2014年俄罗斯金融危机：修订间差异

'''2014年俄罗斯金融危机'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-16/russian-government-to-meet-on-financial-chaos-as-ruble-dives-15-.html|title=Russian Government to Meet on Financial Chaos as Ruble Dives 15%|author=Ekaterina Shatalova|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Bloomberg|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/business/.premium-1.632266|title=Russian financial crisis’ effect on Israel to escalate|author=Ami Ginsburg|date=17 December 2014|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=Haaretz|||}}</ref><ref name="financialcrisis"/>是有关[[俄罗斯卢布]]及其他有关货币，货币的极速贬值与[[俄罗斯经济]]增长放缓的事件<ref name="financialcrisis">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/yield-seekers-prone-to-russias-disease-heard-on-the-street-1418767459|title=Yield Seekers Prone to Russia’s Disease|author=Justin Lahart|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|||}}</ref><ref name="sanctions"/>。此次经济衰退一个重要因素与[[原油]]有关，这是俄罗斯一大重要[[出口]]品，其价格在2014年6月到12月16日期间几乎下降了一半<ref name="financialcrisis"/><ref name="oilpricedecline">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/oil-prices-plunge-with-brent-crude-below-60-1418722523|title=U.S. Oil Prices Snap Losing Streak|author=Nicole Friedman|accessdate=16 December 2014|date=16 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|||}}</ref>。

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石油价格由2014年6月的每桶100美元下跌至2014年12月的每桶60美元<ref name=FChang>{{cite news|last1=Chung|first1=Frank|title=The Cold War is back, and colder|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/the-cold-war-is-back-and-colder/story-e6frflo9-1227159436375|accessdate=17 December 2014|publisher=News.au|date=18 December 2014|||}}</ref>，其原因主要是全球范围内对石油需求的减少，以及美国頁岩油产量的增加<ref name=CMooney>{{cite news|last1=Mooney|first1=Chris|title=The basic reason oil keeps getting cheaper and cheaper|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/12/12/the-basic-reason-oil-keeps-getting-cheaper-and-cheaper/|accessdate=17 December 2014|publisher=Washington Post|date=12 December 2014|||}}</ref>，由于俄罗斯联邦政府收入的近一半来自油气销售，价格下跌对俄国的打击严重<ref name=FChang/>；俄罗斯的经济可以说是受到“[[荷兰病]]”的困扰，即一国注重发展其自然资源而对其他经济活动造成损害<ref name=FCoppola>{{cite news|last1=Coppola|first1=Frances|title=Oil, Sanctions And Russian Politics|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2014/12/01/oil-sanctions-and-russian-politics/|accessdate=17 December 2014|publisher=Forbes|date=1 December 2014|||}}</ref>。2014年，俄罗斯需要保持每桶100美元的油价才能维持预算平衡<ref name=LElliott>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Larry|title=Fears for Russian rouble as plunging oil price dents markets|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/15/fears-russian-rouble-oil-price-markets|accessdate=17 December 2014|publisher=The Guardian|date=15 December 2014|||}}</ref>。俄罗斯并不是唯一一个受到油价下跌影响的国家；其他一些国家，例如[[委内瑞拉]]、[[尼日利亚]]和[[哈萨克斯坦]]同样受到了收入下降和经济活动衰退的影响<ref name=Ticking>{{cite news|last1=Schoen|first1=John|title=Ticking time bombs: Where oil's fall is dangerous|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/102270286#.|accessdate=17 December 2014|publisher=CNBC|date=16 December 2014|||}}</ref>。

2014年俄罗斯对乌克兰的军事干预使任何对于俄罗斯的国际援助希望渺茫<ref name="financialcrisis"/>。美国[[白宫]]官员同时指出，尽管发生了经济危机，美国与[[欧盟]]因俄罗斯先前[[吞并克里米亚]]并在[[顿巴斯战争]]中援助了反乌的[[新俄罗斯]]武装分子，将不会缓解{{link-en|针对俄罗斯的经济制裁|International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}<ref name="sanctions">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-16/u-s-won-t-ease-sanctions-to-prevent-economic-meltdown-in-russia.html|title=U.S. Won’t Ease Sanctions to Stem Russia’s Economic Crisis|author=Mike Dorning and Ian Katz|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Bloomberg|||}}</ref>。美国认为经济制裁已对当前俄经济造成负面影响，并且预期此次经济制裁将使俄经济发生更大幅度的衰退<ref name="sanctions"/>。

自从俄公司被禁止滚动融资, 并被强制在公开市场上将卢布兑换成美元或者其他外国货币以满足他们对于已有债务的利息支付义务，此次经济制裁也引起了卢布贬值<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-companies-clamor-for-dollars-to-repay-debt-1412860551|title=Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt|author=Chiara Albanese and Ben Edwards|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|||}}</ref>。

俄罗斯[[俄罗斯总统|总统]][[弗拉基米尔·弗拉基米罗维奇·普京|普京]]被指控为[[窃盗统治]]的领导人，即一小部分[[寻租]]富豪对经济造成了消耗<ref name=Plutocrat>{{cite news|title=Planet Plutocrat|url=http://www.economist.com/news/international/21599041-countries-where-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet|accessdate=18 December 2014|publisher=Economist|date=15 March 2014|||}}</ref><ref name=LHarding>{{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Luke|title=WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/01/wikileaks-cables-russia-mafia-kleptocracy|accessdate=18 December 2014|publisher=The Guardian|date=1 December 2010|||}}</ref><ref name=MFish>{{cite news|last1=Fish|first1=M. Steven|title=The end of the Putin mystique|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/03/the-end-of-the-putin-mystique/|accessdate=18 December 2014|publisher=Washington Post|date=3 April 2014|||}}</ref>。在《[[经济学人]]》2014年的裙带资本主义指数排行中，俄罗斯位列第二<ref name=Plutocrat/>。俄罗斯本身脆弱的经济使其难以抵御低油价和国际制裁带来的挑战<ref name=Check>{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Matt|title=Checkmate, Putin. Russia’s economy is stuck in a catch-22.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/12/16/checkmate-putin-russias-economy-is-stuck-in-a-catch-22/|accessdate=18 December 2014|publisher=Washington Post|date=16 December 2014|||}}</ref>。此外，普京控诉西方国家一手策划了俄罗斯经济危机的爆发<ref name="Armen">{{cite journal |first=Armen |last=Grigoryan |date=11 December 2014 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43192&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7#.VJH-WId0y71 |title=Russian-Abkhazian Strategic Partnership Agreement Puts Pressure on Armenian Government |volume=Volume 11 |issue=221 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |accessdate=17 December 2014 |journal= |||}}</ref><!-- removed_ref site30 by Njzjzbot -->。

2007年经济大衰退以来，由于各国[[央行]]非常规的刺激性操作，[[美国国债]]和其他低风险资产的收益率明显下降，这些刺激性操作包括“[[零利率政策]]”（ZIRP）和[[量化宽松]]等。如此一来，出于收益最大化的考虑，[[发达国家]]的投资者为使其持有资产有更高利率，不断购买[[新兴市场]]的债务。这造成了俄罗斯企业发行的以外币计价的债务规模不断上升，截至2014年6月，外币计价的债务规模已达到5020亿，而2007年底仅有3250亿<ref name="financialcrisis"/>。

由于卢布最近贬值，俄罗斯企业应当支付的债务利息成本明显上升。因为这些债务是以美元或者其他相对卢布升值的货币发行的，俄罗斯企业需要花费更多的以卢布计价的收入才能偿付那些美元或其他外币的债权人<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/russia-rouble-debt-idUSL6N0T02OR20141110|title=Falling rouble creates debt payment headache for Russian companies|author=Sujata Rao|date=10 November 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Reuters|||}}</ref>。

2014年12月15日，俄罗斯的外汇储备为近4000亿美元，为[[各国外汇储备列表|世界第六高]]<ref name=FWeir>{{cite news|last1=Weir|first1=Fred|title=Oil prices, ruble, inflation all bite Russia, but how badly?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2014/1215/Oil-prices-ruble-inflation-all-bite-Russia-but-how-badly-video|accessdate=17 December 2014|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=15 December 2014|||}}</ref>。外汇储备使俄国有能力抬升卢布价值<ref name=FWeir/>。12月15日，俄罗斯央行花费近20亿美元，试图稳定卢布<ref name="afptweet">{{cite web|title=#BREAKING: Russia's central bank spent almost $2 bn to support ruble on Monday|url=https://twitter.com/AFP/status/545117472911654912|date=17 December 2014|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=Agence-France Presse|publisher=Twitter|||}}</ref>。

[[莫斯科时间|当地时间]]2014年12月16日凌晨1时不到，俄罗斯央行将其基准利率由10.5%提升至17%，试图缓解或阻止卢布继续贬值<ref name="interestratesbloomberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-15/russia-increases-key-interest-rate-to-17-to-stem-ruble-decline.html|title=Russia Defends Ruble With Biggest Rate Rise Since 1998|author=Olga Tanas and Anna Andrianova|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Bloomberg|||}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/to-halt-crisis-russia-central-bank-hikes-interest-rates-as-ruble-falls/2014/12/16/9ebb1610-4c9e-45bd-9297-475b0d3878cc_story.html|title=Russia imposes steep interest rate hike as ruble plummets|author=Michael Birnbaum|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Washington Post|||}}</ref>。这是2014年俄罗斯央行的第六次加息操作<ref name="interestratesbloomberg"/>。

虽然央行在凌晨进行干预，卢布仍然继续贬值。2014年12月16日早晨，美元兑卢布汇率一度达到79，而2014年1月这一汇率为33<ref name="washingtonpost"/>。16日俄罗斯央行宣布其不会加强[[资本管制]]，卢布维持在了低位<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/midday-update-stocks-reverse-course-as-oil-stocks-offer-buying-opportunity-ruble-recovers-cm423871|title=Midday Update: Stocks Reverse Course as Oil Stocks Offer Buying Opportunity, Ruble Recovers|author=MT Newswires|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=NASDAQ|||}}</ref>。

12月22日，俄罗斯央行向莫斯科信托银行提供5.3亿美元貸款，这也是金融危机中第一家接受政府救济的银行<ref name=LElliott2>{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Larry|title=IMF raises fears of global crisis as Russian bank forced into bailout|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/22/trust-bank-first-financial-casualty-russia-currency-crisis|accessdate=23 December 2014|publisher=The Guardian|date=22 December 2014|||}}</ref>。

[[File:Komsomolskaya-radialnaya, currency exchange (Комсомольская-радиальная, обмен валюты) (5229631128).jpg|缩略图|300px|莫斯科的货币交易机。大多数俄罗斯银行只支持四位数显式，而在2014年12月，一些银行设定了新的汇率，需要五位数显式<ref>{{cite news|title=Обменники стали закупать пятизначные табло курсов валют|url=http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/548f87e22ae5960e17246eaf|work=rbc.ru|agency=RBC Information Systems|date=15 December 2014|language=ru|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>。]]

2014年12月16日，以美元计价的俄罗斯RTS股票价格指数下跌12%，为2008年11月[[2007年–2008年环球金融危机|金融危机期间]]以来的最大跌幅，Micex指数在当日一度下跌达到8.1%，在交易日结束前有所回升。这使RTS指数继续下跌，截至12月16日，其当月累计跌幅已接近30%<ref name="russianstocks">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-16/russia-stocks-sink-most-in-world-as-ruble-crisis-pummels-banks.html|title=Russian Stocks Drop 12 Percent|author=Ksenia Galouchko and Natasha Doff|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Bloomberg|||}}</ref>。为应对提升的利率和[[挤兑]]状况，俄罗斯3个月同业拆借利率上升至28.3%，高于2008年任一时期<ref name="Mbnfp">{{cite news|last1=O'Brien|first1=Matt|title=More bad news for Putin: Russia’s banks need to be bailed out now|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/12/18/the-latest-bad-news-for-putin-russias-banks-need-to-be-bailed-out-now/|accessdate=19 December 2014|publisher=Washington Post|date=18 December 2014|||}}</ref><ref name=FFT>{{cite news|title=Russian interbank lending rate soars|url=http://www.ft.com/fastft/253531|accessdate=19 December 2014|publisher=Fast FT|date=18 December 2014|||}}</ref>。

为规避卢布不断下跌的风险，很多俄罗斯人开始购买[[耐用品]]，如洗衣机、电视机、家具和珠宝等，并将其[[年金]]和储蓄从卢布换成美元或欧元<ref name="pensionsandsavings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/102273163|title=Russia’s Steep Rate Increase Fails to Stem Ruble’s Decline|author=Jack Farchy and Courtney Weaver|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Financial Times|||}}</ref><ref name="applevolvo"/>。一些货币交易商只愿意在更高的汇率下接受现金：1美元兑换99.8卢布（官方汇率为61.15），<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amic.ru/news/293138/|title=: 100 , 115|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref>一欧元兑换120-150卢布（官方汇率为76.15）。<ref name=font>{{cite web|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2014/12/16/217/|title=- - - .|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.ru/business/413507|title=150|work=Interfax.ru|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref>。由于卢布的波动和下跌，一些外国公司暂停了其在俄罗斯的业务，如[[沃尔沃]]的汽车代理业务和[[苹果]]及[[Steam]]的在线商店业务<ref name="applevolvo">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/business/russia-ruble-interest-rates.html|title=Russia’s Steep Rate Increase Fails to Stem Ruble’s Decline|author=Andrew E. Kramer|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=New York Times|||}}</ref>。此外，[[宜家家居]]暂停了其部分货品在俄罗斯的销售，部分原因是卢布的动荡，此外亦是因为俄罗斯民众大量购买家具导致供给不足<ref name="Mbnfp"/>。

包括[[高盛]]在内的许多西方金融机构也开始削减其向俄罗斯企业支付的现金流，在之前它们也已削减了一些长期的卢布计价的[[回购协议]]。这些举措是为了使西方企业避免受到卢布波动的影响。回购交易使得俄罗斯企业可以将证券抵押给西方金融机构以获得现金，所以削减的举动很可能会增加俄罗斯金融系统的压力<ref name="rublerestrictions">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/western-banks-curtail-flow-of-cash-to-russian-entities-1418762656|title=Western Banks Curtail Flow of Cash to Russian Entities|author=Chiara Albanese and David Enrich|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|||}}</ref>。

倘若俄罗斯采取资本或外汇管制措施，它将可能被[[MSCI]]从包含26个国家的指数的新兴市场指数中除名，因为这些措施会造成外国实体难以进入俄罗斯证券市场。俄罗斯由此将被重归类为独立市场<ref name="msci">{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/economy/767405|title=Russia may be excluded from MSCI emerging markets index — index provider|3=|date=17 December 2014|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=TASS|||}}</ref>。

12月20日发行的印刷版《[[经济学人]]》预测俄罗斯在2015年将会遭遇重大[[经济衰退]]和高[[通货膨胀]]的“致命结合打击”<ref name=Edge>{{cite news|title=Going over the edge|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21636720|date=20 December 2014|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref>。其他人则预测危机将会蔓延至银行业<ref name=GMoyon>{{cite news|last1=Moyon|first1=Germain|title=The Worst Is Yet To Come For Russia's Economy|accessdate=21 December 2014|publisher=Business Insider|date=21 December 2014}}</ref>。俄罗斯总统普京则称俄罗斯并不处在危机中，并且低廉的油价将会使全球经济繁荣，从而抬升油价，由此支持俄罗斯经济<ref name=wrfck>{{cite news|title=Why Russia’s financial crises keep on coming|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/21/putin-russia-rouble-crisis-oil-price-leader|accessdate=21 December 2014|publisher=The Guardian|date=21 December 2014|||}}</ref>。

[[File:Inflation in Russia from 2008.png|缩略图|2008年以来的俄罗斯年通货膨胀率]]

金融危机同时威胁了[[大陆冰球联盟]]的存在，多支球队推迟或无法支付其球员的薪金<ref name=JMirtle>{{cite news|last1=Mirtle|first1=James|title=Russia’s Kontinental Hockey League on the verge of financial ruin|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/hockey/russias-kontinental-hockey-league-on-the-verge-of-financial-ruin/article22138117/|accessdate=26 December 2014|publisher=The Globe and Mail|date=18 December 2014|||}}</ref>。

俄罗斯总统普京要求内阁成员在新年停止休假<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Russias-Putin-scraps-New-Years-holidays-for-ministers/articleshow/45641027.cms |title=Russia's Putin scraps New Year's holidays for ministers |accessdate=2014-12-27 |||}}</ref>。

俄罗斯金融危机也蔓延到了其他全球化的金融市场。美元金融市场也有所下跌，[[道琼斯工业指数]]在3个交易日内下跌了3%，部分是由于俄罗斯金融危机造成的<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/world-markets-roiled-by-continued-oil-slump-but-u-s-stocks-resilient-1418743632|title=Markets Take Wild Ride on Ruble, Oil|author=Alexandra Scaggs|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|||}}</ref>。本次危机被拿来同[[1998年俄罗斯金融危机]]进行比较<ref name=MEgan/>。[[国际货币基金组织|IMF]]经济学家奥利弗·布兰沙称，俄罗斯经济危机所带来的不稳定将造成更大幅度的全球风险规避，与[[2007年–2008年环球金融危机]]状况类似<ref name=LElliott2/>。不过，2014年对俄罗斯的国际制裁削减了俄罗斯同全球金融市场的金融联系，从而使俄罗斯经济对全球经济的影响风险降低<ref name=MEgan>{{cite news|last1=Egan|first1=Matt|title=Russian ruble crisis: Don't panic like it's 1998|url=http://money.cnn.com/2014/12/17/investing/russia-crisis-1998-investing/|accessdate=18 December 2014|publisher=CNN|date=17 December 2014|||}}</ref>。自1998年以来，俄罗斯和许多其他国家采用了[[浮动汇率]]，这将阻止俄罗斯的金融状况对全球造成影响<ref name=MEgan/>。

[[File:Capital outflow Russia since 2008.png|缩略图|俄罗斯的[[资本外流]]数额，十亿美元为单位]]

持有俄罗斯债务或其它资产金额相对较高的[[金融机构]]也受到了俄罗斯金融危机的影响。几乎所有[[期权]]都已一文不值。2014年9月底，[[PIMCO|太平洋投资管理公司]](PIMCO)的新兴市场债券基金有21%投资于俄罗斯公司债和主权债务，该基金净值11月16日-12月16日期间已贬值7.9%<ref name="financialinstitutions">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-16/russia-crisis-hits-pimco-fund-wipes-out-options-as-ruble-sinks.html|title=Russia Crisis Hits Pimco Fund, Wipes Out Options|author=Vladimir Kuznetsov, Ksenia Galouchko and Ye Xie|date=16 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Bloomberg|||}}</ref>。[[对冲基金]]奥尔登全球资本持有的一些金融工具，当卢布相对其他货币贬值时价值会上升，该基金2014年11月前期至今已从卢布下跌中大为受益<ref name="financialinstitutions"/>。

卢布的贬值使许多前苏联加盟国的货币受到冲击<!-- removed_ref site46 by Njzjzbot -->，这些货币由于时常被外来工作为交易和汇款使用而与卢布密切相关<ref name="ft armenia georgia">{{cite news|title=Georgian and Armenian currencies collapse|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/fastft/246771/georgian-armenian-currencies-collapse|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=5 December 2014|accessdate=2018-05-26|||}}</ref>。对许多国家来说，与俄罗斯的贸易占到其GDP的5%<!--REMOVE_TAG_Action_01__BBCNews-->。

| 403.82<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/AMD/11-21-2013|title=USD to AMD Rates on 11/21/2013 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 0.7844<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-AZN/2013|title=United States dollar (USD) and Azerbaijani manat (AZN) Year 2013 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 1.6761<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-GEL/2013|title=United States dollar (USD) and Georgian lari (GEL) Year 2013 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 152.74<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/KZT/11-21-2013|title=USD to KZT Rates on 11/21/2013 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 48.8687<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-KGS/2013|title=United States dollar (USD) and Kyrgyzstani som (KGS) Year 2013 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 4.772<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-TJS/2013|title=United States dollar (USD) and Tajikistani somoni (TJS) Year 2013 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 8.1978<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/UAH/11-21-2013|title=USD to UAH Rates on 11/21/2013 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 2,169.605<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-UZS/2013|title=United States dollar (USD) and Uzbekistani som (UZS) Year 2013 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 415.46<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/AMD/03-18-2014|title=USD to AMD Rates on 3/18/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 0.7843<ref name="AZN 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-AZN/2014|title=United States dollar (USD) and Azerbaijani manat (AZN) Year 2014 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 1.7242<ref name="GEL 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-GEL/2014|title=United States dollar (USD) and Georgian lari (GEL) Year 2014 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 182.34<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/KZT/03-18-2014|title=USD to KZT Rates on 3/18/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 54.4999<ref name="KGS 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-KGS/2014|title=United States dollar (USD) and Kyrgyzstani som (KGS) Year 2014 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 4.8001<ref name="TJS 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-TJS/2014|title=United States dollar (USD) and Tajikistani somoni (TJS) Year 2014 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 10.0238<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/UAH/03-18-2014|title=USD to UAH Rates on 3/18/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 2,236.6599<ref name="UZS 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.freecurrencyrates.com/exchange-rate-history/USD-UZS/2014|title=United States dollar (USD) and Uzbekistani som (UZS) Year 2014 Exchange Rate History and graphs and charts - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 411.09<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/AMD/06-16-2014|title=USD to AMD Rates on 6/16/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref>

| 183.13<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/KZT/06-16-2014|title=USD to KZT Rates on 6/16/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref>

| 11.9204<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/UAH/06-16-2014|title=USD to UAH Rates on 6/16/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-27|||}}</ref>

| 475.19<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/AMD/12-16-2014|title=USD to AMD Rates on 12/16/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 184.04<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/KZT/12-16-2014|title=USD to KZT Rates on 12/16/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

| 15.8500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange-rates.org/Rate/USD/UAH/12-16-2014|title=USD to UAH Rates on 12/16/2014 - Exchange Rates|publisher=|accessdate=2014-12-20|||}}</ref>

* {{link-en|俄羅斯大蕭條|Great Recession in Russia}}

* [[第二次冷戰]]

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:2014年經濟|俄羅斯]]

[[Category:2014年俄羅斯|金融危机]]