1859年太陽風暴：修订间差异

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-[[File:Carrington Richard sunspots 1859.jpg|缩略图|[[理查·卡靈頓]]描繪的1859年9月1日的太陽黑子。A和B標誌著一個強烈的明亮事件的初始位置，大約在5分鐘後移動到C和D，然後消失。]]
+[[File:Carrington Richard sunspots 1859.jpg|thumb|[[理查·卡灵顿]]描绘的1859年9月1日的太阳黑子。A和B标志著一个强烈的明亮事件的初始位置，大约在5分钟后移动到C和D，然后消失。]]
-'''卡靈頓事件'''<ref name="severespaceweather">{{cite news|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm?list5029|title=Severe Space Weather—Social and Economic Impacts|publisher=science.nasa.gov|date=2009-01-21|accessdate=2011-02-16|work=NASA Science: Science News|last=Philips|first=Tony|archive-date=2009-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404064739/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm?list5029|dead-url=no}}</ref>是在1859年9月1-2日，[[第10太陽週期]](1855-1867年)期間，的一場強大地磁風暴。太陽的[[日冕物質拋射]]撞擊[[磁層#地球磁層|地球磁場]]，並誘發[[磁暴#歷史事件|有紀錄以來最大的地磁風暴]]。英國天文學家[[理查·卡靈頓]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}觀測與紀錄了太陽[[光球]]中相關的"白光[[閃焰]]"。這場風暴造成強烈的極光，並對電報系統造成嚴重破壞。現在，這個閃焰在[[國際天文學聯合會]]的標準識別字是SOL1859-09-01。
+'''卡灵顿事件'''<ref name="severespaceweather">{{cite news|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm?list5029|title=Severe Space Weather—Social and Economic Impacts|publisher=science.nasa.gov|date=2009-01-21|accessdate=2011-02-16|work=NASA Science: Science News|last=Philips|first=Tony}}</ref>是在1859年9月1-2日，[[第10太阳周期]](1855-1867年)期间，的一场强大地磁风暴。太阳的[[日冕物质拋射]]撞击[[磁层#地球磁层|地球磁场]]，并誘发[[磁暴#历史事件|有纪录以来最大的地磁风暴]]。英国天文学家[[理查·卡灵顿]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}观测与纪录了太阳[[光球]]中相关的"白光[[耀斑|閃焰]]"。这场风暴造成强烈的极光，并对电报系统造成严重破坏。现在，这个閃焰在[[国际天文学联合会]]的标準识别字是SOL1859-09-01。
-這種規模的太陽風暴如果發生在現代，將造成大範圍的電力中斷：[[停電]]，以及[[電網]]長期停電造成的破壞<ref name="lloyds2013">{{cite book|author=Lloyd's and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.|url=http://www.lloyds.com/~/media/lloyds/reports/emerging%20risk%20reports/solar%20storm%20risk%20to%20the%20north%20american%20electric%20grid.pdf|title=Solar storm risk to the north American electric grid|publisher=Lloyd's|others=With input from Homeier, Nicole; Horne, Richard; Maran, Michael; Wade, David|year=2013|accessdate=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205115544/http://www.lloyds.com/~/media/lloyds/reports/emerging%20risk%20reports/solar%20storm%20risk%20to%20the%20north%20american%20electric%20grid.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first=D. N. |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts |publisher=The National Academy Press, Washington, DC |year=2008 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.17226/12507 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>。2012年發生的一場[[2012年太陽風暴|太陽風暴]]強度與1859年的相似，它雖然也經過地球的軌道，但與地球通過該處相隔了9天，所以沒有對地球造成損害<ref name="NASA-20140723a">{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Dr. Tony |title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/ |date=2014-07-23 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-07-26 |archive-date=2020-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203734/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
+这种规模的太阳风暴如果发生在现代，将造成大范围的电力中断：[[停电]]，以及[[电网]]长期停电造成的破坏<ref name="lloyds2013">{{cite book|author=Lloyd's and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.|url=http://www.lloyds.com/~/media/lloyds/reports/emerging%20risk%20reports/solar%20storm%20risk%20to%20the%20north%20american%20electric%20grid.pdf|title=Solar storm risk to the north American electric grid|publisher=Lloyd's|others=With input from Homeier, Nicole; Horne, Richard; Maran, Michael; Wade, David|year=2013|accessdate=2019-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first=D. N. |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts |publisher=The National Academy Press, Washington, DC |year=2008 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.17226/12507 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>。2012年发生的一场[[2012年太阳风暴|太阳风暴]]强度与1859年的相似，它虽然也经过地球的轨道，但与地球通过该处相隔了9天，所以沒有对地球造成损害<ref name="NASA-20140723a">{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Dr. Tony |title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/ |date=2014-07-23 |publisher=[[美国国家航空航天局|NASA]] |accessdate=2014-07-26 }}</ref>。
-== 卡靈頓閃焰 ==
+== 卡灵顿閃焰 ==
-[[File:Coronal Cloud 1.jpg|右|缩略图|在1999年，接近[[太陽極大期]]時發生的一個閃焰。]]
+[[File:Coronal Cloud 1.jpg|right|thumb|在1999年，接近[[太阳极大期]]时发生的一个閃焰。]]
-就在[[第10太陽週期]]的[[太陽極大期|極大期]]，1860.1之前的幾個月<ref name=Mursula1998>{{cite journal |title=A new method to determine the solar cycle length |last1=Mursula |first1=K. |last2=Ulich |first2=Th. |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1840 |year=1998 |doi=10.1029/98GL51317 |bibcode=1998GeoRL..25.1837M }}</ref>，從1859年8月28日至9月2日，[[太陽]]上出現了許多[[太陽黑子]]。在8月28日就觀測到夜晚的天空明亮且顏色多變，[[新英格蘭]]地區的各種報紙在這之後都有相關的報導<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=James L. |last2=Boardsen |first2=Scott |last3=Odenwald |first3=Sten |last4=Humble |first4=John |last5=Pazamickas |first5=Katherine A. |title=Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=January 2006 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157 |accessdate=2020-08-28 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073306/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。在8月29日，在南半球的澳洲最北方的昆士蘭州都能看到[[極光|南極光]] <ref name="australianaurora">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3722206 |title=SOUTHERN AURORA. |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |location=Brisbane |date=1859-09-07 |accessdate=2013-05-17 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205311/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3722206 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。就在9月1日中午之前，英國業餘天文學家[[理查·卡靈頓]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}分別記錄了對[[太陽閃焰]]最早的觀測<ref name="Odenwald">{{cite journal |last1=Odenwald |first1=Sten F. |author-link=Sten Odenwald |last2=Green |first2=James L. |author2-link=James L. Green |title=Bracing the Satellite Infrastructure for a Solar Superstorm |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=2008-07-28 |volume=299 |issue=2 |pages=80–7 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 |pmid=18666683 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bracing-for-a-solar-superstorm |accessdate=2011-02-16 |archive-date=2008-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117113249/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bracing-for-a-solar-superstorm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。卡靈頓和霍奇森都各自提出了報告，於1859年11月的[[英國皇家天文學會]]的會議上展示它們對此一事件的描述，並同時發表在 [[皇家天文學會月報]]上<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C|title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=13–15|year=1859|last1=Carrington|first1=R. C.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=351|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073311/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=351|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.15|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...15H|title=On a curious Appearance seen in the Sun|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=15–16|year=1859|last1=Hodgson|first1=R.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=353|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514031123/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=353|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
+就在[[第10太阳周期]]的[[太阳极大期|极大期]]，1860.1之前的几个月<ref name=Mursula1998>{{cite journal |title=A new method to determine the solar cycle length |last1=Mursula |first1=K. |last2=Ulich |first2=Th. |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1840 |year=1998 |doi=10.1029/98GL51317 |bibcode=1998GeoRL..25.1837M }}</ref>，从1859年8月28日至9月2日，[[太阳]]上出现了许多[[太阳黑子]]。在8月28日就观测到夜晚的天空明亮且顏色多变，[[新英格兰]]地区的各种报紙在这之后都有相关的报导<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=James L. |last2=Boardsen |first2=Scott |last3=Odenwald |first3=Sten |last4=Humble |first4=John |last5=Pazamickas |first5=Katherine A. |title=Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=2006-01 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157 |accessdate=2020-08-28 }}</ref>。在8月29日，在南半球的澳洲最北方的昆士兰州都能看到[[极光|南极光]] <ref name="australianaurora">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3722206 |title=SOUTHERN AURORA. |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |location=Brisbane |date=1859-09-07 |accessdate=2013-05-17 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia }}</ref>。就在9月1日中午之前，英国业餘天文学家[[理查·卡灵顿]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}分别记录了对[[太阳閃焰]]最早的观测<ref name="Odenwald">{{cite journal |last1=Odenwald |first1=Sten F. ||last2=Green |first2=James L. |author2-link=James L. Green |title=Bracing the Satellite Infrastructure for a Solar Superstorm |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=2008-07-28 |volume=299 |issue=2 |pages=80–7 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 |pmid=18666683 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bracing-for-a-solar-superstorm |accessdate=2011-02-16 }}</ref>。卡灵顿和霍奇森都各自提出了报告，于1859年11月的[[英国皇家天文学会]]的会议上展示它们对此一事件的描述，并同时发表在 [[皇家天文学会月报]]上<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C|title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=13–15|year=1859|last1=Carrington|first1=R. C.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=351|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.15|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...15H|title=On a curious Appearance seen in the Sun|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=15–16|year=1859|last1=Hodgson|first1=R.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=353|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13}}</ref>。
-閃焰和結合的主要[[日冕物質拋射]]直接撲向地球，僅耗費17.6小時就完成1億5千萬公里的旅程。一般的日冕物質拋射需要幾天的時間才會抵達地球，因此們認為此一日冕物質拋射的相對高速，可能與前一次的日冕物質拋射有關。可能是8月29日的大型極光事件偽卡靈頓事件清空了周圍的道路，讓[[太陽風]]中的[[電漿]]暢行無阻<ref name="Odenwald" />。
+閃焰和结合的主要[[日冕物质拋射]]直接撲向地球，仅耗费17.6小时就完成1亿5千万公里的旅程。一般的日冕物质拋射需要几天的时间才会抵达地球，因此们认为此一日冕物质拋射的相对高速，可能与前一次的日冕物质拋射有关。可能是8月29日的大型极光事件偽卡灵顿事件清空了周围的道路，让[[太阳风]]中的[[电漿]]暢行无阻<ref name="Odenwald" />。
-因為地磁對太陽閃焰的效應<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040018/http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>("magnetic crochet")<ref name="crochet">{{cite web|url=http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1|title=A Solar Flare Effect|last=Thompson|first=Richard|publisher=Australian Government: Space Weather Services|accessdate=2015-09-02|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040018/http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1|dead-url=yes}}</ref>，在[[喬城天文台]]的蘇格蘭物理學家{{link-en|巴爾弗·斯圖爾特| Balfour Stewart}}使用[[磁強計]]記錄了29日和30日的[[磁暴]]（因此也稱為'''斯圖爾特超級閃焰'''），讓卡靈頓懷疑日地之間的關係<ref>{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Clark |title=The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began |place=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-691-12660-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/sunkingsunexpect00clar }}</ref>。{{page number|date=August 2020}}美國數學家[[伊萊亞斯·羅密士]]編撰並發表了有關1859年磁爆對全球影響的報告，支持卡靈頓和斯圖爾特的觀測<ref>See:
+因为地磁对太阳閃焰的效应<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-05-13 }}</ref>("magnetic crochet")<ref name="crochet">{{cite web|url=http://www.ips.gov.au/Educational/3/1/1|title=A Solar Flare Effect|last=Thompson|first=Richard|publisher=Australian Government: Space Weather Services|accessdate=2015-09-02}}</ref>，在[[乔城天文台]]的苏格兰物理学家{{link-en|巴尔弗·斯图尔特| Balfour Stewart}}使用[[磁强计]]记录了29日和30日的[[磁暴]]（因此也称为'''斯图尔特超级閃焰'''），让卡灵顿怀疑日地之间的关系<ref>{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Clark |title=The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began |place=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-691-12660-9 }}</ref>。{{page number|date=2020-08}}美国数学家[[伊莱亚斯·罗密士]]编撰并发表了有关1859年磁爆对全球影响的报告，支持卡灵顿和斯图尔特的观测<ref>See:
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September, 1859 |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=November 1859 |volume=28 |pages=385–408 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679510&view=1up&seq=403 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073306/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679510&view=1up&seq=403 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September, 1859 |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1859-11 |volume=28 |pages=385–408 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679510&view=1up&seq=403 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—2nd article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=January 1860 |volume=29 |pages=92–97 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=112 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514192319/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=112 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—2nd article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1860-01 |volume=29 |pages=92–97 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=112 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—3rd article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=February 1860 |volume=29 |pages=249–266 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=269 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515012519/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=269 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—3rd article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1860-02 |volume=29 |pages=249–266 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=269 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—4th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=May 1860 |volume=29 |pages=386–399 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=406 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513073309/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=406 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—4th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1860-05 |volume=29 |pages=386–399 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679511&view=1up&seq=406 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859, and the geographical distribution of auroras and thunder storms—5th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=July 1860 |volume=30 |pages=79–100 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679512&view=1up&seq=93 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050130/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679512&view=1up&seq=93 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859, and the geographical distribution of auroras and thunder storms—5th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1860-07 |volume=30 |pages=79–100 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679512&view=1up&seq=93 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—6th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=November 1860 |volume=30 |pages=339–361 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679512&view=1up&seq=363 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513233251/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679512&view=1up&seq=363 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—6th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1860-11 |volume=30 |pages=339–361 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679512&view=1up&seq=363 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—7th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=July 1861 |volume=32 |pages=71–84 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679513&view=1up&seq=85 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003736/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679513&view=1up&seq=85 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859—7th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1861-07 |volume=32 |pages=71–84 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679513&view=1up&seq=85 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=On the great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859, and auroras generally—8th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=September 1861 |volume=32 |pages=318–335 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679513&view=1up&seq=334 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514105930/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679513&view=1up&seq=334 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=On the great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859, and auroras generally—8th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1861-09 |volume=32 |pages=318–335 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679513&view=1up&seq=334 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}
-* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=On electrical currents circulating near the earth's surface and their connection with the phenomena of the aurora polaris—9th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=July 1862 |volume=34 |pages=34–45 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679515&view=1up&seq=62 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514193441/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679515&view=1up&seq=62 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
+* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=On electrical currents circulating near the earth's surface and their connection with the phenomena of the aurora polaris—9th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=1862-07 |volume=34 |pages=34–45 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679515&view=1up&seq=62 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 }}</ref>。
-[[File:Aurora Australis From ISS.JPG|右|缩略图|2010年5月24日，從國際太空站（ISS）拍攝到的極光，極有可能是由日冕物質拋射引起的磁暴產生。]]
+[[File:Aurora Australis From ISS.JPG|right|thumb|2010年5月24日，从国际太空站（ISS）拍摄到的极光，极有可能是由日冕物质拋射引起的磁暴产生。]]
-年9月1日至2日，發生了一次最強的磁暴（由地面磁強計記錄）。極光出現在世界各地，北半球的極光在加勒比海地區都可以看見；在美國，洛磯山脈上空非常明亮，光芒將當地金礦的工人驚醒，使他們誤以為天亮了，而開始準備早餐<ref name="Odenwald" />。[[美國東北部]]的人們可以在極光下閱讀報紙<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/ |work=[[National Geographic News]] |title=What If the Biggest Solar Storm on Record Happened Today? |author=Richard A. Lovett |author-link=Richard A. Lovett |date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2011-09-05 |archive-date=2017-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510003558/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。從兩極到在墨西哥中部的低緯度地區都能看見極光<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayakawa |first=H. |title=Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=869|issue=1|pages=57|date=2018 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c |arxiv=1811.02786 |bibcode=2018ApJ...869...57H |s2cid=119386459 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=González‐Esparza |first=J. A. |author2=M. C. Cuevas‐Cardona  |title=Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm |journal=Space Weather |volume=16|issue=6|pages=593|date=2018 |doi=10.1029/2017SW001789 |bibcode=2018SpWea..16..593G |doi-access=free }}</ref>。[[昆士蘭]]、古巴、夏威夷<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Green |title=Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=38 |number=2 |pages=130–135|year=2006|bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..130G |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054 |pmid=28066122 |pmc=5215858 }}</ref>、日本和中國的南部<ref>{{Cite web|title=国家空间科学数据中心(National Space Science Data Center)|url=https://vsso.nssdc.ac.cn/mhsy/html/videodec.html?2e64c926-b27c-4fb4-a759-8d8025e834c4|access-date=2021-10-28|work=vsso.nssdc.ac.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Hayakawa |title=East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan|volume=68 |number=6 |pages=99|year=2016|bibcode= 2016PASJ...68...99H |doi=10.1093/pasj/psw097 |arxiv=1608.07702| s2cid=119268875 }}</ref>，甚至在靠近赤道的低緯度地區 ，例如哥倫比亞，都能看見極光<ref>{{cite journal |title=The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859|journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=57 |number=1 |pages=257–267|year=2016|arxiv=1508.06365 |bibcode=2016AdSpR..57..257M |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026 |last1=Moreno Cárdenas|first1=Freddy|last2=Cristancho Sánchez|first2=Sergio|last3=Vargas Domínguez|first3=Santiago|last4=Hayakawa|first4=Satoshi|last5=Kumar|first5=Sandeep|last6=Mukherjee|first6=Shyamoli|last7=Veenadhari|first7=B.|s2cid=119183512}}</ref>。估計磁暴強度的範圍在-800[[特斯拉|nT.]]至-1750nT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/|title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 – NASA Science|website=science.nasa.gov|accessdate=2016-09-14|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607203734/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
+年9月1日至2日，发生了一次最强的磁暴（由地面磁强计记录）。极光出现在世界各地，北半球的极光在加勒比海地区都可以看见；在美国，洛矶山脉上空非常明亮，光芒将当地金矿的工人惊醒，使他们误以为天亮了，而开始準备早餐<ref name="Odenwald" />。[[美国东北部]]的人们可以在极光下閱读报紙<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/ |work=[[National Geographic News]] |title=What If the Biggest Solar Storm on Record Happened Today? |author=Richard A. Lovett ||date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2011-09-05 }}</ref>。从两极到在墨西哥中部的低緯度地区都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayakawa |first=H. |title=Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=869|issue=1|pages=57|date=2018 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c |arxiv=1811.02786 |bibcode=2018ApJ...869...57H |s2cid=119386459 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=González‐Esparza |first=J. A. |author2=M. C. Cuevas‐Cardona  |title=Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm |journal=Space Weather |volume=16|issue=6|pages=593|date=2018 |doi=10.1029/2017SW001789 |bibcode=2018SpWea..16..593G |doi-access=free }}</ref>。[[昆士兰]]、古巴、夏威夷<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Green |title=Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=38 |number=2 |pages=130–135|year=2006|bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..130G |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054 |pmid=28066122 |pmc=5215858 }}</ref>、日本和中国的南部<ref>{{Cite web|title=国家空间科学数据中心(National Space Science Data Center)|url=https://vsso.nssdc.ac.cn/mhsy/html/videodec.html?2e64c926-b27c-4fb4-a759-8d8025e834c4|access-date=2021-10-28|work=vsso.nssdc.ac.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Hayakawa |title=East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan|volume=68 |number=6 |pages=99|year=2016|bibcode= 2016PASJ...68...99H |doi=10.1093/pasj/psw097 |arxiv=1608.07702| s2cid=119268875 }}</ref>，甚至在靠近赤道的低緯度地区 ，例如哥伦比亚，都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |title=The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859|journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=57 |number=1 |pages=257–267|year=2016|arxiv=1508.06365 |bibcode=2016AdSpR..57..257M |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026 |last1=Moreno Cárdenas|first1=Freddy|last2=Cristancho Sánchez|first2=Sergio|last3=Vargas Domínguez|first3=Santiago|last4=Hayakawa|first4=Satoshi|last5=Kumar|first5=Sandeep|last6=Mukherjee|first6=Shyamoli|last7=Veenadhari|first7=B.|s2cid=119183512}}</ref>。估计磁暴强度的范围在-800[[特斯拉|nT.]]至-1750nT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/|title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 – NASA Science|website=science.nasa.gov|accessdate=2016-09-14}}</ref>。
-遍布歐洲和北美洲的[[電報]]系統失靈，一些正在操作電報的人員遭到[[電擊]] <ref name="understandingsocietal">{{cite book |page=13 |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report |author=Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council |publisher=National Academies Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>，電報塔發出火花<ref name="stormystar">{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/23rdcyclelearnin00oden/page/28 28] |first=Sten F. |last=Odenwald |title=The 23rd Cycle |url=https://archive.org/details/23rdcyclelearnin00oden |accessdate=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-231-12079-1 }}</ref>。 儘管一些電報機已經關掉了電源，但報務員仍然可以繼續發送和接收資訊<ref name="stormsfromthesun">{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/stormsfromsuneme0000carl/page/58 58] |first=Michael J. |last=Carlowicz |author2=Lopez, Ramon E.  |title=Storms from the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather |url=https://archive.org/details/stormsfromsuneme0000carl |publisher=National Academies Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-309-07642-5 }}</ref>。
+遍布欧洲和北美洲的[[电报]]系统失灵，一些正在操作电报的人员遭到[[电击]] <ref name="understandingsocietal">{{cite book |page=13 |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report |author=Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council |publisher=National Academies Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>，电报塔发出火花<ref name="stormystar">{{cite book |page=28 |first=Sten F. |last=Odenwald |title=The 23rd Cycle ||accessdate=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-231-12079-1 }}</ref>。 尽管一些电报机已经关掉了电源，但报务员仍然可以继续发送和接收资讯<ref name="stormsfromthesun">{{cite book |page=58 |first=Michael J. |last=Carlowicz |author2=Lopez, Ramon E.  |title=Storms from the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather ||publisher=National Academies Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-309-07642-5 }}</ref>。
-年9月3日，星期六，"{{link-en|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser |Baltimore News-American}}"報導：
+年9月3日，星期六，"{{link-en|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser |Baltimore News-American}}"报导：
-{{quote|text=那些在週四深夜碰巧外出的人機緣湊巧目睹了一次壯麗的極光展示。如果可能的話，星期日晚間也會有非常相似的現象，光線也有可能會更為明亮，棱柱狀的色調也會更加豐富多彩。光線顯然像一片發光的雲彩，似乎覆蓋的整個天空，通過雲彩依然可見較亮的恆星發出隱約的光。這些光比滿月時的月光還要亮，但有一種難以形容的柔和和細膩，似乎把它所依靠的一切都包裹了起來。在子夜12點至1點之間，展示出最絢麗的景象時，在這奇異的光芒下，靜謐的都市街道呈現出既美麗又奇異的景象<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=tCoNjB6AT50C&dat=18590903&printsec=frontpage|work=[[Baltimore News-American|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser]]|date=1859-09-03|page=2; Column 2|accessdate=2011-02-16|title=The Aurora Borealis|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514134155/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=tCoNjB6AT50C&dat=18590903&printsec=frontpage|dead-url=no}}</ref>。}}
+{{quote|text=那些在週四深夜碰巧外出的人机缘湊巧目睹了一次壮丽的极光展示。如果可能的话，星期日晚间也会有非常相似的现象，光线也有可能会更为明亮，棱柱狀的色调也会更加丰富多彩。光线显然像一片发光的云彩，似乎覆盖的整个天空，通过云彩依然可见较亮的恒星发出隱约的光。这些光比满月时的月光还要亮，但有一种难以形容的柔和和細膩，似乎把它所依靠的一切都包裹了起来。在子夜12点至1点之间，展示出最絢丽的景象时，在这奇异的光芒下，靜謐的都市街道呈现出既美丽又奇异的景象<ref>{{cite news||work=[[Baltimore News-American|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser]]|date=1859-09-03|page=2; Column 2|accessdate=2011-02-16|title=The Aurora Borealis}}</ref>。}}
-在1909年，一位澳大利亞的金礦工赫伯特(C.F. Herbert)在寫給珀斯的{{link-en|每日新聞 (澳大利亞)|Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|每日新聞}}的信中描述了他當時的觀察：
+在1909年，一位澳大利亚的金矿工赫伯特(C.F. Herbert)在写給珀斯的{{link-en|每日新闻 (澳大利亚)|Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|每日新闻}}的信中描述了他当时的观察：
-{{quote|text=我是在距離[[維多利亞州|維多利亞鎮]]大約4英里的羅克伍德(Rokewood)挖金礦的礦工。我和兩位夥伴在晚上7點左右從帳篷向外望去，看到南方的天空中有一個巨大的倒影，大約半個小時後，出現了不知該如何形容的美麗景象。南方的天空發出各種顏色的光，如果可能的話，當一種顏色漸漸褪去，就會有另一種更美的顏色出現；光輝一直流到天頂，但到達天頂時，總是變成一種濃郁的紫色，也總是捲曲著，留下一片清澈的天空，這些始終維持在手臂伸直時約4根手指寬的範圍。在天頂北方的天空也被美麗的色彩照亮，也總是在天頂處捲曲，但因為南方和北方所有的顏色是對應的，因此被認為只是南方顯示的複製品。這是一個永遠不會被遺忘的景象，在當時被認為是最偉大的極光紀錄…。理性主義者和泛神論者看到大自然穿著它最精緻的長袍，認識到神聖的內在，永恆的法則、因果。迷信者和狂熱者有可怕的預感，他們認為這預示著世界末日和最終的毀滅<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbert|first1=Count Frank|title=The Great Aurora of 1859|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77351480|accessdate=2018-04-01|work=The Daily News|date=1909-10-08|location=Perth, WA|page=9|archive-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515132217/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77351480|dead-url=no}}</ref>}}。
+{{quote|text=我是在距离[[維多利亞州|维多利亚镇]]大约4英里的罗克伍德(Rokewood)挖金矿的矿工。我和两位伙伴在晚上7点左右从帳篷向外望去，看到南方的天空中有一个巨大的倒影，大约半个小时后，出现了不知该如何形容的美丽景象。南方的天空发出各种顏色的光，如果可能的话，当一种顏色渐渐褪去，就会有另一种更美的顏色出现；光辉一直流到天顶，但到达天顶时，总是变成一种濃郁的紫色，也总是卷曲著，留下一片清澈的天空，这些始终维持在手臂伸直时约4根手指宽的范围。在天顶北方的天空也被美丽的色彩照亮，也总是在天顶处卷曲，但因为南方和北方所有的顏色是对应的，因此被认为只是南方显示的复制品。这是一个永远不会被遺忘的景象，在当时被认为是最伟大的极光纪录…。理性主义者和泛神论者看到大自然穿著它最精緻的长袍，认识到神圣的内在，永恒的法则、因果。迷信者和狂热者有可怕的預感，他们认为这預示著世界末日和最终的毀灭<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbert|first1=Count Frank|title=The Great Aurora of 1859|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77351480|accessdate=2018-04-01|work=The Daily News|date=1909-10-08|location=Perth, WA|page=9}}</ref>}}。
-在2013年6月，一家由倫敦勞埃德銀行和美國大氣與環境研究所的研究人員組成的合資企業，利用卡靈頓事件的數據估計，僅就美國而言，類似事件的成本高達0.6〜2.6兆美元<ref name="lloyds2013" />，這相當於當時每年GDP的3.6%〜15.5%。
+在2013年6月，一家由伦敦劳埃德银行和美国大气与环境研究所的研究人员组成的合资企业，利用卡灵顿事件的数据估计，仅就美国而言，类似事件的成本高达0.6〜2.6兆美元<ref name="lloyds2013" />，这相当于当时每年GDP的3.6%〜15.5%。
-== 其它證據和類似事件 ==
+== 其它证据和类似事件 ==
-對含有豐富[[硝酸鹽]]的薄層{{link-en|冰芯|Ice core}}進行分析，可以重建有可靠觀測之前的太陽風暴歷史。這是基於這樣的一個假設，即太陽的高能粒子會使氮電離，從而產生NO和其它的氮氧化物，這些化合物在與雪一起沉積之前不會在大氣中被稀釋<ref name=wolff/>。從1986年開始，一些研究人員聲稱來自格陵蘭冰芯的資料顯示了個別[[太陽質子事件]]的證據，包括卡靈頓<ref name="mccracken">{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=K. G. |author2=Dreschhoff, G. A. M. |author3=Zeller, E. J. |author4=Smart, D. F. |author5= Shea, M. A. |title=Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561–1994 1. Identification in polar ice, 1561–1950 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=106 |issue=A10 |pages=21,585–21,598 |date=2001 |doi=10.1029/2000JA000237 |bibcode=2001JGR...10621585M}} {{closed access}}</ref>。更多的冰芯研究對這一解釋提出了重大質疑，並表明硝酸鹽峰值可能不是太陽高能粒子事件的結果，而是由森林火災等事件引起的，也與已知森林火災羽流的其它化學特徵有關。事實上，在格陵蘭島和南極洲的岩芯中沒有發現一致性的硝酸鹽事件，因此這一假設現在受到懷疑<ref name="wolff">{{cite journal |last=Wolff |first=E. W. |author2=Bigler, M. |author3=Curran, M. A. J. |author4=Dibb, J. |author5=Frey, M. M. |author6=Legrand, M. |title=The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=21,585–21,598 |date=2012 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051603 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.8503W |url=https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=earthsci_facpub |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514151312/https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=earthsci_facpub |dead-url=no }}{{closed access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duderstadt|first1=K. A.|title=Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event|doi=10.1002/2013JD021389|journal=J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres|volume=119|issue=11|pages=6938–6957|year=2014|bibcode=2014JGRD..119.6938D|display-authors=etal|url=https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=earthsci_facpub|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514151315/https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=earthsci_facpub|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=Mekhaldi2017>{{citation |display-authors=1 |title=No Coincident Nitrate Enhancement Events in Polar Ice Cores Following the Largest Known Solar Storms |last1=Mekhaldi |first1=F. |last2=McConnell |first2=J. R. |last3=Adolphi |first3=F. |last4=Arienzo |first4=M. M. |last5=Chellman |first5=N. J. |last6=Maselli |first6=O. J. |last7=Moy |first7=A. D. |last8=Plummer |first8=C. T. |last9=Sigl |first9=M. |last10=Muscheler |first10=R. |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=122 |issue=21 |pages=11,900–11,913 |date=November 2017 |doi=10.1002/2017JD027325 |bibcode=2017JGRD..12211900M |url=https://eprints.utas.edu.au/26149/1/122198%20final.pdf |doi-access=free |accessdate=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514151325/https://eprints.utas.edu.au/26149/1/122198%20final.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>。其它研究已經在樹輪的碳-14和冰芯的鈹-10中尋找到大型太陽閃焰和日冕物質拋射的特徵，發現在西元前774年有這樣的一個大型太陽風暴的特徵，同時也發現這樣的事件平均數千年才發生<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Battersby|first=Stephen|date=2019-11-19|title=Core Concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=47|pages=23368–23370|doi=10.1073/pnas.1917356116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31744927|pmc=6876210}}</ref>。
+对含有丰富[[硝酸鹽]]的薄层{{link-en|冰芯|Ice core}}进行分析，可以重建有可靠观测之前的太阳风暴历史。这是基于这样的一个假设，即太阳的高能粒子会使氮电离，从而产生NO和其它的氮氧化物，这些化合物在与雪一起沉积之前不会在大气中被稀释<ref name=wolff/>。从1986年开始，一些研究人员聲称来自格陵兰冰芯的资料显示了个别[[太阳质子事件]]的证据，包括卡灵顿<ref name="mccracken">{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=K. G. |author2=Dreschhoff, G. A. M. |author3=Zeller, E. J. |author4=Smart, D. F. |author5= Shea, M. A. |title=Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561–1994 1. Identification in polar ice, 1561–1950 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=106 |issue=A10 |pages=21,585–21,598 |date=2001 |doi=10.1029/2000JA000237 |bibcode=2001JGR...10621585M}} {{closed access}}</ref>。更多的冰芯研究对这一解释提出了重大质疑，并表明硝酸鹽峰值可能不是太阳高能粒子事件的结果，而是由森林火灾等事件引起的，也与已知森林火灾羽流的其它化学特徵有关。事实上，在格陵兰岛和南极洲的岩芯中沒有发现一致性的硝酸鹽事件，因此这一假设现在受到怀疑<ref name="wolff">{{cite journal |last=Wolff |first=E. W. |author2=Bigler, M. |author3=Curran, M. A. J. |author4=Dibb, J. |author5=Frey, M. M. |author6=Legrand, M. |title=The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=21,585–21,598 |date=2012 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051603 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.8503W |url=https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=earthsci_facpub |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}{{closed access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duderstadt|first1=K. A.|title=Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event|doi=10.1002/2013JD021389|journal=J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres|volume=119|issue=11|pages=6938–6957|year=2014|bibcode=2014JGRD..119.6938D|display-authors=etal|url=https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=earthsci_facpub|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14}}</ref><ref name=Mekhaldi2017>{{citation |display-authors=1 |title=No Coincident Nitrate Enhancement Events in Polar Ice Cores Following the Largest Known Solar Storms |last1=Mekhaldi |first1=F. |last2=McConnell |first2=J. R. |last3=Adolphi |first3=F. |last4=Arienzo |first4=M. M. |last5=Chellman |first5=N. J. |last6=Maselli |first6=O. J. |last7=Moy |first7=A. D. |last8=Plummer |first8=C. T. |last9=Sigl |first9=M. |last10=Muscheler |first10=R. |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=122 |issue=21 |pages=11,900–11,913 |date=2017-11 |doi=10.1002/2017JD027325 |bibcode=2017JGRD..12211900M |url=https://eprints.utas.edu.au/26149/1/122198%20final.pdf |doi-access=free |accessdate=2021-05-14 }}</ref>。其它研究已经在树轮的碳-14和冰芯的鈹-10中寻找到大型太阳閃焰和日冕物质拋射的特徵，发现在西元前774年有这样的一个大型太阳风暴的特徵，同时也发现这样的事件平均数千年才发生<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Battersby|first=Stephen|date=2019-11-19|title=Core Concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=47|pages=23368–23370|doi=10.1073/pnas.1917356116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31744927|pmc=6876210}}</ref>。
-在[[1921年5月磁暴|1921年5月]]和1960年發生較不嚴重的風暴，當時報告有廣泛的無線電干擾。[[1989年3月磁暴|1989年3月]]的磁暴摧毀了加拿大魁北克省大部分地區的電力供應。在[[2012年太陽風暴|2012年7月23日]]觀測到一個"卡靈頓級"的太陽風暴（[[太陽閃焰]]、[[日冕物質拋射]]、[[核爆電磁脈沖|太陽電磁脈衝]]）；好在它的軌道恰巧從地球邊緣掠過<ref name="NASA-20140723a" /><ref name="NASA-20140429">{{cite web |title=Video (04:03) – Carrington-class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ukQhycKOFw |date=2014-04-28 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-07-26 |archive-date=2020-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509141214/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ukQhycKOFw |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
+在[[1921年5月磁暴|1921年5月]]和1960年发生较不严重的风暴，当时报告有广泛的无线电干擾。[[1989年3月磁暴|1989年3月]]的磁暴摧毀了加拿大魁北克省大部分地区的电力供应。在[[2012年太阳风暴|2012年7月23日]]观测到一个"卡灵顿级"的太阳风暴（[[太阳閃焰]]、[[日冕物质拋射]]、[[核爆电磁脉沖|太阳电磁脉衝]]）；好在它的轨道恰巧从地球边缘掠过<ref name="NASA-20140723a" /><!-- removed_ref site146 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->。
-== 相關條目 ==
+== 相关条目 ==
-* [[774年至775年間碳14飆升]]
+* [[774年至775年间碳14飆升]]
-* [[K-指標#K和A之間的關聯性|''A''-指標]]
+* [[K-指标#K和A之间的关联性|''A''-指标]]
-* [[K-指標]]
+* [[K-指标]]
-* [[太陽風暴列表]]
+* [[太阳风暴列表]]
-* [[核爆電磁脈衝]]
+* [[核爆电磁脉衝]]
-* ''{{link-en|Cobra|Cobra (British TV series)|COBRA}}''：英國在2020年製播的電視連續劇，想像一場影響現代英國的等效風暴。
+* ''{{link-en|Cobra|Cobra (British TV series)|COBRA}}''：英国在2020年制播的电视连续剧，想像一场影响现代英国的等效风暴。
-* [[第10太陽週期]]
+* [[第10太阳周期]]
-* [[斯圖爾特超級閃焰]]
+* [[斯图尔特超级閃焰]]
 * [[1989年3月磁暴]]
-* "''[[磁暴新理論]]''"
+* "''[[磁暴新理论]]''"
 * [[巴士底日事件]]
-* [[電磁脈衝]]
+* [[电磁脉衝]]
-* [[地磁反轉]]
+* [[地磁反转]]
 * [[磁星]]
-== 參考文獻 ==
+== 参考文献 ==
 {{Refbegin}}
 {{Reflist}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090801192142/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm A Super Solar Flare], Trudy E. Bell & Dr. Tony Phillips, May 6, 2008, Science@NASA
+* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm A Super Solar Flare], Trudy E. Bell & Dr. Tony Phillips, May 6, 2008, Science@NASA
-* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe]{{Wayback|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true |date=20090322055348 }}, [[New Scientist]], March 23, 2009 by Michael Brooks, accessed March 28, 2009
+* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe], [[新科学人|New Scientist]], March 23, 2009 by Michael Brooks, accessed March 28, 2009
-* [http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record]{{Wayback|url=http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html |date=20101106121217 }}, The "Carrington Event" of August 27 to September 7, 1859; Recorded at [[Kew Observatory]], [[London]], (images of the magnetometer recordings), accessed March 28, 2009
+* [http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record], The "Carrington Event" of August 27 to September 7, 1859; Recorded at [[Kew Observatory]], [[伦敦|London]], (images of the magnetometer recordings), accessed March 28, 2009
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100419205321/http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html ''The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began''], ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9, [[Stuart Clark (astronomer)|Stuart Clark]], 2007
+* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html ''The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began''], ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9, [[Stuart Clark (astronomer)|Stuart Clark]], 2007
 {{Refend}}
-== 進階讀物 ==
+== 进阶读物 ==
 {{Refbegin|30em}}
-* {{cite news |last=Bell |first=Trudy E. |author2=Phillips, Tony |date=2008-05-06 |title=A Super Solar Flare |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm |work=Science@NASA |publisher=science.nasa.gov |accessdate=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2010-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329223702/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm |dead-url=yes }}
+* {{cite news |last=Bell |first=Trudy E. |author2=Phillips, Tony |date=2008-05-06 |title=A Super Solar Flare |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm |work=Science@NASA |publisher=science.nasa.gov |accessdate=2021-05-14 |||}}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Boteler |first1=D. |title=The super storms of August/September 1859 and their effects on the telegraph system |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=159–172 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..159B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.01.013 }}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Boteler |first1=D. |title=Comment on time conventions in the recordings of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=301–303 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..301B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.006 }}
-* {{cite news |publisher=British Geological Survey |title=The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record...or Is It? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London |url=http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html |date=2011 |accessdate=2009-03-28 |archive-date=2010-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106121217/http://geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite news |publisher=British Geological Survey |title=The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record...or Is It? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London |url=http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html |date=2011 |accessdate=2009-03-28 |||}}
-* {{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Michael |date=2009-03-23 |title=Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true |work=[[New Scientist]] |accessdate=2009-03-28 |url-status=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322055348/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true |archivedate=2009-03-22 }}
+* {{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Michael |date=2009-03-23 |title=Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true |work=[[新科学人|New Scientist]] |accessdate=2009-03-28 |||}}
-* {{Cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=W. |last2=Huang |first2=C. |last3=Rich |first3=F. |title=Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=239–252 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..239B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258760 |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2020-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010140800/https://zenodo.org/record/1258760 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=W. |last2=Huang |first2=C. |last3=Rich |first3=F. |title=Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=239–252 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..239B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258760 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
 * {{cite journal |editor1-last=Calvin |editor1-first=Robert Clauer |editor2-link=George Siscoe |editor2-first=George L. |editor2-last=Siscoe |issue=2 |volume=38 |pages=115–388 |year=2006 |journal=Advances in Space Research |title=The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.002 }}
-* {{cite journal |last=Carrington |first=R. C. |title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=20 |pages=13–5 |date=1859 |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13 |doi-access=free |access-date=2010-09-12 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320075313/http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Carrington |first=R. C. |title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859 |journal=[[皇家天文學會月報|Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=20 |pages=13–5 |date=1859 |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13 |doi-access=free |access-date=2010-09-12 |||}}
-* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Stuart |date=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/sunkingsunexpect00clar |title=The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began |isbn=978-0-691-12660-9 }}
+* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Stuart |date=2007 ||title=The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began |isbn=978-0-691-12660-9 }}
-* {{Cite journal |last1=Cliver |first1=E. W. |last2=Svalgaard |first2=L. |title=The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity |journal=Solar Physics |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |pages=407 |year=2004 |doi=10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z |url=http://www.leif.org/research/1859%20Storm%20-%20Extreme%20Space%20Weather.pdf |bibcode=2004SoPh..224..407C |s2cid=120093108 |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811182410/http://www.leif.org/research/1859%20Storm%20-%20Extreme%20Space%20Weather.pdf |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Cliver |first1=E. W. |last2=Svalgaard |first2=L. |title=The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity |journal=Solar Physics |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |pages=407 |year=2004 |doi=10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z |url=http://www.leif.org/research/1859%20Storm%20-%20Extreme%20Space%20Weather.pdf |bibcode=2004SoPh..224..407C |s2cid=120093108 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
-* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.077 |last1=Cliver |first1=E. |title=The 1859 space weather event: Then and now |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=119–129 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..119C |url=http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA471584 |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2017-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923133449/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA471584 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.077 |last1=Cliver |first1=E. |title=The 1859 space weather event: Then and now |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=119–129 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..119C |url=http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA471584 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Green |first1=J. |last2=Boardsen |first2=S. |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054 |pmid=28066122 |title=Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=130–135 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..130G |pmc=5215858 }}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Green |first1=J. |last2=Boardsen |first2=S. |last3=Odenwald |first3=S. |last4=Humble |first4=J. |last5=Pazamickas |first5=K. |title=Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..145G| hdl=2060/20050210157 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021 |hdl-access=free }}
@@ 第87行： / 第87行： @@
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Humble |first1=J. |title=The solar events of August/September 1859 – Surviving Australian observations |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=155–158 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..155H |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.053 }}
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-* {{Cite news |last=Kemp |first=Bill |date=2016-07-31 |title=PFOP: Solar Superstorm Awed Locals in 1859 |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/pfop-solar-superstorm-awed-locals-in/article_b7b6a777-c2a6-5e54-90e5-173a5cadabae.html |department=A Page from Our Past |work=[[The Pantagraph]] |location=Bloomington, Ill. |accessdate=2020-05-02 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514154005/https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/pfop-solar-superstorm-awed-locals-in/article_b7b6a777-c2a6-5e54-90e5-173a5cadabae.html |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite news |last=Kemp |first=Bill |date=2016-07-31 |title=PFOP: Solar Superstorm Awed Locals in 1859 |url=https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/pfop-solar-superstorm-awed-locals-in/article_b7b6a777-c2a6-5e54-90e5-173a5cadabae.html |department=A Page from Our Past |work=[[The Pantagraph]] |location=Bloomington, Ill. |accessdate=2020-05-02 |||}}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=X. |last2=Temerin |first2=M. |last3=Tsurutani |first3=B. |last4=Alex |first4=S. |title=Modeling of 1–2 September 1859 super magnetic storm |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=273–279 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..273L |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.070 }}
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@@ 第94行： / 第94行： @@
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Ridley |first1=A. J. |last2=De Zeeuw |first2=D. L. |last3=Manchester |first3=W. B. |last4=Hansen |first4=K. C. |title=The magnetospheric and ionospheric response to a very strong interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=263–272 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..263R |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.06.010 }}
 * {{Cite journal| last1=Robertclauer |first1=C. |last2=Siscoe |first2=G. |title=The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look| journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=117–118 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.001 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..117R }}
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+* {{Cite journal |last1=Shea |first1=M. |last2=Smart |first2=D. |title=Geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and geomagnetic coordinates appropriate for the Carrington flare Epoch |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–214 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..209S |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258752 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.156 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
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+* {{Cite journal |last1=Shea |first1=M. |last2=Smart |first2=D. |last3=McCracken |first3=K. |last4=Dreschhoff |first4=G. |last5=Spence |first5=H. |title=Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington event in perspective |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=232–238 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..232S |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258750 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.100 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
-* {{Cite journal |last1=Shea |first1=M. |last2=Smart |first2=D. |title=Compendium of the eight articles on the "Carrington Event" attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859–1861 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=313–385 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..313S |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258762 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.005 |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308182248/https://zenodo.org/record/1258762 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Shea |first1=M. |last2=Smart |first2=D. |title=Compendium of the eight articles on the "Carrington Event" attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859–1861 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=313–385 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..313S |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258762 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.005 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
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 * {{Cite journal |last1=Silverman |first1=S. |title=Low latitude auroras prior to 1200 C.E. and Ezekiel's vision |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=200–208 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..200S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.158 }}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Siscoe |first1=G. |last2=Crooker |first2=N. |last3=Clauer |first3=C. |title=Dst of the Carrington storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..173S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.102 }}
-* {{Cite journal |last1=Smart |first1=D. |last2=Shea |first2=M. |last3=McCracken |first3=K. |title=The Carrington event: Possible solar proton intensity–time profile |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=215–225 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..215S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.116 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258756 |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226221450/https://zenodo.org/record/1258756 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Smart |first1=D. |last2=Shea |first2=M. |last3=McCracken |first3=K. |title=The Carrington event: Possible solar proton intensity–time profile |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=215–225 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..215S |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.116 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258756 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
-* [http://www.solarstorms.org/SS1859.html Solar Storm 1859] {{Wayback|url=http://www.solarstorms.org/SS1859.html |date=20210130064344 }} at Solar Storms—Excerpts of Articles from Newspapers concerning the Carrington Event
+* [http://www.solarstorms.org/SS1859.html Solar Storm 1859] at Solar Storms—Excerpts of Articles from Newspapers concerning the Carrington Event
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Townsend |first1=L. W. |last2=Stephens |first2=D. L. |last3=Hoff |first3=J. L. |last4=Zapp |first4=E. N. |last5=Moussa |first5=H. M. |last6=Miller |first6=T. M. |last7=Campbell |first7=C. E. |last8=Nichols |first8=T. F. |title=The Carrington event: Possible doses to crews in space from a comparable event |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=226–231 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..226T |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.111 }}
-* {{Cite journal |last1=Tsurutani |first1=B. T. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=W. D. |last3=Lakhina |first3=G. S. |last4=Alex |first4=S. |title=The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=A7 |pages=1268 |year=2003 |doi=10.1029/2002JA009504 |bibcode=2003JGRA..108.1268T |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000695 |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-05-14 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183511/https://zenodo.org/record/1000695 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Tsurutani |first1=B. T. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=W. D. |last3=Lakhina |first3=G. S. |last4=Alex |first4=S. |title=The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=A7 |pages=1268 |year=2003 |doi=10.1029/2002JA009504 |bibcode=2003JGRA..108.1268T |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000695 |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
 * {{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=L. |title=Excerpts from and Comments on the Wochenschrift für Astronomie, Meteorologie und Geographie, Neue Folge, zweiter Jahrgang (new series 2) |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=304–312 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..304W |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.004 }}
 {{Refend}}
-{{太陽風暴}}
+{{太阳风暴}}
-== 外部連結 ==
+== 外部链接 ==
-* [http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C Original Carrington's report]{{Wayback|url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |date=20170320075313 }}
+* [http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C Original Carrington's report]
-[[Category:地磁學]]
+[[Category:地磁学]]
-[[Category:太陽現象]]
+[[Category:太阳现象]]
 [[Category:天文现象]]
 [[Category:1859年科学]]
-[[Category:1859年自然災害]]
+[[Category:1859年自然灾害]]
 [[Category:磁暴]]
 [[Category:1859年9月事件]]