伊本·赫勒敦

伊本·赫勒敦
Ibn Khaldun
伊本·赫勒敦; Ibn Khaldun
	伊本·赫勒敦雕像
出生	1332年5月27日/伊斯兰历732年，于突尼斯
逝世	1406年3月19日/伊斯兰历808年，于开罗
时代	中世纪
地区	马格里布
学派	马立克派
主要领域	历史学; 社会学; 经济学
著名思想	Asabiyyah
	受影响于拉齐;
	影响于 Ibn al-Azraq、Al-Maqrizi;

伊本·赫勒敦^[1]（阿拉伯语：ابن خلدون‎，1332年5月27日—1406年3月19日），又译伊本·哈勒敦^[2]，全名为阿布·扎伊德·阿卜杜勒拉赫曼·本·穆罕默德·本·赫勒敦·哈德拉米（阿拉伯语：أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي‎，Abū Zayd ʿAbdu r-Raḥmān bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn Al-Ḥaḍrami），阿拉伯穆斯林学者、历史学家、经济学家、社会学家，被认为为人口统计学之父。^{[n 1]}^[3]^{[n 2]}1332年出生于突尼斯，是塞维利亚的阿拉伯贵族的后裔（8世纪时跟随阿拉伯军队出征到安达卢西亚，后迁到北非）。自幼跟从父亲学习《古兰经》和阿拉伯文，又到宰图那大学学习深造，受到系统的伊斯兰教育。1352年开始从政。1378年写成作《历史绪论》。1406年3月19日在开罗逝世。

生平

由于他本人撰写了一部详细引用了大量有关自己生活文件的自传（阿拉伯语：التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا‎; al-Taʻrīf bi-Ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatuhu Gharban wa-Sharqan^[4]《伊本赫勒敦东西旅游自传》），伊本·赫勒敦的生活经历记录完好。但是该自传对于他的私人生活所述甚少，因此对于他的家庭背景人们了解的并不多。“伊本·赫勒敦”意为“赫勒敦家族（Banū Khaldūn）之子”，源自安达卢斯的上流社会，在大约13世纪中叶收复失地运动中塞维利亚后半整个家族迁居北非。到了突尼斯哈夫斯王朝时期，有些家族成员担任高管，但是其祖父和父亲选择退出政坛，过着隐士的生活。他的兄弟雅亚·伊本·赫勒敦也是一位历史学家，他写了一本有关扎亚尼德王朝的书，后来因为担任法院的历史学家被仇敌刺杀。^[5]

在他的自传中，伊本·赫勒敦通过来自也门哈德拉毛的阿拉伯部落，将自己的起源追溯到穆罕默德时期。该部落在8世纪时随着伊斯兰征服运动迁徙到西班牙。^[6]但是，传记学家默罕默德·伊南（Mohammad Enan）质疑这一说法，认为伊本·赫勒敦的家族可能是穆拉迪人，他们假称自己是阿拉伯裔以取得社会地位。^[7]

影响

在1697年，一本有关他的传记出现在巴泰勒米·德埃贝洛的《东方学目录》中，这是伊本·赫勒敦首次引起西方世界的关注。1806年，西尔韦斯特·德·萨西在他的《阿拉伯文选》中包含了伊本·赫勒敦的专辑以及《Muqaddimah》的节选翻译（列为《神学绪论》），这让他开始获得更多关注。^[8]1816年，德·萨西再次发表了一篇内容更为详尽的传记。^[9]有关《神学绪论》的更多细节和节选翻译在之后数年不断出现，直到1858年，阿拉伯文版本全书出版，几年后，德·萨西出版了完整的法文翻译版。^[10]从那以后，西方世界带着特殊的兴趣开始了对伊本·赫勒敦的大量研究。^[11]

注释及参考资料

注释

↑
- "...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".^[12]
- "Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".（Boulakia 1971）
- "The founding father of Eastern Sociology".^[13]
- "This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".^[14]
↑
- "Ibn Khaldun is the forerunner of many economists, he is an accident of history and has had no consequence on the evolution of economic thought...His name should figure among the fathers of economic science".（Boulakia 1971）
- "He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. …… Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

引用

↑ 伊本·赫勒敦. 历史绪论. 李振中（译）. 银川: 宁夏人民出版社. 2015. ISBN 978-7-227-05959-2. OCLC 953301907.
↑ 新华通讯社译名室. 世界人名翻译大辞典第2版. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司. 2007: 1554. ISBN 978-7-5001-0799-6. OCLC 163575075.
↑ Joseph J. Spengler (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), pp. 268-306.
Jean David C. Boulakia (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), pp. 1105-1118.
↑ Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī, Cairo 1951
↑ （法文） « Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy », Journal asiatique, troisième série, tome XII, éd. Société asiatique, Paris, 1841, p. 491
↑ 他的原话是：“And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hajar, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected.” (p. 2429, Al-Waraq 版)
↑ A., Ibn Khaldun: His life and Works for Mohammad Enan
↑ Enan (2007), pp118
↑ Enan (2007), pp118-119
↑ Enan (2007), pp119
↑ Enan (2007), pp119-120
↑ Gates, Warren E. The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture. Journal of the History of Ideas (University of Pennsylvania Press). 1967, 28 (3): 415–422. doi:10.2307/2708627.
↑ Dhaouadi, M. IBN KHALDUN: THE FOUNDING FATHER OF EASTERN SOCIOLOGY. International Sociology. 1 September 1990, 5 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1177/026858090005003007.
↑ Haddad, L. A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. Kyklos. 1 May 1977, 30 (2): 195–213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x.

参考书目

Fuad Baali. 2005 The science of human social organization : Conflicting views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm al-umran. Mellen studies in sociology. Lewiston/NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Enan, Muhammed Abdullah. Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. The Other Press. 2007. ISBN 983-9541-53-6.
Walter Fischel. 1967 Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His public functions and his historical research, 1382–1406; a study in Islamic historiography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarbān wa Sharqān. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic).
Ibn Khaldūn. 1958 The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history. Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. 3 vols. New York: Princeton.
Ibn Khaldūn. 1967 The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history. Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. (Abridged).
Mahmoud Rabi'. 1967 The political theory of Ibn Khaldun. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Róbert Simon. 2002 Ibn Khaldūn : History as science and the patrimonial empire. Translated by Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Original edition, 1999.
Allen Fromherz. 2010 "Ibn Khaldun : Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010.

外部链接

英文

Rosenthal, Franz. Ibn Khaldūn. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. 2008 [1970–80].
Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13)
Ibn Khaldun on the Web
Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work, by Muhammad Hozien
Muslim Scientists and Scholars – Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldūn, from Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History vol. iii, III. C. II. (b), p. 321
Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Management and Work
Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology
Ibn Khaldun. The Mediterranean in the 14th century: Rise and fall of Empires. Andalusian Legacy exhibition in the Alcazar of Seville
The Ibn Khaldoun Community Service Award
Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud
The Ibn Khaldun Institute

多语言网站

有关伊本·赫勒敦的多语言传记

非英语

（法文） Exposé simplifié sur la théologie scolastique
（阿拉伯文） Chapters from the Muqaddimah and the History of Ibn Khaldun
（荷兰文） Dutch biography
（德文） Ismail Küpeli: Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens – Eine Gegenüberstellung, München, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-75458-3

[HistoryAndSociology-3] 
"...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".^[12]

"Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".（Boulakia 1971）

"The founding father of Eastern Sociology".^[13]

"This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".^[14]

[2] "...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".^[12]

[3] "Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".（Boulakia 1971）

[4] "The founding father of Eastern Sociology".^[13]

[5] "This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".^[14]

[Economics-5] 
"Ibn Khaldun is the forerunner of many economists, he is an accident of history and has had no consequence on the evolution of economic thought...His name should figure among the fathers of economic science".（Boulakia 1971）

"He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. …… Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

[7] "Ibn Khaldun is the forerunner of many economists, he is an accident of history and has had no consequence on the evolution of economic thought...His name should figure among the fathers of economic science".（Boulakia 1971）

[8] "He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. …… Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

[1] 伊本·赫勒敦. 历史绪论. 李振中（译）. 银川: 宁夏人民出版社. 2015. ISBN 978-7-227-05959-2. OCLC 953301907.

[2] 新华通讯社译名室. 世界人名翻译大辞典第2版. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司. 2007: 1554. ISBN 978-7-5001-0799-6. OCLC 163575075.

[4] Joseph J. Spengler (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), pp. 268-306.
Jean David C. Boulakia (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), pp. 1105-1118.

[6] Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī, Cairo 1951

[7] （法文） « Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy », Journal asiatique, troisième série, tome XII, éd. Société asiatique, Paris, 1841, p. 491

[8] 他的原话是：“And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hajar, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected.” (p. 2429, Al-Waraq 版)

[9] A., Ibn Khaldun: His life and Works for Mohammad Enan

[10] Enan (2007), pp118

[11] Enan (2007), pp118-119

[12] Enan (2007), pp119

[13] Enan (2007), pp119-120

[14] Gates, Warren E. The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture. Journal of the History of Ideas (University of Pennsylvania Press). 1967, 28 (3): 415–422. doi:10.2307/2708627.

[15] Dhaouadi, M. IBN KHALDUN: THE FOUNDING FATHER OF EASTERN SOCIOLOGY. International Sociology. 1 September 1990, 5 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1177/026858090005003007.

[16] Haddad, L. A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. Kyklos. 1 May 1977, 30 (2): 195–213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x.

[1]

[2]

[n 1]

[3]

[n 2]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

生平

影响

相关条目

注释及参考资料

外部链接

英文

多语言网站

非英语