可持续性(英语:sustainability),也称永续性,是人们在满足人类需求与未来发展时,在资源开发、投资方向、技术发展和制度变革中保持环境平衡与和谐的过程[1]。可持续性可以是一种想法、一种生活系统的性质、一种生产方法或一种生活方式。可持续发展的定义最常见的引述来自布伦特兰委员会,该委员会是由联合国在1983年正式召开的世界环境与发展委员会(WCED)。当该委员会成立时,联合国大会确认,环境问题是全球性的和坚定的,建立可持续发展政策是所有国家的共同利益。从这事实看出,在涵盖所有人类活动的定义,可持续性在界定上部分地方是有困难的[2][3]。有些人认为可持续性能够以环境、经济与社会三个领域来定义[4],并可考量到文化、技术与政治等子领域[5][6]。根据联合国在1987年发表的《我们共同的未来》 中,可持续发展被定义为“在不损害后代子孙满足其自身需求的情况下,满足当代需求的发展模式” [7][8]。可持续发展可能是可持续性的组织原则,但某些人可能将这两个术语是(视)为矛盾的(即,发展本质上是不可持续的) [9][10][11]。
可持续性一词的现代用法十分广泛,很难精确定义 [12]。最初,可持续性意味着仅利用自然可再生资源 [13]。可持续性从广义上来讲,是能够保持一定的过程或状态,但这一词普遍用于研究生态和社会的关系。在生态方面,可持续发展可以被界定为具能力的生态系统,能自我维持一切生态的过程、功能、生物多样性和未来的活力[14]。可持续发展已成为一个复杂术语,可以适用于几乎每一个方面,地球上的生命,特别是许多不同层次的生态环保,包括湿地、草原和森林,并成为了人权组织的概念,如生态城市,可持续城市,和人类活动,如可持续农业、可持续建筑[15]和可再生能源。不过,可持续发展的字义在某些组织原则中很可能与可持续性是相互冲突的[16][17],因为其组织的可持续发展可能试图透过非可持续性的方式进行。
天然资源的使用必须控制在一个能够还原的速度,人类生活才能具有可持续性。然而,现在有明确的科学证据表明,人类的生活无法维持,人类需要以集体地减少自然资源的利用,将其消耗速度减少至一个可持续的限度内。[18]
语源与历史
可持续性这个名称源自拉丁文sustinere ( tenere ,持有; sub ,在下面)。Sustain可以表示“维持”,“支持”,“坚持”或“忍受” [19][20]。可持续性的概念,或德语中的Nachhaltigkeit,可以追溯到Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645–1714)对于林业营运的描述 [21]。
在人类早期的历史中,使用火和对特定食物的渴望可能改变了植物和动物群落的自然组成[22]。 在8,000到10,000年前,出现了许多农业社区,这些社区很大程度上与周遭环境建立“永久均衡的结构”[23]。18至19世纪的西方工业革命充分展现了化石燃料能源的巨大增长潜力。煤炭曾被用来取代人力与兽力,为效率更高的引擎提供动力,后来又用于发电。在20世纪后期,环境问题已成为全球性的问题。 [24][25][26] [27]1973年和1979年的能源危机凸显了国际社会对化石燃料的重度依赖。在21世纪,全球越来越多的人意识到由砍伐森林和燃烧化石燃料所造成的温室效应 [28][29]。
组成要件
2005年社会发展问题世界首脑会议确定了可持续发展目标,例如经济发展,社会发展和环境保护[32]。 该观点已用三个重叠的椭圆表示,表明可持续性的三个支柱不是相互排斥的,而是可以相辅相成的[33]。 实际上,这三个支柱是相互依存的,从长远来看,没有其他支柱就不可能存在[34]。 近年来,这三个支柱已成为众多可持续性标准和认证体系的共同基础 [35]。明确提到三个支柱的标准包括雨林联盟,公平贸易和UTZ认证 [36][37]。
可持续发展包括在不损及自然环境使其劣化的前提下,满足本地和全球范围内人类的基本需求[38][39]。然后,问题就变成了如何表达那些需求与环境之间的关系。2005年的一项研究指出,环境正义与可持续发展同等重要[40]。 生态经济学家赫尔曼·戴利( Herman Daly)质问到:“没有森林的锯木厂有什么用?” [41]从这个角度来看,经济是人类社会的子系统,而社会又是生物圈的子系统。 这种观点则表示为“环境”内部“社会”内部“经济”的嵌套圈图。
健康的生态系统和环境对于人类和其他生物的生存是必要的,因此可持续性与环境科学、生态学、生物多样性、环保化学工程、环境资源管理、环境保护和人口控制、绿色计算、绿色化学、地球科学、环境科学和保护生物学等息息相关。另外生态经济学研究旨在解决人类经济和自然生态系统的学术研究领域[42]。
可持续发展在社会层面有许多重要的子议题,涉及国际和国家法律、城市规划和运输、供应链管理、当地和个人生活方式以及道德消费主义。更加可持续的生活方式可以采取多种形式,例如重组生活条件(例如生态村、生态社区和可持续城市);重新评估经济部门(永续农业,绿色建筑,可持续农业);利用科学发展新技术(绿色技术,可再生能源以及可持续的裂变与聚变能)或以灵活和可逆的方式设计系统 [43][44],并调整个人生活方式以保护自然资源[45]。
参见
参考资料
- ↑ What is sustainability. www.globalfootprints.org. [2019-05-21].
- ↑ easy-to-read version of Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, at CWIB. Retrieved, 2008.12.06
- ↑ United Nations. 1987. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development , General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. Retrieved: 2007-11-14
- ↑ Capra, Fritjof. The Systems View of Life A Unifying Conception of Mind, Matter, and Life. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy. 2015-10-25, 11 (2): 242–249–249 [2019-05-21]. ISSN 1832-9101 (英语).
- ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy. Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability (2015). [2019-05-21] (英语).
- ↑ Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; James, Paul; Thom, James A.; Padgham, Lin; Hickmott, Sarah; Deng, Hepu; Cahill, Felicity. Reframing social sustainability reporting: towards an engaged approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2013-02-01, 15 (1): 225–243. ISSN 1573-2975. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9384-2 (英语).
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future . Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment. Retrieved on: 15 February 2009.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1. United Nations General Assembly. 1987-03-20 [2010-03-01].
- ↑ Brown, James H. The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development. BioScience. 2015-10-01, 65 (10): 1027–1029. doi:10.1093/biosci/biv117. 无效
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(帮助) - ↑ Sustainability and Sustainable Development. Circular Ecology. [2018-07-17].
- ↑ Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C. The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development. The Geographical Journal. 2004-06, 170 (2): 99–104. doi:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x.
- ↑ Lackey, Robert. Ecosystem health, biological diversity, and sustainable development: research that makes a difference (PDF). Renewable Resources Journal. 1995, 13 (2): 8–13.
- ↑ Sustainability Theories. World Ocean Review. [2019-06-20].
- ↑ Regional Ecosystem Office (U.S) REO Information Center Definitions . Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) definition of sustainability.
- ↑ Rita Yi Man Li (2011)[1] Building Our Sustainable Cities Common Ground Publishing
- ↑ Sustainability and Sustainable Development. Circular Ecology. [2019-05-21] (英语).
- ↑ Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C. The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development. The Geographical Journal. 2004-06-01, 170 (2): 99–104. ISSN 0016-7398. doi:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x.
- ↑ Gismondi, M. (2000). Interview of Dr. William Rees Millennium Ecosystem Assessment web site – the full range of reports are available here.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. sustain. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ↑ Onions, Charles, T. (ed) (1964). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 2095.
- ↑ Hans Carl von Carlowitz and Sustainability. Environment and Society Portal. [2019-06-20].
- ↑ Scholars, R. (2003). Stories from the Stone Age. Beyond Productions in association with S4C and S4C International. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on: 16 April 2009.
- ↑ Clarke, W. C. (1977). "The Structure of Permanence: The Relevance of Self-Subsistence Communities for World Ecosystem Management," in Subsistence and Survival: Rural Ecology in the Pacific. Bayliss-Smith, T. and R. Feachem (eds). London: Academic Press, pp. 363–384. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-083250-7.50017-0. ISBN 978-0-12-083250-7.
- ↑ D.H. Meadows, D.L. Meadows, J. Randers, and W. Behrens III. (1972). The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books. ISBN 0-87663-165-0.
- ↑ Living Planet Report. Global Footprint Network. [2021-01-23].Living Planet Report 2008 (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature, Zoological Society of London, Global Footprint Network. 2008 [2008-10-01].
- ↑ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
- ↑ Turner, G.M. A comparison of the Limits to Growth with 30 years of reality (PDF). Global Environmental Change. 2008, 18 (3): 397–411 [2021-01-23]. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.05.001.
- ↑ U.S. Department of Commerce. Carbon Cycle Science . NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. Retrieved on: 14 March 2009
- ↑ BBC News (August 2008). In depth: "Climate Change." BBC News, UK. Retrieved on: 14 March 2009
- ↑ Adams, W.M. (22 May 2006). "The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century." Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29-31 January, 2006. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
- ↑ Ott, K. (2003). "The Case for Strong Sustainability." In: K. Ott & P.P. Thapa (eds.). Greifswald’s environmental ethics. Greifswald: Steinbecker Verlag Ulrich Rose. ISBN 3-931483-32-0. Retrieved on: 2009-02-16.
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome , Resolution A/60/1, adopted by the General Assembly on 15 September 2005. Retrieved on: 17 February 2009.
- ↑ Forestry Commission of Great Britain. Sustainability . Retrieved on: 9 March 2009
- ↑ Morelli, John. Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability. 2011, 1: 1–10 [2021-01-22]. doi:10.14448/jes.01.0002. 无效
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(帮助) - ↑ Manning, S., Boons, F., Von Hagen, O., Reinecke, J. (2011). "National Contexts Matter: The Co-Evolution of Sustainability Standards in Global Value Chains." Ecological Economics, Forthcoming.
- ↑ SAI Platform 2010. Sustainability Indicators . Sustainable Agricultural Initiative. Retrieved on: 4 September 2011.
- ↑ Alvarez, G. Sustainable Agriculture and Value networks . Lausanne, Switzerland: Latitude. Retrieved on: 4 October 2011.
- ↑ Kates, R.; Parris, T.; Leiserowitz, A. Harvard. What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and practice (PDF). Environment. 2005, 47 (3): 8–21 [2021-01-22].
- ↑ International Institute for Sustainable Development (2009). What is Sustainable Development? . Retrieved on: 18 February 2009.
- ↑ Michael Redclift. Sustainable development (1987–2005): an oxymoron comes of age. Sustainable Development (Submitted manuscript). 2005, 13 (4): 212–227 [2021-01-22]. doi:10.1002/sd.281.
- ↑ Daly, H. & J. Cobb (1989). For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment and a Sustainable Future. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4703-1.
- ↑ Bakari, Mohamed El-Kamel (2017). The Dilemma of Sustainability in the Age of Globalization: A Quest for a Paradigm of Development. New York: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1498551397
- ↑ Fawcett, William; Hughes, Martin; Krieg, Hannes; Albrecht, Stefan; Vennström, Anders. Flexible strategies for long-term sustainability under uncertainty. Building Research. 2012, 40 (5): 545–557. doi:10.1080/09613218.2012.702565.
- ↑ Zhang, Stephen X.; Babovic, Vladan. A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty. Journal of Hydroinformatics. 2012-01, 14 (1): 13–29. doi:10.2166/hydro.2011.078. 无效
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(帮助) - ↑ Black, Iain R.; Cherrier, Helene. Anti-consumption as part of living a sustainable lifestyle: daily practices, contextual motivations and subjective values. Journal of Consumer Behaviour. 2010-11, 9 (6): 437–453. doi:10.1002/cb.337.