Α-變形菌:修订间差异

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{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Wolbachia.png
| image = Wolbachia.png
| image_caption = 穿透式下的昆細胞,細胞被沃巴克(Wolbachia)感染<br><small>授:[[Public Library of Science]] / Scott O'Neill</small>
| image_caption = 穿透式下的昆細胞,細胞被沃巴克(Wolbachia)感染<br><small>授:[[Public Library of Science]] / Scott O'Neill</small>
| classis_authority = Garrity ''et al''. 2006
| classis_authority = Garrity ''et al''. 2006
| taxon=Alphaproteobacteria
| taxon=Alphaproteobacteria
| subdivision_ranks = [[亞綱]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[亚纲]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
* Magnetococcidae
* Magnetococcidae
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*** [[Magnetococcaceae]]
*** [[Magnetococcaceae]]
* Rickettidae
* Rickettidae
**[[立克次目]] Rickettsiales
**[[立克次目]] Rickettsiales
***[[Anaplasmataceae]]
***[[Anaplasmataceae]]
***[[Midichloriaceae]]
***[[Midichloriaceae]]
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**[[柄桿菌目]] Caulobacterales
**[[柄桿菌目]] Caulobacterales
***[[Caulobacteraceae]]
***[[Caulobacteraceae]]
**[[Parvularculales]]
**[[短小盒菌目|Parvularculales]]
***[[Parvularculaceae]]
***[[Parvularculaceae]]
**[[根瘤菌目]] Rhizobiales
**[[根瘤菌目]] Rhizobiales
***[[Aurantimonadaceae]]
***[[Aurantimonadaceae]]
***[[Bartonellaceae]]
***[[巴通体科|Bartonellaceae]]
***[[Beijerinckiaceae]]
***[[Beijerinckiaceae]]
***[[Bradyrhizobiaceae]]
***[[Bradyrhizobiaceae]]
***[[Brucellaceae]]
***[[Brucellaceae]]
***[[Cohaesibacteraceae]]
***[[Cohaesibacteraceae]]
***[[Hyphomicrobiaceae]]
***[[生丝微菌科|Hyphomicrobiaceae]]
***[[Methylobacteriaceae]]
***[[Methylobacteriaceae]]
***[[Methylocystaceae]]
***[[Methylocystaceae]]
***[[Phyllobacteriaceae]]
***[[叶杆菌科|Phyllobacteriaceae]]
***[[根瘤菌科]] Rhizobiaceae
***[[根瘤菌科]] Rhizobiaceae
***[[Rhodobiaceae]]
***[[Rhodobiaceae]]
***[[Xanthobacteraceae]]
***[[黄色杆菌科|Xanthobacteraceae]]
***[[細菌目]] Rhodobacterales
***[[細菌目]] Rhodobacterales
***[[Rhodobacteraceae]]
***[[Rhodobacteraceae]]
**[[螺菌目]] Rhodospirillales
**[[螺菌目]] Rhodospirillales
***[[Acetobacteraceae]]
***[[Acetobacteraceae]]
***[[螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae
***[[螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae
***其他螺菌目未分<ref name=Ferla />
***其他螺菌目未分<ref name=Ferla />
**[[Sneathiellales]]
**[[Sneathiellales]]
***[[Sneathiellaceae]]
***[[Sneathiellaceae]]
**[[鞘脂胞菌目]] Sphingomonadales
**[[鞘脂胞菌目]] Sphingomonadales
***[[Erythrobacteraceae]]
***[[Erythrobacteraceae]]
***[[Sphingomonadaceae]]
***[[Sphingomonadaceae]]
**[[Kiloniellales]]
**[[Kiloniellales]]
***''[[Kiloniella]]''、''[[Kopriimonas]]''、''[[Rhodovibrio]]'',和''[[Pelagibius]]''<ref name=Ferla />
***''[[Kiloniella]]''、''[[Kopriimonas]]''、''[[红弧菌属|Rhodovibrio]]'',和''[[Pelagibius]]''<ref name=Ferla />
**[[Kordiimonadales]]
**[[Kordiimonadales]]
***''[[Kordiimonas]]''和''[[Rhodothalassium]]''<ref name=Ferla />
***''[[Kordiimonas]]''和''[[红海菌属|Rhodothalassium]]''<ref name=Ferla />
}}
}}
'''α-形菌'''('''Alphaproteobacteria''')是[[變形菌門]](Proteobacteria)下的一[[纲]]<ref name=Bergey2C>{{cite book|series=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=2C|title=The Proteobacteria|editor=George M. Garrity|first1=Don J.|last1=Brenner|first2=Noel R.|last2=Krieg|first3=James T.|last3=Staley|publisher=Springer|location=New York|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-387-24145-6|pages=1388|url=http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24145-6|date=July 26, 2005|origyear=1984(Williams & Wilkins)|id=British Library no. GBA561951|access-date=2014-11-08|archive-date=2015-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219174039/http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24145-6|dead-url=no}}</ref>。此的成員變異大,且共通點極少,但他們確實系出同源。α-形菌大多都是[[革兰氏阴性菌]],而有些包寄生的物缺少肽聚醣,而造成革氏染色變異。<ref name=Bergey2C /><ref name=Euzeby>{{cite web |author=J.P. Euzéby |url=http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Proteobacteria |title=Alphaproteobacteria |accessdate=2011-11-17 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/introduction.html] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127030659/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Proteobacteria |archivedate=2013-01-27 }}</ref>
'''α-形菌'''('''Alphaproteobacteria''')是[[變形菌門|变形菌门]](Proteobacteria)下的一[[纲]]<ref name=Bergey2C>{{cite book|series=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=2C|title=The Proteobacteria|editor=George M. Garrity|first1=Don J.|last1=Brenner|first2=Noel R.|last2=Krieg|first3=James T.|last3=Staley|publisher=Springer|location=New York|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-387-24145-6|pages=1388|url=http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24145-6|date=July 26, 2005|origyear=1984(Williams & Wilkins)|id=British Library no. GBA561951|access-date=2014-11-08}}</ref>。此的成员变异大,且共通点极少,但他们确实系出同源。α-形菌大多都是[[革兰氏阴性菌]],而有些包寄生的物缺少肽聚醣,而造成革氏染色变异。<ref name=Bergey2C /><ref name=Euzeby>{{cite web |author=J.P. Euzéby |url=http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Proteobacteria |title=Alphaproteobacteria |accessdate=2011-11-17 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/introduction.html] }}</ref>


== 特性 ==
== 特性 ==
α-形菌包含多細菌,其中包含[[光自]]細菌、植物共生菌(如[[根瘤菌]])、共生細菌(如''Wolbachia''),和胞寄生細菌(如[[立克次]])。
α-形菌包含多細菌,其中包含[[光自]]細菌、植物共生菌(如[[根瘤菌]])、共生細菌(如''Wolbachia''),和胞寄生細菌(如[[立克次]])。


此外,本綱還包含已滅絕的{{link-en|Proto-mitochondrion|Proto-mitochondrion}}。[[真核生物]]的祖先入了此細菌,行[[共生學說|共生]]作用,成為後來的[[粒線體]]<ref name=Ferla>{{cite journal|title=New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability|pages=e83383|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=12|date=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083383|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24349502|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Matteo P. Ferla, J. Cameron Thrash, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Wayne M. Patrick|pmid=24349502|pmc=PMC3859672}}</ref>。有一生物技上很喜使用的[[桿菌]](Rhizobium radiobacter)也是本,科家常常使用本物種來將DNA入植物基因中。<ref>Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW., Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis, Cell. 1977 Jun;11(2):263-71.</ref>另外,一些光自生物像是[[遍在洋桿菌]](''Pelagibacter ubique'')也屬於,α-形菌的微生物可能佔了海洋微生物的10%左右。
此外,本纲还包含已灭绝的{{link-en|Proto-mitochondrion|Proto-mitochondrion}}。[[真核生物]]的祖先入了此細菌,行[[共生学说|共生]]作用,成为后来的[[粒线体]]<ref name=Ferla>{{cite journal|title=New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability|pages=e83383|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=12|date=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083383|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24349502|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Matteo P. Ferla, J. Cameron Thrash, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Wayne M. Patrick|pmid=24349502|pmc=PMC3859672}}</ref>。有一生物技上很喜使用的[[桿菌]](Rhizobium radiobacter)也是本,科家常常使用本物种来将DNA入植物基因中。<ref>Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW., Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis, Cell. 1977 Jun;11(2):263-71.</ref>另外,一些光自生物像是[[遍在洋桿菌]](''Pelagibacter ubique'')也属于,α-形菌的微生物可能佔了海洋微生物的10%左右。


== 演化及基因 ==
== 演化及基因 ==
關於的目,有人反對現行的分法,尤其是''{{le|Pelagibacterales}}''的地位,但大上大家是普遍接受。細菌的分類學一直是分類學家相當頭痛的問題,因細菌的基因彼此互相交流,且基因歧度相高(像是[[遍在洋桿菌]]由他的寄生行,就化他的基因)。在某些目中,其成的GC含量變異也大的誇<ref name=Ferla/>。舉個例子,像是''Pelagibacterales''、[[立克次目]](''Rickettsiales'')和''Holosporales''三者的基因都含有高AT含量,有人認為那其是[[同演化]]所致的假象<ref>{{cite journal|title=The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria|pages=e30520|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=7|issue=1|date=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030520|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291975|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, T. Martin Embley|pmid=22291975|pmc=PMC3264578}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Independent genome reduction and phylogenetic reclassification of the oceanic SAR11 clade|pages=599–615|issn=1537-1719|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=2|date=2012-2|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr203|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900598|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Johan Viklund, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson|pmid=21900598}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Comparative and phylogenomic evidence that the alphaproteobacterium HIMB59 is not a member of the oceanic SAR11 clade|pages=e78858|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078858|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223857|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Johan Viklund, Joran Martijn, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson|pmid=24223857|pmc=PMC3815206}}</ref>,而反方也有他自己的述<ref name=Ferla/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomic analysis of Odyssella thessalonicensis fortifies the common origin of Rickettsiales, Pelagibacter ubique and Reclimonas americana mitochondrion|pages=e24857|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=6|issue=9|date=2011|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024857|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957463|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Kalliopi Georgiades, Mohammed-Amine Madoui, Phuong Le, Catherine Robert, Didier Raoult|pmid=21957463|pmc=PMC3177885}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade|pages=13|issn=2045-2322|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=1|date=2011|doi=10.1038/srep00013|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355532|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni|pmid=22355532|pmc=PMC3216501}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria|pages=4578–4586|issn=0021-9193|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=189|issue=13|date=2007-7|doi=10.1128/JB.00269-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483224|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Kelly P. Williams, Bruno W. Sobral, Allan W. Dickerman|pmid=17483224|pmc=PMC1913456}}</ref>。後來有人發現用以判的[[rRNA]]中,GC含量好像好像不太受基因體變異。因此,rRNA中GC含量高的 ''Holosporales'' 就被和低GC含量的''Pelagibacterales''和[[立克次目]]分了<ref name=Ferla/>。
关于的目,有人反对现行的分法,尤其是''{{le|Pelagibacterales}}''的地位,但大上大家是普遍接受。細菌的分类学一直是分类学家相当头痛的问题,因細菌的基因彼此互相交流,且基因歧度相高(像是[[遍在洋桿菌]]由他的寄生行,就化他的基因)。在某些目中,其成的GC含量变异也大的誇<ref name=Ferla/>。举个例子,像是''Pelagibacterales''、[[立克次目]](''Rickettsiales'')和''Holosporales''三者的基因都含有高AT含量,有人认为那其是[[同演化]]所致的假象<ref>{{cite journal|title=The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria|pages=e30520|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=7|issue=1|date=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030520|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291975|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, T. Martin Embley|pmid=22291975|pmc=PMC3264578}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Independent genome reduction and phylogenetic reclassification of the oceanic SAR11 clade|pages=599–615|issn=1537-1719|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=2|date=2012-2|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr203|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900598|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Johan Viklund, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson|pmid=21900598}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Comparative and phylogenomic evidence that the alphaproteobacterium HIMB59 is not a member of the oceanic SAR11 clade|pages=e78858|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078858|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223857|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Johan Viklund, Joran Martijn, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson|pmid=24223857|pmc=PMC3815206}}</ref>,而反方也有他自己的述<ref name=Ferla/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomic analysis of Odyssella thessalonicensis fortifies the common origin of Rickettsiales, Pelagibacter ubique and Reclimonas americana mitochondrion|pages=e24857|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=6|issue=9|date=2011|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024857|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957463|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Kalliopi Georgiades, Mohammed-Amine Madoui, Phuong Le, Catherine Robert, Didier Raoult|pmid=21957463|pmc=PMC3177885}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade|pages=13|issn=2045-2322|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=1|date=2011|doi=10.1038/srep00013|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355532|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni|pmid=22355532|pmc=PMC3216501}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria|pages=4578–4586|issn=0021-9193|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=189|issue=13|date=2007-7|doi=10.1128/JB.00269-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483224|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Kelly P. Williams, Bruno W. Sobral, Allan W. Dickerman|pmid=17483224|pmc=PMC1913456}}</ref>。后来有人发现用以判的[[核糖體核糖核酸|rRNA]]中,GC含量好像好像不太受基因体变异。因此,rRNA中GC含量高的 ''Holosporales'' 就被和低GC含量的''Pelagibacterales''和[[立克次目]]分了<ref name=Ferla/>。


α-形菌下有三個亞綱''Magnetococcidae''、[[立克次|立克次體亞綱]](''Rickettsidae'')和柄桿菌亞綱(''Caulobacteridae'')<ref name=Ferla />。[[基群]]''Magnetococcidae'',此類別包含了多[[趋磁细菌]](由於趨磁細菌[[多系群]],因此只有部分包含α-形菌之下)<ref>Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ. (2012) ''Magnetococcus marinus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (''Magnetococcaceae'' fam. nov.; ''Magnetococcales'' ord. nov.) at the base of the ''Alphaproteobacteria''. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0</ref>立克次體亞綱則由細胞寄生的立克次目(''Rickettsiales''),以及可以在胞外單獨生存的''Pelagibacterales''。柄桿菌亞綱則由''Holosporales''、螺旋菌目(''Rhodospirillales'')、鞘脂胞菌目(''Sphingomonadales'')、細菌目('' Rhodobacterales'')、柄桿菌目(''Caulobacterales'')、''Kiloniellales''、''Kordiimonadales''、短小盒菌目(''Parvularculales''),和''Sneathiellales''。
α-形菌下有三个亚纲''Magnetococcidae''、[[立克次|立克次体亚纲]](''Rickettsidae'')和柄桿菌亚纲(''Caulobacteridae'')<ref name=Ferla />。[[基群]]''Magnetococcidae'',此类别包含了多[[趋磁细菌]](由于趋磁細菌[[多系群]],因此只有部分包含α-形菌之下)<ref>Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ. (2012) ''Magnetococcus marinus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (''Magnetococcaceae'' fam. nov.; ''Magnetococcales'' ord. nov.) at the base of the ''Alphaproteobacteria''. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0</ref>立克次体亚纲则由細胞寄生的立克次目(''Rickettsiales''),以及可以在胞外单独生存的''Pelagibacterales''。柄桿菌亚纲则由''Holosporales''、螺旋菌目(''Rhodospirillales'')、鞘脂胞菌目(''Sphingomonadales'')、細菌目('' Rhodobacterales'')、柄桿菌目(''Caulobacterales'')、''Kiloniellales''、''Kordiimonadales''、短小盒菌目(''Parvularculales''),和''Sneathiellales''。


== 系統發 ==
== 系统发 ==
以下表格是根[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI)<ref name=Euzeby /><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers et al.| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=28211&lvl=3&lin |title=Alphaproteobacteria |accessdate=2011-06-05 |publisher=[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI) taxonomy database [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi]}}</ref>
以下表格是根[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI)<ref name=Euzeby /><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers et al.| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=28211&lvl=3&lin |title=Alphaproteobacteria |accessdate=2011-06-05 |publisher=[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI) taxonomy database [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi]}}</ref>
圖則是根{{le|'The All-Species Living Tree' Project}}所提供的16s rRNA分析果<ref>[['The All-Species Living Tree' Project]].{{cite web | url=http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf | title=16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree) | publisher=[[Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database]] [http://www.arb-silva.de/projects/living-tree] | accessdate=2011-11-17 | archive-date=2012-08-11 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69pId1wlm?url=http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref>
图则是根{{le|'The All-Species Living Tree' Project}}所提供的16s rRNA分析果<ref>[['The All-Species Living Tree' Project]].{{cite web | url=http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf | title=16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree) | publisher=[[Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database]] [http://www.arb-silva.de/projects/living-tree] | accessdate=2011-11-17 }}</ref>


{{Clade
{{Clade
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|11=?''[[Vibrio adaptatus]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small>
|11=?''[[Vibrio adaptatus]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small>
|12=?''[[Vibrio cyclosites]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small>
|12=?''[[Vibrio cyclosites]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small>
|13=''[[Rhodovibrio]]''
|13=''[[红弧菌属|Rhodovibrio]]''
|14={{clade
|14={{clade
|1=[[螺菌科]] ''Rhodospirillaceae'' 2
|1=[[螺菌科]] ''Rhodospirillaceae'' 2
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Tistrella]]''
|1=''[[Tistrella]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae 3
|1=[[螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae 3
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae 4
|1=[[螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae 4
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Defluviicoccus vanus]]'' <small>Maszenan et al. 2005</small>
|1=''[[Defluviicoccus vanus]]'' <small>Maszenan et al. 2005</small>
第104行: 第104行:
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[立克次目]] Rickettsiales (包含[[線粒體]])
|1=[[立克次目]] Rickettsiales (包含[[線粒體|线粒体]])
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Sneathiella]]''
|1=''[[Sneathiella]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sphingomonadaceae]] (包含[[Erythrobacteraceae]], ''[[Caulobacter leidyi]]'', ''[[Asticcacaulis]]'')
|1=[[Sphingomonadaceae]] (包含[[Erythrobacteraceae]], ''[[Caulobacter leidyi]]'', ''[[不黏柄菌属|Asticcacaulis]]'')
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
第115行: 第115行:
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[螺菌科]] 1 [包含''[[Roseospirillum parvum]]'', ''[[Kiloniella laminariae]]'', ''[[Terasakiella pusilla]]'']
|1=[[螺菌科]] 1 [包含''[[Roseospirillum parvum]]'', ''[[Kiloniella laminariae]]'', ''[[Terasakiella pusilla]]'']
|2=[[根瘤菌目]] [包含[[Caulobacteraceae]], [[Rhodobacteraceae]], ''[[Parvularcula]]'' & ''[[Streptomyces longisporoflavus]]'']
|2=[[根瘤菌目]] [包含[[Caulobacteraceae]], [[Rhodobacteraceae]], ''[[Parvularcula]]'' & ''[[Streptomyces longisporoflavus]]'']
}}
}}
第127行: 第127行:
}}
}}


*:<br/>料取自[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI)
*:<br>料取自[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI)


== 考文 ==
== 考文 ==
{{reflist|45em}}
{{reflist}}
== 外部链接 ==

== 外部連結 ==
* {{MeshName|Alphaproteobacteria}}
* {{MeshName|Alphaproteobacteria}}
* [http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/groupspecific/alphaproteo/alpha.html Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage: Alpha Proteobacteria.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/groupspecific/alphaproteo/alpha.html |date=20100510232929 }}
* [http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/groupspecific/alphaproteo/alpha.html Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage: Alpha Proteobacteria.]


{{细菌分类}}
{{细菌分类}}


[[Category:Α-形菌| ]]
[[Category:Α-形菌| ]]
[[Category:細菌]]
[[Category:細菌]]
[[Category:革兰氏阴性菌]]
[[Category:革兰氏阴性菌]]