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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=卡 |
|name=卡尔梅克卫拉特语 |
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|nativename={{lang|ru|Хальмг келн}} ''{{lang|en|Xal'mg keln}}'' |
|nativename={{lang|ru|Хальмг келн}} ''{{lang|en|Xal'mg keln}}'' |
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|ethnicity=[[卡 |
|ethnicity=[[卡尔梅克]] |
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|states=[[俄 |
|states=[[俄罗斯]] |
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|region=[[卡 |
|region=[[卡尔梅克]] |
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|speakers=153,602人 |
|speakers=153,602人于俄罗斯(大部分在卡尔梅克);<ref name="UNESCO">[http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=368 UNESCO Atlas of the World's languages in danger] Retrieved on 2012-10-31</ref>全部518,500人<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_language.asp?code=xal ''Ethnologue'' Kalmyk-Oirat page]{{dead link|date=2017年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 2012-10-31</ref> |
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|date=2002 for Russia, date missing for total speakers |
|date=2002 for Russia, date missing for total speakers |
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|familycolor=阿 |
|familycolor=阿尔泰语系 |
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|fam1=[[蒙古 |
|fam1=[[蒙古语族]] |
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|fam2=中蒙古 |
|fam2=中蒙古语支 |
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|fam3=[[卫拉特语]] |
|fam3=[[卫拉特语]] |
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|fam4={{tsl|en|Torgut Oirat|土 |
|fam4={{tsl|en|Torgut Oirat|土尔扈特卫拉特语}}及[[杜尔伯特部 (绰罗斯氏)|杜尔伯特卫拉特语]] |
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|iso2=xal|iso3=xal |
|iso2=xal|iso3=xal |
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|lingua = part of 44-BAA-b |
|lingua = part of 44-BAA-b |
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|script= [[西里 |
|script= [[西里尔字母]]、[[拉丁字母]]、[[托忒蒙古文]] |
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|nation=[[卡尔梅克共和国]] |
|nation=[[卡尔梅克共和国]] |
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|notice=IPA |
|notice=IPA |
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}} |
}} |
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'''卡 |
'''卡尔梅克卫拉特语'''('''{{lang|tut|Хальмг келн}}'''),为[[卡尔梅克人]]和[[卫拉特]]蒙古人的语言,属[[卫拉特语]]。使用在[[俄罗斯联邦]][[卡尔梅克共和国]]、中国西部、蒙古西部。在上述每个国家大约有 160,000人在使用卡尔梅克语。 |
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== 分布和名 |
== 分布和名称 == |
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* 在中 |
* 在中国,卫拉特语也常被称为'''[[蒙古语]]卫拉特方言''',有[[土尔扈特土语]](新疆)和[[青海土语]](卽[[和硕特]][[方言]])两种次方言。有14万人使用,其中11万使用土尔扈特土语,3万使用青海土语。 |
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* [[蒙古国]]有21万人使用,其中14万为[[卫拉特]],6万为[[杜尔伯特 (蒙古族)|杜尔伯特]],1万为[[土 |
* [[蒙古国]]有21万人使用,其中14万为[[卫拉特]],6万为[[杜尔伯特 (蒙古族)|杜尔伯特]],1万为[[土尔扈特]]。 |
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卡 |
卡尔梅克语 belongs to the 卡尔梅克-卫拉特 subgroup of the [[蒙古语族]]. It also has some elements in common with the [[乌拉尔语系]] and [[突厥语族]] languages, sometimes speculated to be a member of the disputed [[阿尔泰语系]] or [[乌拉尔-阿尔泰语系]] language family. This reflects Kalmyk's origin as the common language of the [[卫拉特]], a union of four Kalmyk tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward. |
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The literary tradition of Kalmyk reaches back to 11世纪 when the [[维吾尔族]] script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet named [[ |
The literary tradition of Kalmyk reaches back to 11世纪 when the [[维吾尔族]] script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet named [[图得畢其]] (Тодо Бичг,简明字体) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called [[札雅·潘第]]. In 1924 this script was replaced by a [[西里尔字母]], which was abandoned in 1930 in favor of a [[拉丁字母]]. The Latin script was in turn replaced by another Cyrillic script in 1938. These script reforms effectively disrupted the Kalmyk literary tradition. |
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The Kalmyks suffered greatly during the [[苏联]] period. Half of all Kalmyk speakers died during the [[Russian Civil War]]. [[Stalin]]'s [[ethnic cleansing]]s also significantly reduced the population of the Kalmyk people. Until recently, the Kalmyk population in Russia was at lower levels than it had been in [[1913]]. [[Russian language|Russian]] was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in [[1963]] the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children. |
The Kalmyks suffered greatly during the [[苏联]] period. Half of all Kalmyk speakers died during the [[Russian Civil War]]. [[Stalin]]'s [[ethnic cleansing]]s also significantly reduced the population of the Kalmyk people. Until recently, the Kalmyk population in Russia was at lower levels than it had been in [[1913]]. [[Russian language|Russian]] was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in [[1963]] the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children. |
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== |
== 书写系统 == |
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=== 俄 |
=== 俄罗斯 === |
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俄 |
俄罗斯卡尔梅克共和国所采用的书写系统: |
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'''卡 |
'''卡尔梅克的拉丁化字母表 (1930-1938):''' |
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{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" |
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" |
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''' |
'''现在使用的基里尔字母表:''' |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! align="center"|[[西里尔 |
! align="center"|[[西里尔字母]] |
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! align="center"|[[ |
! align="center"|[[国际音标|IPA]] |
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! align="center"|[[拉丁字母]] |
! align="center"|[[拉丁字母]] |
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! |
! |
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! align="center"|西里 |
! align="center"|西里尔字母 |
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! align="center"|IPA |
! align="center"|IPA |
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! align="center"|拉丁字母 |
! align="center"|拉丁字母 |
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=== 中 |
=== 中国的使用 === |
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中 |
中国[[新疆]][[巴音郭勒蒙古族自治州]]等地的蒙古族,民间依旧采用发音更吻合自己卫拉特方言的[[托忒蒙古文]]。但是官方教育使用和[[内蒙古自治区]]一样的蒙古语文,以求统一。 |
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== |
== 注释 == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== 参閲 == |
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== 外部链接 == |
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== 外部連結 == |
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* [http://www.app.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050609/LIFE/506090473/1006/ENT Living/The Asbury Park Press NJ] |
* [http://www.app.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050609/LIFE/506090473/1006/ENT Living/The Asbury Park Press NJ] |
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* 蒙古文化 |
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* [https://archive.is/20121206034838/http://www.mongolculture.com/ 蒙古文化] |
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{{-}} |
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{{蒙古语族|state=collapsed}} |
{{蒙古语族|state=collapsed}} |
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[[Category:蒙古语方言]] |
[[Category:蒙古语方言]] |
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[[Category:俄罗斯语言]] |
[[Category:俄罗斯语言]] |
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[[Category:元音和諧 |
[[Category:元音和諧语言]] |
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[[Category:卡 |
[[Category:卡尔梅克共和国]] |
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[[Category:危险(濒危语言)]] |