ''The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies''. New York: Allworth Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58115-203-5. |
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== |
== 参见 == |
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* [[原子理 |
* [[原子理论]] |
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* [[元素]] |
* [[元素]] |
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* [[化 |
* [[化学史]] |
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== 外部 |
== 外部链接 == |
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* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-21 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century |
* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-21 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Atomism: Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century |
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* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-22 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Atomism in the Seventeenth Century |
* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-22 ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'':] Atomism in the Seventeenth Century |
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* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-modern/ Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century] at [http://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atomism-modern/ Atomism from the 17th to the 20th Century] at [http://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
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[[Category:科 |
[[Category:科学哲学]] |
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[[Category:古希 |
[[Category:古希腊哲学]] |
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[[Category:前苏格拉底哲学]] |
[[Category:前苏格拉底哲学]] |
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[[Category:自然主义]] |
[[Category:自然主义]] |