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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| image = Wolbachia.png |
| image = Wolbachia.png |
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| image_caption = 穿透式 |
| image_caption = 穿透式电子显微镜下的昆虫細胞,細胞被沃尔巴克体(Wolbachia)感染<br><small>授权:[[Public Library of Science]] / Scott O'Neill</small> |
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| classis_authority = Garrity ''et al''. 2006 |
| classis_authority = Garrity ''et al''. 2006 |
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| taxon=Alphaproteobacteria |
| taxon=Alphaproteobacteria |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[ |
| subdivision_ranks = [[亚纲]] |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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* Magnetococcidae |
* Magnetococcidae |
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*** [[Magnetococcaceae]] |
*** [[Magnetococcaceae]] |
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* Rickettidae |
* Rickettidae |
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**[[立克次 |
**[[立克次体目]] Rickettsiales |
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***[[Anaplasmataceae]] |
***[[Anaplasmataceae]] |
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***[[Midichloriaceae]] |
***[[Midichloriaceae]] |
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**[[柄桿菌目]] Caulobacterales |
**[[柄桿菌目]] Caulobacterales |
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***[[Caulobacteraceae]] |
***[[Caulobacteraceae]] |
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**[[Parvularculales]] |
**[[短小盒菌目|Parvularculales]] |
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***[[Parvularculaceae]] |
***[[Parvularculaceae]] |
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**[[根瘤菌目]] Rhizobiales |
**[[根瘤菌目]] Rhizobiales |
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***[[Aurantimonadaceae]] |
***[[Aurantimonadaceae]] |
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***[[Bartonellaceae]] |
***[[巴通体科|Bartonellaceae]] |
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***[[Beijerinckiaceae]] |
***[[Beijerinckiaceae]] |
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***[[Bradyrhizobiaceae]] |
***[[Bradyrhizobiaceae]] |
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***[[Brucellaceae]] |
***[[Brucellaceae]] |
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***[[Cohaesibacteraceae]] |
***[[Cohaesibacteraceae]] |
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***[[Hyphomicrobiaceae]] |
***[[生丝微菌科|Hyphomicrobiaceae]] |
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***[[Methylobacteriaceae]] |
***[[Methylobacteriaceae]] |
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***[[Methylocystaceae]] |
***[[Methylocystaceae]] |
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***[[Phyllobacteriaceae]] |
***[[叶杆菌科|Phyllobacteriaceae]] |
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***[[根瘤菌科]] Rhizobiaceae |
***[[根瘤菌科]] Rhizobiaceae |
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***[[Rhodobiaceae]] |
***[[Rhodobiaceae]] |
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***[[Xanthobacteraceae]] |
***[[黄色杆菌科|Xanthobacteraceae]] |
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***[[ |
***[[红細菌目]] Rhodobacterales |
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***[[Rhodobacteraceae]] |
***[[Rhodobacteraceae]] |
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**[[ |
**[[红螺菌目]] Rhodospirillales |
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***[[Acetobacteraceae]] |
***[[Acetobacteraceae]] |
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***[[ |
***[[红螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae |
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***其他 |
***其他红螺菌目未分类成员<ref name=Ferla /> |
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**[[Sneathiellales]] |
**[[Sneathiellales]] |
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***[[Sneathiellaceae]] |
***[[Sneathiellaceae]] |
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**[[鞘脂 |
**[[鞘脂单胞菌目]] Sphingomonadales |
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***[[Erythrobacteraceae]] |
***[[Erythrobacteraceae]] |
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***[[Sphingomonadaceae]] |
***[[Sphingomonadaceae]] |
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**[[Kiloniellales]] |
**[[Kiloniellales]] |
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***''[[Kiloniella]]''、''[[Kopriimonas]]''、''[[Rhodovibrio]]'',和''[[Pelagibius]]''<ref name=Ferla /> |
***''[[Kiloniella]]''、''[[Kopriimonas]]''、''[[红弧菌属|Rhodovibrio]]'',和''[[Pelagibius]]''<ref name=Ferla /> |
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**[[Kordiimonadales]] |
**[[Kordiimonadales]] |
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***''[[Kordiimonas]]''和''[[Rhodothalassium]]''<ref name=Ferla /> |
***''[[Kordiimonas]]''和''[[红海菌属|Rhodothalassium]]''<ref name=Ferla /> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''α- |
'''α-变形菌'''('''Alphaproteobacteria''')是[[變形菌門|变形菌门]](Proteobacteria)下的一个[[纲]]<ref name=Bergey2C>{{cite book|series=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=2C|title=The Proteobacteria|editor=George M. Garrity|first1=Don J.|last1=Brenner|first2=Noel R.|last2=Krieg|first3=James T.|last3=Staley|publisher=Springer|location=New York|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-387-24145-6|pages=1388|url=http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24145-6|date=July 26, 2005|origyear=1984(Williams & Wilkins)|id=British Library no. GBA561951|access-date=2014-11-08}}</ref>。此纲的成员变异性极大,且共通点极少,但他们确实系出同源。α-变形菌大多都是[[革兰氏阴性菌]],而有些包内寄生的物种缺少肽聚醣,而造成革兰氏染色变异。<ref name=Bergey2C /><ref name=Euzeby>{{cite web |author=J.P. Euzéby |url=http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Proteobacteria |title=Alphaproteobacteria |accessdate=2011-11-17 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/introduction.html] }}</ref> |
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== 特性 == |
== 特性 == |
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α- |
α-变形菌包含多种細菌,其中包含[[光自营]]細菌、植物共生菌(如[[根瘤菌]])、内共生細菌(如''Wolbachia''),和胞内寄生細菌(如[[立克次体]])。 |
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此外,本 |
此外,本纲还包含已灭绝的{{link-en|Proto-mitochondrion|Proto-mitochondrion}}。[[真核生物]]的祖先摄入了此种細菌,进行[[内共生学说|内共生]]作用,成为后来的[[粒线体]]<ref name=Ferla>{{cite journal|title=New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability|pages=e83383|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=12|date=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083383|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24349502|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Matteo P. Ferla, J. Cameron Thrash, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Wayne M. Patrick|pmid=24349502|pmc=PMC3859672}}</ref>。还有一种生物技术上很喜欢使用的[[桿菌]](Rhizobium radiobacter)也是本纲成员,科学家常常使用本物种来将外来DNA导入植物基因体中。<ref>Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merio DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW., Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis, Cell. 1977 Jun;11(2):263-71.</ref>另外,一些光自营生物像是[[遍在远洋桿菌]](''Pelagibacter ubique'')也属于此纲,α-变形菌的微生物可能佔了海洋微生物的10%左右。 |
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== 演化及基因 |
== 演化及基因体 == |
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关于本纲所属的目,有人反对现行的分类法,尤其是''{{le|Pelagibacterales}}''的地位,但大体上大家还是普遍接受。細菌的分类学一直是分类学家相当头痛的问题,因为細菌的基因会彼此互相交流,且基因歧异度相当高(像是[[遍在远洋桿菌]]由于他的寄生行为,就会精简化他的基因体)。在某些目中,其成员的GC含量变异也大的誇张<ref name=Ferla/>。举个例子,像是''Pelagibacterales''、[[立克次体目]](''Rickettsiales'')和''Holosporales''三者的基因体都含有高AT含量,有人认为那其实是[[趋同演化]]所导致的假象<ref>{{cite journal|title=The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria|pages=e30520|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=7|issue=1|date=2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030520|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291975|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, T. Martin Embley|pmid=22291975|pmc=PMC3264578}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Independent genome reduction and phylogenetic reclassification of the oceanic SAR11 clade|pages=599–615|issn=1537-1719|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=29|issue=2|date=2012-2|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr203|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21900598|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Johan Viklund, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson|pmid=21900598}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Comparative and phylogenomic evidence that the alphaproteobacterium HIMB59 is not a member of the oceanic SAR11 clade|pages=e78858|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=8|issue=11|date=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078858|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223857|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Johan Viklund, Joran Martijn, Thijs J. G. Ettema, Siv G. E. Andersson|pmid=24223857|pmc=PMC3815206}}</ref>,而反对方也有他们自己的论述<ref name=Ferla/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomic analysis of Odyssella thessalonicensis fortifies the common origin of Rickettsiales, Pelagibacter ubique and Reclimonas americana mitochondrion|pages=e24857|issn=1932-6203|journal=PloS One|volume=6|issue=9|date=2011|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024857|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957463|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Kalliopi Georgiades, Mohammed-Amine Madoui, Phuong Le, Catherine Robert, Didier Raoult|pmid=21957463|pmc=PMC3177885}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade|pages=13|issn=2045-2322|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=1|date=2011|doi=10.1038/srep00013|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355532|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni|pmid=22355532|pmc=PMC3216501}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria|pages=4578–4586|issn=0021-9193|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=189|issue=13|date=2007-7|doi=10.1128/JB.00269-07|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483224|accessdate=2019-02-12|author=Kelly P. Williams, Bruno W. Sobral, Allan W. Dickerman|pmid=17483224|pmc=PMC1913456}}</ref>。后来有人发现用以判断分类依据的[[核糖體核糖核酸|rRNA]]中,GC含量好像好像不太会受基因体变异影响。因此,rRNA中GC含量较高的 ''Holosporales'' 就被和低GC含量的''Pelagibacterales''和[[立克次体目]]分开了<ref name=Ferla/>。 |
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α- |
α-变形菌纲下有三个亚纲''Magnetococcidae''、[[立克次体|立克次体亚纲]](''Rickettsidae'')和柄桿菌亚纲(''Caulobacteridae'')<ref name=Ferla />。[[基群]]为''Magnetococcidae'',此类别包含了许多[[趋磁细菌]](由于趋磁細菌为[[多系群]],因此只有部分包含于α-变形菌之下)<ref>Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ. (2012) ''Magnetococcus marinus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (''Magnetococcaceae'' fam. nov.; ''Magnetococcales'' ord. nov.) at the base of the ''Alphaproteobacteria''. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0</ref>立克次体亚纲则由細胞内寄生的立克次体目(''Rickettsiales''),以及可以在胞外单独生存的''Pelagibacterales''。柄桿菌亚纲则由''Holosporales''、红螺旋菌目(''Rhodospirillales'')、鞘脂单胞菌目(''Sphingomonadales'')、红細菌目('' Rhodobacterales'')、柄桿菌目(''Caulobacterales'')、''Kiloniellales''、''Kordiimonadales''、短小盒菌目(''Parvularculales''),和''Sneathiellales''。 |
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== 系 |
== 系统发生学 == |
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以下表格是根 |
以下表格是根据[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI)<ref name=Euzeby /><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers et al.| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=28211&lvl=3&lin |title=Alphaproteobacteria |accessdate=2011-06-05 |publisher=[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI) taxonomy database [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi]}}</ref> |
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而 |
而树狀图则是根据{{le|'The All-Species Living Tree' Project}}所提供的16s rRNA分析结果<ref>[['The All-Species Living Tree' Project]].{{cite web | url=http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf | title=16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree) | publisher=[[Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database]] [http://www.arb-silva.de/projects/living-tree] | accessdate=2011-11-17 }}</ref> |
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{{Clade |
{{Clade |
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|11=?''[[Vibrio adaptatus]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small> |
|11=?''[[Vibrio adaptatus]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small> |
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|12=?''[[Vibrio cyclosites]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small> |
|12=?''[[Vibrio cyclosites]]'' <small>Muir et al. 1990</small> |
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|13=''[[Rhodovibrio]]'' |
|13=''[[红弧菌属|Rhodovibrio]]'' |
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|14={{clade |
|14={{clade |
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|1=[[ |
|1=[[红螺菌科]] ''Rhodospirillaceae'' 2 |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|1=''[[Tistrella]]'' |
|1=''[[Tistrella]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[ |
|1=[[红螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae 3 |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[ |
|1=[[红螺菌科]] Rhodospirillaceae 4 |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Defluviicoccus vanus]]'' <small>Maszenan et al. 2005</small> |
|1=''[[Defluviicoccus vanus]]'' <small>Maszenan et al. 2005</small> |
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}} |
}} |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[立克次 |
|1=[[立克次体目]] Rickettsiales (包含[[線粒體|线粒体]]) |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Sneathiella]]'' |
|1=''[[Sneathiella]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Sphingomonadaceae]] (包含[[Erythrobacteraceae]], ''[[Caulobacter leidyi]]'', ''[[Asticcacaulis]]'') |
|1=[[Sphingomonadaceae]] (包含[[Erythrobacteraceae]], ''[[Caulobacter leidyi]]'', ''[[不黏柄菌属|Asticcacaulis]]'') |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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}} |
}} |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[ |
|1=[[红螺菌科]] 1 [包含''[[Roseospirillum parvum]]'', ''[[Kiloniella laminariae]]'', ''[[Terasakiella pusilla]]''] |
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|2=[[根瘤菌目]] [包含[[Caulobacteraceae]], [[Rhodobacteraceae]], ''[[Parvularcula]]'' & ''[[Streptomyces longisporoflavus]]''] |
|2=[[根瘤菌目]] [包含[[Caulobacteraceae]], [[Rhodobacteraceae]], ''[[Parvularcula]]'' & ''[[Streptomyces longisporoflavus]]''] |
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}} |
}} |
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}} |
}} |
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* |
*注:<br>资料取自[[美国国家生物技术信息中心]](NCBI) |
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== |
== 参考文献 == |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* {{MeshName|Alphaproteobacteria}} |
* {{MeshName|Alphaproteobacteria}} |
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* [http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/groupspecific/alphaproteo/alpha.html Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage: Alpha Proteobacteria.] |
* [http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/groupspecific/alphaproteo/alpha.html Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Phylogeny Webpage: Alpha Proteobacteria.] |
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{{细菌分类}} |
{{细菌分类}} |
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[[Category:Α- |
[[Category:Α-变形菌| ]] |
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[[Category:細菌]] |
[[Category:細菌]] |
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[[Category:革兰氏阴性菌]] |
[[Category:革兰氏阴性菌]] |