Google圖書：修订间差异

'''Google圖書'''（{{lang-en|Google Books}}）是一個由Google研發的搜尋工具，它可以自[[Google]]所掃描、經由[[光學字符識別]]（OCR）、儲存的數位化數據庫中搜尋資料。此服務於2004年10月在[[法蘭克福書展]]发布，命名為'''Google Print'''。當用戶使用關鍵字搜尋，Google圖書搜尋的結果索引會顯示在Google網路搜尋服務的上方（[http://google.com Google.com]）。用戶還可以在Google圖書搜尋搜尋書籍。點擊Google圖書搜尋的結果索引打開頁面，使用戶可以查看書籍中的頁面以及內容相關的廣告，鏈接到出版商的網站和書店。Google以限制網頁的瀏覽數量，來阻止書籍被列印和保護文字內容的複製版權，並追蹤用戶使用記錄，作為通過各種准入限制和保障措施的依據。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google's Cookie and Hacking Google Print |url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/3/7/95844/59875 |author=Greg Duffy |date=March 2005 |work=[[Kuro5hin]] |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126201516/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2005/3/7/95844/59875 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Google圖書搜尋允許[[公有領域]]的作品和內容，免費全文瀏覽，並提供[[PDF]]的格式下載。對於在美國境外的用戶，Google必須確保它們的工作沒有觸犯到用戶所在的國家的法律，根據Google圖書搜尋支持小組的成員說法：「一本書是否是在公有領域往往是一個棘手的法律問題，我們會謹慎的處理，直到我們確定本書已進入公有領域。」<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the mail bag: Public domain books and downloads |url=http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2006/11/from-mail-bag-public-domain-books-and.html |author=Ryan Sands |date=2006年11月9日 |format=[[blog]] |work=Inside Google Book Search |accessdate=2008年12月4日 |archive-date=2011年7月21日 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721220053/http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2006/11/from-mail-bag-public-domain-books-and.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

關於掃描方面，許多書籍使用Elphel 323相機掃描，這種相機每小時可以照1000頁。<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all |title=Scan This Book! |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |date=2006年5月14日 |publisher=[[New York Times Magazine]] |accessdate=2008-03-07 |quote=When Google announced in December 2004 that it would digitally scan the books of five major research libraries to make their contents searchable, the promise of a universal library was resurrected. ... From the days of Sumerian clay tablets till now, humans have "published" at least 32 million books, 750 million articles and essays, 25 million songs, 500 million images, 500,000 movies, 3 million videos, TV shows and short films and 100 billion public Web pages. |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125090149/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin |dead-url=no }}</ref>

而Google的這一計畫受到極大稱讚，它可能成為前所未有、全球最大的網上主體的人類知識，<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Bergquist |title=Google project promotes public good |url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0506/Feb13_06/02.shtml |work=The University Record |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |date=2006年2月13日 |accessdate=2007-04-11 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012194543/http://umich.edu/~urecord/0506/Feb13_06/02.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is This the Renaissance or the Dark Ages? |last=Pace |first=Andrew K. |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/techspeaking/2006columnsa/techJan2006.cfm |work=American Libraries |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |accessdate=2007-04-11 |quote=Google made instant e-book believers out of skeptics even though 10 years of e-book evangelism among librarians had barely made progress. |date=January 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403083647/http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/techspeaking/2006columnsa/techJan2006.cfm |archivedate=2007-04-03 }}</ref>但它仍有其潛在的批評——關於侵犯版權。<ref name=LAWSUITS />

Google圖書掃描圖書的目的，并不是給人類閲讀，而是用於訓練[[人工智能]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dyson |first1=George |title=Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-90706-6 |pages=312-313 |url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=9nvfmUS03c4C |language=en |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114012319/https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=9nvfmUS03c4C |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

Google曾表示，他們目前一天可掃描三千本書籍。到2007年3月為止，Google已經數位化100萬本圖書，根據[[紐約時報]]的估計，花費了約500萬美元。<ref name="NYT2007">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/10/business/yourmoney/11archive.html |title=History, Digitized (and Abridged) |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=March 10, 2007 |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2008-04-10 |quote=Google, on its own, is digitizing books at the Library of Congress, which has its hands full with other items. ... In its quest to scan every one of the tens of millions of books ever published, Google has already digitized one million volumes. Google refuses to say how much it has spent on the venture so far, but outside experts estimate the figure at at least US$5 million. The company has also been scanning and indexing academic journals to make them searchable, and is working with the Patent Office to digitize thousands of patents dating back to 1790. |archive-date=2020-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122082151/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/10/business/yourmoney/11archive.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>在2008年10月28日Google說，通過此项服务，他們有700萬本的圖書被搜索，其中包括掃描的20000個出版商的合作夥伴。<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Chapter |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/10/new-chapter-for-google-book-search.html |accessdate=2008-10-29 |publisher=[[Google]] |archive-date=2020-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021553/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/10/new-chapter-for-google-book-search.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>這700萬冊圖書当中，100萬基礎上與出版商有“完全預覽”的協議，100萬屬於在公有領域，以及其餘500萬是絕版或商用。<ref name="pcworldscan">{{Cite news |url=http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/153085/in_google_book_settlement_business_trumps_ideals.html |title=In Google Book Settlement, Business Trumps Ideals |date=October 28, 2008 |work=[[PC World]] |accessdate=2008-10-31 |quote=Of the 7 million books Google has scanned, 1 million are in full preview mode as part of formal publisher agreements. Another 1 million are public domain works. |archive-date=2011-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229201430/http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/153085/in_google_book_settlement_business_trumps_ideals.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* [[微軟]]在2006年開發了一個類似的計畫，名叫{{link-en|Live Search Books|Live Search Books}}。它持續進行了一段时间，直到2008年5月該計畫被取消。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/biztech/microsoft-starts-online-library-in-challenge-to-google-books/2006/12/07/1165081127665.html |title=Microsoft starts online library in challenge to Google Books |work=[[AFP]] |accessdate=2008-11-24 |quote=Microsoft launched an online library in a move that pits the world's biggest software company against Google's controversial project to digitize the world's books. |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125647/https://www.theage.com.au/news/biztech/microsoft-starts-online-library-in-challenge-to-google-books/2006/12/07/1165081127665.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>所有的Live Search Books的資料，現已存在[[Internet Archive]]。Internet Archive是非營利性的，它是繼Google之後第二大圖書掃描計畫。截至2008年11月已超過100萬全文公有領域的作品掃描上網。

* [[歐洲數位圖書館|Europeana]]主宰約300萬份的數位物件，其中包括影像、照片、繪畫、音頻、地圖、手稿、印刷書籍、報紙等，這些檔案超過一千項是由[[歐盟]]自過去兩千年的歐洲歷史搜集而成的。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://blog.wired.com/business/2008/11/eu-launches-mas.html |title=Europe's Answer to Google Book Search Crashes on Day 1 |date=2008 |work=[[Wired]] |accessdate=2008-11-24 |archive-date=2009-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416002826/http://blog.wired.com/business/2008/11/eu-launches-mas.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 十二月：Google表明要擴張其Google Print計畫，初期稱為Google Print Library Project。<ref name="gblp1">O'Sullivan, Joseph and Adam Smith. [http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2004/12/all-booked-up.html "All booked up,"] ''Googleblog.'' December 14, 2004.</ref>Google宣布與幾個知名的大學和公共圖書館建立夥伴關係，包括[[密西根大學]]、[[哈佛大學]]（哈佛大學圖書館）、[[史丹佛大學]]（{{link-en|Green Library|Green Library}}）、[[牛津大學]]（[[博德利圖書館]]），以及[[紐約公共圖書館]]。根據新聞稿和各大學圖書館長所言，Google計畫在十年之內數位化並提供約1500萬冊的Google圖書搜尋服務。Google動作之迅速引發了爭議，因為出版商和作者協會都質疑Google計畫進行的數位化，不僅是針對公共領域的圖書，同時也挑戰了著作權。

* 九月至十月間：兩起對Google提出的訴訟指出，Google公司並不尊重[[版權]]，並且未能妥善補償作者以及出版商。其一是集體作者訴訟代表（作家協會{{link-en|Authors Guild|Authors Guild}}控訴Google，2005年9月20日）；另一是五個大型出版商和美國出版商協會{{link-en|Association of American Publishers|Association of American Publishers}}控訴的民事訴訟（McGraw Hill 控訴Google，2005年10月19日。）<ref name=LAWSUITS>Copyright infringement suits against Google and their settlement:

|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/press/pressrel/20081027_booksearchagreement.html

|accessdate=November 22, 2008

|archive-date=2012-07-12

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712071221/http://www.google.com/intl/en/press/pressrel/20081027_booksearchagreement.html

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|accessdate=November 22, 2008

|archive-date=2008-11-13

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113145948/http://www.authorsguild.org/advocacy/articles/settlement-resources.html

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|accessdate=November 22, 2008

|archive-date=2009-05-07

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507233143/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12523914

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|author-link=Paul Aiken

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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209223903/http://www.authorsguild.org/news/sues_google_citing.htm

|archivedate=2007年2月9日

|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120714122716/http://news.cnet.com/Publishers-sue-Google-over-book-search-project/2100-1030_3-5902115.html

|archivedate=2012-07-14

|deadurl=yes

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|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713224529/http://www.publishers.org/main/Copyright/attachments/40_McGraw-Hill_v_Google.pdf

|archivedate=2009-07-13

* 十一月：Google將Google Print正式改名為'''Google圖書搜尋'''。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judging Book Search by its cover |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/11/judging-book-search-by-its-cover.html |author=Jen Grant |date=2005年11月17日 |format=blog |work=Googleblog |accessdate=2008年12月4日 |archive-date=2021年1月6日 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106234558/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/11/judging-book-search-by-its-cover.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>這個方案使出版商、作者及他們在此服務中的書籍改了名，稱為“Google Books Partner Program”（見[http://books.google.com/googlebooks/partners.html Google Library Partners] ），並且與圖書館的合作關係就成為了[[Google图书馆计划]]。

* 八月：加州大學系統宣佈它們將加入圖書搜尋數位化的計畫。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/2006/aug09.html |title=UC libraries partner with Google to digitize books |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2006-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815010156/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/2006/aug09.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* 九月：馬德里Complutense大學图书馆成為加入Google圖書計畫的第一個[[西班牙語]]圖書館。

* 十一月：[[弗吉尼亞大學]]加入該計畫。該庫包含超過5萬冊和1700多萬份的手稿、珍貴書籍和檔案。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.google.com/press/annc/books_uva.html |title=The University of Virginia Library Joins the Google Books Library Project |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525033650/http://www.google.com/press/annc/books_uva.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 三月：[[巴伐利亞州圖書館]]宣布與Google建立合作夥伴關係，來掃描超過100萬份關於公共領域，和絕版的德語以及英語、法語、意大利語、拉丁語和西班牙語作品。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6164875.html |title=Bavarian State Library + Google digitizing project partnership announced |accessdate=2012-07-15 |archive-date=2012-07-15 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120715091914/http://news.com.com/2061-10802_3-6164875.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 五月：根特大學的Boekentoren圖書館，將參與Google圖書數位化計畫，且將把19世紀的圖書製成法國和荷蘭的語言並上線。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lib1.ugent.be/cmsites/default.aspx?ref=ABAF&lang=NL_BO |title=Ghent/Gent + Google digitizing project partnership announced |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122031234/http://lib1.ugent.be/cmsites/default.aspx?ref=ABAF&lang=NL_BO |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* 六月：合作委員會（{{link-en|Committee on Institutional Cooperation|Committee on Institutional Cooperation}}）宣佈，其12個成員圖書館未來六年將參與掃描1000萬本書的過程。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/programs/CenterForLibraryInitiatives/Archive/PressRelease/LibraryDigitization/index.shtml |title=CIC + Google digitizing project partnership announced |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084038/http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/programs/CenterForLibraryInitiatives/Archive/PressRelease/LibraryDigitization/index.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* 七月：[[慶應義塾大學]]成為Google在日本的第一個圖書館合作夥伴，他們將數位化至少12萬本公共領域的書籍。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2007/07/keio-university-joins-googles-library.html |title=Keio + Google digitizing project partnership announced |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2013-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309052919/http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2007/07/keio-university-joins-googles-library.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 八月：Google宣布，它將數位化達50萬本有版權的書籍，也將數位化在[[康奈爾大學]]圖書館的公共領域書籍。Google還將提供一個系統，可將數位化複製的所有作品掃描並納入大學自己的圖書館。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://library.cornell.edu/communications/Google/ |title=Cornell + Google digitizing project partnership announced |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2013-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911084718/http://www.library.cornell.edu/communications/Google/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 九月：Google推出一項新功能，名為“我的圖書館”，允許用戶創建個人體制的圖書館。他們可以運用標籤、審查、利率、或全文檢索來選擇圖書。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://books.google.com/googlebooks/mylibrary/ |title=Google's "personal library" feature announced |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114012520/http://books.google.com/googlebooks/mylibrary/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 十二月：美國[[哥倫比亞大學]]成為一個數位化公共領域的夥伴。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2007/12/columbia-university-joins-google-book.html |title=Columbia + Google digitizing project partnership announced |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2013-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309052329/http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2007/12/columbia-university-joins-google-book.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 五月：微軟逐漸勢衰，並打算結束其掃描計畫。該計畫掃描了75萬份的書籍和八千萬篇的雜誌文章。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/technology/24soft.html?_r=1&ref=technology&oref=slogin |title=Microsoft Will Shut Down Book Search Program |date=2008年5月24日 |publisher=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=2008-05-24 |quote=Microsoft said it had digitized 750,000 books and indexed 80 million journal articles. |archive-date=2016-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130171149/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/technology/24soft.html?_r=1&ref=technology&oref=slogin |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* 十一月：Google和合作夥伴的圖書掃描計畫達到了700萬大關。其中一百萬已達成完全預覽模式，另有一百萬已是可完全瀏覽和下載的公共領域的作品。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQBJ3FLg32GX_cAVFLQo1feO6Ckg |title=Massive EU online library looks to compete with Google |date=November 2008 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |accessdate=2008-11-24 |quote=Google, one of the pioneers in this domain on the other hand, claims to have seven million books available for its "Google Book Search" project, which saw the light of day at the end of 2004. |archive-date=2013-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302143810/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQBJ3FLg32GX_cAVFLQo1feO6Ckg |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="自动生成1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/153085/in_google_book_settlement_business_trumps_ideals.html |title=In Google Book Settlement, Business Trumps Ideals |date=October 28, 2008 |work=[[PC World]] |accessdate=2008-10-31 |quote=Of the 7 million books Google has scanned, 1 million are in full preview mode as part of formal publisher agreements. Another 1 million are public domain works.}}</ref>

[[File:HarvardWidenerLibrary.jpg|缩略图|右|[[哈佛大學]][[哈佛大學圖書館]]]]

[[File:Radcliffe Camera and Old Bodleian.jpg|右|缩略图|[[牛津大學]][[博德利圖書館]]]]

[[File:Old Keio University Library 3.jpg|缩略图|右|[[慶應義塾圖書館舊館]]]]

[[File:NYC Public Library Research Room Jan 2006-1- 3.jpg|缩略图|右|[[紐約公共圖書館]]]]

參與計畫的成員人數自[[Google图书馆计划]]實行之初已成長許多<ref name="gblp1" />；邁索爾大學在許多媒體的報導都提到其為此計劃之合作夥伴，<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070522-google-to-scan-800000-manuscripts-books-from-indian-university.html |title=Ars Technica |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2008-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206141216/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070522-google-to-scan-800000-manuscripts-books-from-indian-university.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print.aspx?Id=4e4d6d35-ef7f-4e42-808c-589ea4540202 |title=Hindustani Times "Google to digitise 800,000 books at Mysore varsity" |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2007-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213162929/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print.aspx?Id=4e4d6d35-ef7f-4e42-808c-589ea4540202 |dead-url=no }}</ref>但他們實際上並沒有被Google列為合作夥伴。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://books.google.com/googlebooks/partners.html |title=Google Library Partners |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218193748/http://books.google.com/googlebooks/partners.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

* [[哈佛大學]]，[[哈佛大學圖書館]]，[http://hul.harvard.edu/hgproject/index.html Harvard + Google]

* [[密西根大學]]，[[密西根大學圖書館]]，[http://www.lib.umich.edu/mdp/ Michigan + Google]

* [[紐約公共圖書館]]，[http://www.nypl.org/press/2004/google.cfm New York Public Library + Google]

* [[牛津大學]]，[[博德利圖書館]]，[http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/google/ Oxford + Google]

* [[史丹佛大學]]，{{link-en|Stanford University Libraries|Stanford University Libraries}}（{{link-en|Stanford University Libraries|Stanford University Libraries|SULAIR}}）, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090203105645/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/about_sulair/special_projects/google_sulair_project_faq.html Stanford + Google]

* [[巴伐利亞國家圖書館]]，[https://web.archive.org/web/20080705121251/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6422888.html Bavaria + Google]，[https://web.archive.org/web/20080125114747/http://wiki.netbib.de/coma/GooglePrint Bayerische Staatsbibliothek + Google (in German)]

* [[哥倫比亞大學]]，[[哥伦比亚大学图书馆|Columbia University Library System]]，[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/news/libraries/2007/2007-12-13.google.html Columbia + Google]

* {{link-en|Committee on Institutional Cooperation|Committee on Institutional Cooperation}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614084038/http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/programs/CenterForLibraryInitiatives/Archive/PressRelease/LibraryDigitization/index.shtml CIC + Google]

* [[马德里康普顿斯大学]]，[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207024432/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6376481.html Madrid + Google]，[https://web.archive.org/web/20080228211251/http://www.ucm.es/info/ucmp/cont/descargas/prensa/tribuna859.pdf ''Complutense Universidad'' + Google (in Spanish)]

* [[康乃爾大學]]，{{link-en|Cornell University Library|Cornell University Library}}，[http://www.library.cornell.edu/communications/Google/ Cornell + Google]

* [[根特大學]]，{{link-en|Ghent University Library|Ghent University Library}}／{{link-en|Boekentoren|Boekentoren}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207074252/http://lib1.ugent.be/cmsites/default.aspx?ref=ABAFBB&lang=NL_BO Ghent/Gent + Google]

* [[慶應義塾大學]]，{{link-en|Keio Media Centers (Libraries)|Keio Media Centers (Libraries)}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20100624235802/http://www.keio.ac.jp/english/news/2007/070712.html Keio + Google (in English)]，[https://web.archive.org/web/20080925033634/http://www.keio.ac.jp/pressrelease/070706.pdf Keio + Google (in Japanese)]

* [[普林斯頓大學]]，[[Princeton University Library]]，[http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S16/84/71S02/index.xml?section=topstories Princeton + Google]

* [[加利福尼亞大學]]，{{link-en|California Digital Library|California Digital Library}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20060815010156/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/2006/aug09.html California + Google]

* [[洛桑大學]]（{{lang|en|University of Lausanne}}）, {{link-en|Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne|Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne}}／[https://web.archive.org/web/20071214235636/http://www.unil.ch/bcu/page45509.html Bibliothèque Cantonale et Universitaire/BCU + Google (in French)]

* {{link-en|University of Mysore|University of Mysore}}，{{link-en|Mysore University Library|Mysore University Library}}，[http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070522-google-to-scan-800000-manuscripts-books-from-indian-university.html Mysore + Google]

* [[德克薩斯州大學奧斯汀分校]]，{{lang|en|University of Texas Libraries}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20130913104439/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/about/news/google/ Texas + Google]

* [[維吉尼亞大學]]，{{lang|en|University of Virginia Library}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20071229161158/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/old-press/uvagoogle/ Virginia + Google]

* [[威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校]]，{{lang|en|University of Wisconsin Digital Collection}}，[https://web.archive.org/web/20130901183839/http://www.library.wisc.edu/digitization/ Wisconsin + Google]

2006年6月，在訴訟之後，法國出版商宣布它打算控訴法國Google。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/07/france_sues_google/ |title=French publisher sues Google |author=John Oates |date=2006年6月7日 |work=The Register |accessdate=2008年12月4日 |archive-date=2020年5月6日 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506164011/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/07/france_sues_google/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>2006年底，德國控訴被撤回。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Book Search Wins Victory In German Challenge |url=http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/blog/060628-152950 |accessdate=2006-11-11 |author=Danny Sullivan |date=2006年6月28日 |format=blog |work=[[Search Engine Watch]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017052524/http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/blog/060628-152950 |archivedate=2006年10月17日 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

2007年3月，Google被告侵犯著作權法的圖書搜索服務。微軟的副總兼法律顧問托馬斯·魯賓（Thomas Rubin）批評Google一再任意複製作品，並且總是直到有人出面指證才會停手。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197800578 |title=Microsoft Attorney Accuses Google Of Copyright Violations |author=Thomas Claburn |date=2007年3月6日 |work=InformationWeek |accessdate=2008年12月4日 |archive-date=2007年10月12日 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012173933/http://informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197800578 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

2008年11月28日，作家協會、出版界和Google簽訂了和解協議，Google同意支付總共1.25億美元，包括訴訟費用及建立圖書權登記處。該解決方案將在2009年5月得到法院的批准。<ref name=LAWSUITS/>解決的反應有好有壞，其中一個與Google合作的圖書館表示，如果Google無法找到“更合理的條款”，它會選擇撤回與其合作的關係。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Online Book Deal at Risk |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=524989 |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2009-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921212329/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=524989 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Google許可的公有領域作品也是一個令人關注的議題。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livescience.com/technology/ap_050524_google_scan.html |title=Publishers Protest Google's Online Library Project |author=Michael Liedtke |date=2005年5月24日 |work=Associated Press |accessdate=2008年12月4日 |archive-date=2006年2月9日 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209091204/http://www.livescience.com/technology/ap_050524_google_scan.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>一些出版作業是在公有領域進行的，例如美國聯邦政府創造的所有作品，但那些作品仍被視如其他版權保護的作品般對待，導致它們在1922年之後遭禁。<ref>Robert B. Townsend, [http://www.historians.org/Perspectives/issues/2007/0709/0709vie1.cfm Google Books: Is It Good for History?] , ''Perspectives'' (September 2007).</ref>

一些歐洲政治家和知識分子批評Google有[[語言帝國主義]]傾向，理由是因為絕大多數的書籍都掃描成英文，這會導致英文成為世界代表性的自然語言，如此一來受歡迎的語文學例如德語、漢語、俄語、法語則會漸漸不被重視，並不公平。在這些批評聲浪中出面表達意見的是[[法國國家圖書館]]館長{{link-en|Jean-Noël Jeanneney|Jean-Noël Jeanneney}}。<ref>{{Cite book |title=Google and the Myth of Universal Knowledge: A View from Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/googlemythofuniv00jean |last=[[Jean-Noël Jeanneney]] |date=2006年10月23日 |accessdate=2007-02-21 |format=book abstract; Foreword by Ian Wilson |id=ISBN 0-226-39577-4}}</ref>

{{reflist|45em}}

* {{link-en|A9.com|A9.com}}是[[Amazon.com]]的圖書搜尋引擎

* [http://books.google.com/?hl=en Google Book] {{en}}

** [http://books.google.com/?hl=zh-CN Google图书] {{zh-hans}}

** [http://books.google.com/?hl=zh-TW Google圖書] {{zh-hant}}

* {{link-en|Jeffrey Toobin|Jeffrey Toobin}}；[http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/070205fa_fact_toobin Google的衛星影像]{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120906101032/www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/070205fa_fact_toobin |date=2012-09-06 }}

* [http://www.archive.org/details/texts archive.org 本文搜尋]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081024153901/http://www.campustechnology.com/articles/57064_1/ Dian Schaffhauser: Google圖書搜尋：The Good, the Bad, & the Ugly：《善、惡、醜》]

[[Category:圖書資訊科學]]