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|imagesize=180px |
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|birth_date=1491年10月23日<br |
|birth_date=1491年10月23日<br>[[File:Estandarte del Reino de Castilla.png|20px]] [[卡斯蒂亞王國]](今[[西班牙]])[[巴斯克地区]][[吉普斯誇省]][[阿斯佩蒂亞]] |
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|death_date=1556年7月31日(65歲)<br |
|death_date=1556年7月31日(65歲)<br>[[File:Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg|20px]] [[教宗國]][[羅馬]] |
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|titles=耶穌會會祖、司鐸 |
|titles=耶穌會會祖、司鐸 |
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|feast_day=7月31日 |
|feast_day=7月31日 |
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|canonized_by=[[額我略十五世]] |
|canonized_by=[[額我略十五世]] |
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|attributes=[[十字架]]、[[聖體聖事]]、{{tsl|en|chasuble|聖禮袍}}、[[書]] |
|attributes=[[十字架]]、[[聖體聖事]]、{{tsl|en|chasuble|聖禮袍}}、[[書]] |
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|patronage=[[耶穌會]]、[[聖塞巴斯提安]]教區、[[畢爾包]]教區、[[比斯開省]]、[[吉普斯誇省]]、[[巴斯克地 |
|patronage=[[耶穌會]]、[[聖塞巴斯提安]]教區、[[畢爾包]]教區、[[比斯開省]]、[[吉普斯誇省]]、[[巴斯克地区]]、[[菲律賓|菲律賓教區]]、[[教師]]、[[軍人]] |
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|issues= |
|issues= |
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|prayer= ''Prayer for Generosity'' in infobox "Suscipe" |
|prayer= ''Prayer for Generosity'' in infobox "Suscipe" |
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1491年,依納爵‧羅耀拉生於[[比利牛斯山]]脈附近的羅耀拉城堡,為[[西班牙]][[巴斯克人]][[貴族]]。他年幼時就立志當[[軍人]]。在1521年法軍圍攻[[潘普洛纳]],他堅守陣地,以致負了重傷,使他腿部負傷無法再從事軍旅。在養病期間心中非常悶煩,開始研讀基督傳及諸[[聖人]]列傳,如[[聖道明]]及[[聖方濟]]等。並且立志作一個基督的精兵。 |
1491年,依納爵‧羅耀拉生於[[比利牛斯山]]脈附近的羅耀拉城堡,為[[西班牙]][[巴斯克人]][[貴族]]。他年幼時就立志當[[軍人]]。在1521年法軍圍攻[[潘普洛纳]],他堅守陣地,以致負了重傷,使他腿部負傷無法再從事軍旅。在養病期間心中非常悶煩,開始研讀基督傳及諸[[聖人]]列傳,如[[聖道明]]及[[聖方濟]]等。並且立志作一個基督的精兵。 |
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他到處遊歷,當他到[[蒙塞拉特修道院]],將他的劍放在{{tsl|en|Virgin of Montserrat|蒙塞拉特聖母}}的態像前。在1522至1523年間在小鎮曼雷薩(Manresa)的山洞,禱告靈修及默想,尋求獻身之道,他開始常常得異象。於是他在這草擬他所 |
他到處遊歷,當他到[[蒙塞拉特修道院]],將他的劍放在{{tsl|en|Virgin of Montserrat|蒙塞拉特聖母}}的態像前。在1522至1523年間在小鎮曼雷薩(Manresa)的山洞,禱告靈修及默想,尋求獻身之道,他開始常常得異象。於是他在這草擬他所发展的{{tsl|en|Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|《神操》}}(''Spiritual Exercises'')<ref name="基督教會史">Williston Walker華爾克著,謝受靈譯,『History of the Christian Church基督教會史』(基督教文藝出版社,2005,2月,10版),P657,p658</ref><ref name="像一粒芥菜種">Sten Bugge(穆斯新)著:《像一粒芥菜種-教會史略》(''Liker a Mustard Seed-Church History'')(道聲出版社,2001,第三版),P73</ref><ref name="发展史新釋">Carver Yu(余達心) 著,馬蘭英 李慧敏 譯:《发展史新釋》(''History of Christianity''),基督教改革宗翻譯社,2004/10,再版二刷,P104</ref><ref name="基督教二千年史">陶理 主編,李伯明、林牧野 合譯:《基督教二千年史》(''The History of Christianity'')(海天書樓有限公司,2004,11月,普及版首印),P417</ref>。 |
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羅耀拉在1524年至1534年間曾到過[[巴塞羅那]](Barcelona)、亞爾迦拉、蕯拉曼加 |
羅耀拉在1524年至1534年間曾到過[[巴塞羅那]](Barcelona)、亞爾迦拉、蕯拉曼加与[[巴黎]]等地方讀書,預備服事基督。羅耀拉在亞爾迦拉及薩拉曼加的兩處大学學習時,就結合了一些同伴,操練他所編的靈性操練。到了1528年[[喀爾文]]正離開大学時,羅耀拉考入[[巴黎大学]]。他連結幾個朋友,立志要過清苦的生活,並曾到[[耶路撒冷]][[朝聖]],並想留在當地,但當地的[[方濟會]][[修道士]]勢力已微,以致無法長期停留。這幾個朋友中与羅耀拉連結最大為[[沙勿略|聖方濟‧沙勿略]](St. Francis Xavier)<ref name="基督教會史" /><ref name="发展史新釋" /><ref name="基督教二千年史" />。 |
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== 罗耀拉与耶稣会 == |
== 罗耀拉与耶稣会 == |
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羅耀拉及同伴們立志過著像[[使徒]]般清苦的生活,耶穌會就這樣開始慢慢形成了。他們的成員叫作耶穌會會士,並宣誓絕對服從[[教宗]],將教宗奉為「[[最高統帥]]」。在1540年9月27日[[教宗]][[保祿三世]]正式承 |
羅耀拉及同伴們立志過著像[[使徒]]般清苦的生活,耶穌會就這樣開始慢慢形成了。他們的成員叫作耶穌會會士,並宣誓絕對服從[[教宗]],將教宗奉為「[[最高統帥]]」。在1540年9月27日[[教宗]][[保祿三世]]正式承认這個团体,這可謂正式成立了耶穌會了。於1541年4月选举羅耀拉為第一任的『统帥』,直至1556年7月31日過世<ref name="基督教會史" /><ref name="像一粒芥菜種" /><ref name="发展史新釋" />。 |
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=== 制定会规 === |
=== 制定会规 === |
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罗耀拉参照[[军队]]的[[軍紀]],制定了严格的会规,强调会士必须绝对服从会长:「正像尸体可以任意摆布,棍棒听从一切指挥,蜡制的东西可以改变形状,并向任何方向拉长一样。」并规定会士应该无条件执行[[教宗]]委派的一切任务。 |
罗耀拉参照[[军队]]的[[軍紀]],制定了严格的会规,强调会士必须绝对服从会长:「正像尸体可以任意摆布,棍棒听从一切指挥,蜡制的东西可以改变形状,并向任何方向拉长一样。」并规定会士应该无条件执行[[教宗]]委派的一切任务。 |
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羅耀拉當過[[職業軍人]], |
羅耀拉當過[[職業軍人]],组织力強,領導力強,將軍隊的组织運用到建造主基督的精兵,並且宣誓絕對服從教宗。將[[軍事]]管理、[[神祕主義]]及[[修道主義]]融於一體,並且又有一本操練手冊《神操》。將耶穌會的會士們以一個有紀律、有中心、有操練的建立和神的关系。他們宣誓守三條規律:[[清貧]]、[[守貞]]、服從。耶穌會注重學習計晝,並且廣設学校。另外耶穌會有一特別之處,為其宣教活動。羅耀拉的好友聖方濟‧沙勿略就到過[[印度]]、[[日本]]、[[印尼]],為第一個也是最偉大的[[宣教士]]。雖然当时耶穌會並不是為抗衡[[更正教]]的改革為唯一目的,但慢慢也演變成為他們的主要任務之一了。另一個值得一提的,為耶穌會教育注重兒童的工作及教育<ref name="基督教會史"/><ref name="像一粒芥菜種" /><ref name="基督教二千年史" /><ref>蔡麗貞著,『我信聖而公之教會-教會历史專題』(校園書房,2004,初版),p333</ref>。 |
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== 主要著作 == |
== 主要著作 == |
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[[File:St Ignatius Spiritual Exercises c 1600.jpg| |
[[File:St Ignatius Spiritual Exercises c 1600.jpg|thumb|《神操》的其中一頁]] |
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* {{tsl|en|Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|《神操》}}(''Spiritual Exercises'') |
* {{tsl|en|Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|《神操》}}(''Spiritual Exercises'') |
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== 參考文献 == |
== 參考文献 == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== 擴展閱讀 == |
== 擴展閱讀 == |
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;主要 |
;主要 |
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* Ignatius of Loyola, ''Spiritual Exercises'', London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3 |
* Ignatius of Loyola, ''Spiritual Exercises'', London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3 |
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* {{cite book |last=Loyola |first=(St.) Ignatius |others=Anthony Mottola |title=The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|location=Garden City|year=1964 |ISBN = 978-0-385-02436-5}} |
* {{cite book |last=Loyola |first=(St.) Ignatius |others=Anthony Mottola |title=The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|location=Garden City|year=1964 |ISBN = 978-0-385-02436-5}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Loyola |first=(St.) Ignatius|title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius |editor=Joseph O'Conner|publisher=Benziger Brothers|location=New York |year=1900|oclc=1360267 | |
* {{cite book |last=Loyola |first=(St.) Ignatius|title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius |editor=Joseph O'Conner|publisher=Benziger Brothers|location=New York |year=1900|oclc=1360267 |}} |
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** (For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' |
** (For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' Page 11-12.) |
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* {{cite book |last=Loyola |first=(St.) Ignatius |editor=John Olin |title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents |publisher=Fordham University Press|location=New York|year=1992 |ISBN = 0-8232-1480-X}} |
* {{cite book |last=Loyola |first=(St.) Ignatius |editor=John Olin |title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents |publisher=Fordham University Press|location=New York|year=1992 |ISBN = 0-8232-1480-X}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Foss |first=Michael |title=The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540 | |
* {{cite book |last=Foss |first=Michael |title=The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540 ||publisher=Hamilton|series=Turning Points in History Series |location=London |year=1969 |ISBN = 0-241-01513-8}} |
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;次要 |
;次要 |
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* {{cite book |first=Daniello |last=Bartoli |year=1855 |title=''History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus'' |publisher=Edward Dunigan and Brother |location=New York | |
* {{cite book |first=Daniello |last=Bartoli |year=1855 |title=''History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus'' |publisher=Edward Dunigan and Brother |location=New York |}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Caraman |first=Philip |title=Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits'|publisher=Harper & Row| location=San Francisco|year=1990 |ISBN = 0-06-250130-5}} |
* {{cite book |last=Caraman |first=Philip |title=Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits'|publisher=Harper & Row| location=San Francisco|year=1990 |ISBN = 0-06-250130-5}} |
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* {{cite book |last=O'Malley|first=John W.|title=The First Jesuits| |
* {{cite book |last=O'Malley|first=John W.|title=The First Jesuits||publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1993 |ISBN = 0-674-30312-1}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Meissner|first=William |title=Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint| |
* {{cite book |last=Meissner|first=William |title=Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint||publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven|year=1992|isbn=0-300-06079-3}} |
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* {{cite book |title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía|last=García Villoslada |first=Ricardo |year=1986 |publisher=La Editorial Católica |ISBN = 84-220-1267-7 |language = es}} |
* {{cite book |title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía|last=García Villoslada |first=Ricardo |year=1986 |publisher=La Editorial Católica |ISBN = 84-220-1267-7 |language = es}} |
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== 外部連結 == |
== 外部連結 == |
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* [ |
* [http://books.chinacath.org/files/article/fulltext/0/310.html 圣依纳爵 - 神操(书)] |
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* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/311.html "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor"] , ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' |
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/311.html "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor"] , ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' |
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* {{Worldcat id |id = lccn-n79-49329}} |
* {{Worldcat id |id = lccn-n79-49329}} |
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* [http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius] Translation by Elder Mullan, S.J. |
* [http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius] Translation by Elder Mullan, S.J. |
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* [http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letters.htm Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola] |
* [http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letters.htm Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola] |
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** [http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letter25.htm ''On Perfect Obedience''] is his most famous. |
** [http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letter25.htm ''On Perfect Obedience''] is his most famous. |
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* [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/contempl1.htm "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola] |
* [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/contempl1.htm "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola] |
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* [ |
* [http://www.goajesuits.in/ The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus] |
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* [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Statues/Founders/IgnatiusLoyola/Ignatius%20Loyola.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica] |
* [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Statues/Founders/IgnatiusLoyola/Ignatius%20Loyola.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica] |
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* [http://ignatius.sa.edu.au Saint Ignatius' College] |
* [http://ignatius.sa.edu.au Saint Ignatius' College] |
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* [http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=442 Finding God In All Things] |
* [http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=442 Finding God In All Things] |
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* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4090/ "The Book of Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Founder of the Jesuit Monastic Order"] in Arabic, dating from 1773 |
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4090/ "The Book of Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Founder of the Jesuit Monastic Order"] in Arabic, dating from 1773 |
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*** [[在华耶稣会士列表]] |
*** [[在华耶稣会士列表]] |
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* [[反宗教改革]] |
* [[反宗教改革]] |
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* [[羅耀拉大 |
* [[羅耀拉大学]]:以他的名字命名的大学。 |
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[[Category:西班牙天主教徒]] |
[[Category:西班牙天主教徒]] |
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[[Category:西班牙貴族]] |
[[Category:西班牙貴族]] |
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[[Category:巴黎大 |
[[Category:巴黎大学校友]] |
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[[Category:馬德里康普頓斯大 |
[[Category:馬德里康普頓斯大学校友]] |
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[[Category:巴斯克人]] |
[[Category:巴斯克人]] |
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[[Category:16世纪西班牙人]] |
[[Category:16世纪西班牙人]] |