尾气是指车辆内的燃料（如天然气、汽油、柴油、重油、生物柴油混合物[1]或煤）经过燃烧而排放出来的气体。根据车辆发动机的类型，尾气通过排气管等不同的方式排放到大气中。
机动车排放尾气会导致空气污染，并且是一些大城市产生烟雾的主要因素。根据麻省理工学院2013年的一项研究表明，仅在美国，每年就有53,000人因汽车尾气排放而过早死亡。[2]根据同一所大学的另一项研究，在英国，仅尾气造成的交通烟雾每年就会导致5,000人死亡。
客车排放统计
| 成分 | 排放率 | 年污染排放 |
|---|---|---|
| 碳氢化合物 | 2.80 克/英里 (1.75 克/公里) | 77.1英磅（35.0千克） |
| 一氧化碳 | 20.9 克/英里 (13.06 克/公里) | 575英磅（261千克） |
| NOx | 1.39 克/英里 (0.87 克/公里) | 38.2英磅（17.3千克） |
| 二氧化碳——温室气体 | 0.916英磅每英里（258克每千米） | 11,450英磅（5,190千克） |
| 成分 | 排放率 | 年污染排放 |
|---|---|---|
| NMOG (挥发性有机物) | 0.075 克/英里 (0.046 克/公里) | 2.1英磅（0.95千克） |
| 一氧化碳 | 3.4 克/英里 (2.1 克/公里) | 94英磅（43千克） |
| NOX | 0.05 克/英里 (0.0305 克/公里) | 1.4英磅（0.64千克） |
| 甲醛 | 0.015 克/英里 (0.0092 克/公里) | 0.41英磅（0.19千克） |
火花点火发动机
火花点火发动机中：
| 内燃机尾气[6] 所有数据皆为估算 |
% of total | |
|---|---|---|
| 成分 | 汽油 | 柴油 |
| 氮 | 71 | 67 |
| 一氧化碳 | 14 | 12 |
| 水蒸气 | 12 | 11 |
| 氧气 | 10 | |
| 微量元素[来源请求] | < 0.5 | ~ 0.3 |
| 一氧化氮 | < 0.25 | < 0.15 |
| 一氧化碳 | 1 - 2 | < 0.045 |
| 颗粒物 | < 0.045 | |
| 烃 | < 0.25 | < 0.03 |
| 二氧化硫 | 些许痕迹 | < 0.03 |
引述
- ↑ Omidvarborna; et al. Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2014, 2 (4): 2335–2342. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020.
- ↑ Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005. Atmospheric Environment. 2013-11, 79: 198–208. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..79..198C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081.
- ↑ Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (PDF). Transportation and Air Quality. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [2015-04-18].
- ↑ Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards. Emission Standards Reference Guide. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012-11-14 [2015-04-18].
- ↑ State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds. Air emission sources. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2013-10-25 [2015-04-18].
- ↑ Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions (PDF). AUDI. 2000-04 [2012-03-23].
外部链接
- Health and Air Pollution Publication of the California Air Resources Board
- The Encyclopedia Of Filters - Dust Collection An overview of the science of dust collection systems, including those used for pollution control.
- Cone, Tracie. California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows. Huffington Post. 2008-11-13 [2015-04-18].
- Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects. Alpha Online. Environmed Research Inc.
- Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution. Clean Vehicles. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2013-09-03 [2015-04-18].
- General Information - Emissions and ADR's. Australian Government, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development.
- Environment, Health & Transportation: Motor Vehicles and Air Pollution. International Bicycle Fund. [2013-10-25].
- Chevron Motor Gasoline Technical Review
- Chevron Diesel Fuels Technical Review
- 柴油尾气：
- U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
- Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
- Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
- Scientific Study of Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
- Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
- DieselNet: Internet Resources
- DieselNet: Diesel Emissions