举证责任（法律）

举证责任又可称提供证据的责任（英文：Burden of proof、Standard of proof、证明度）是在证据法中有多义且模糊的概念，此责任通常取决于相关实体法律的规定，法庭采纳的推定及规则可能在不同情境下移转举证责任^[1]。

对于举证责任问题归属为程序问题还是实质问题，存有分岐^[2]：一般大陆法系国家把举证责任定于实体法（如民法典），而普通法系国家则常把举证责任当成程序法问题，然而英美普通法的司法实践，特别是在当事人双方因证据矛盾都无法说服陪审团时，举证责任就成实体法问题，因为举证责任落在哪一方会对案件结局有决定性影响^[3]。

一般证据规则中，“谁主张，谁举证”，是举证责任分配的一般原则。程序法中对“谁主张，谁举证”的原则，在某些特殊侵权行为案件中常不利于受损害当事人，因此有了举证责任倒置之特殊法律救济方法，在实体法对侵权责任归责原则做出特殊规定^[4]。例如，中华人民共和国2013年《消费者权益保护法》就是一例，对部分商品和服务的举证责任进行倒置，让消费者不用承担举证责任，以利于消费者维权^[5]。

参考书目

↑ The burden of proof. Encyclopaedia Britannica（大英百科全书）. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition （大英线上英文学术版. 2014 [2014-09-27]. The burden of proof is a manifold and somewhat ambiguous concept in the law of evidence. The burden of producing evidence means that in general the party that cites specific facts for the substantiation of its claim also has the burden of producing the evidence to prove these facts. This burden depends on the substantive law governing the claim. Permissible presumptions and legal rules can shift the burden in various situations. The burden of conviction, on the other hand, comes into play at the end of the hearing of evidence, if doubts remain. This is simply to recognize that the evidence is not sufficient to convince the jury or the judge and that, in general, the party having the burden of pleading and producing facts favourable to itself and of giving evidence also carries the so-called burden of conviction
↑ Juliane Kokott. The Burden of Proof in Comparative and International Human Rights Law Civil and Common Law Approaches With Special Reference to the American and German Legal Systems. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1998. ISBN 90-411-0570-0.
↑ 吕国民. 国际私法/冲突法与实体法. 中信出版社. 2002: 147. ISBN 978-7-80073-445-8. 举证责任问题究是程序问题还是实质问题，则存在着较大分岐。大陆法系国家一般把举证责任规定在民法典中... 英国和加拿大等普通法系国家则把举证责任视为程序法问题，... 总而言之，英美法系国家的司法实践表明，举证责任问题并不都是程序法问题。如果证据是矛盾的，当事人双方都不能说服陪审团，这时候，举证责任落在哪一方，对案件的结局就起决定性的作用。这时，举证责任常被识别为实体法问题。
↑ 法经济学视角中的举证责任倒置：原因和意义. [2014-09-27].
↑ 专家：新消保法“举证责任倒置”将提高消费者胜诉几率. [2014-09-27].

参考文献

Cooper, S. Human Rights and Legal Burdens of Proof. Web Journal of Current Legal Issues. 2003, 3 [2018-05-24].

外部链接

Complete text of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Cornell Univ.)

[The_burden_of_proof_Britannica-1] The burden of proof. Encyclopaedia Britannica（大英百科全书）. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition （大英线上英文学术版. 2014 [2014-09-27]. The burden of proof is a manifold and somewhat ambiguous concept in the law of evidence. The burden of producing evidence means that in general the party that cites specific facts for the substantiation of its claim also has the burden of producing the evidence to prove these facts. This burden depends on the substantive law governing the claim. Permissible presumptions and legal rules can shift the burden in various situations. The burden of conviction, on the other hand, comes into play at the end of the hearing of evidence, if doubts remain. This is simply to recognize that the evidence is not sufficient to convince the jury or the judge and that, in general, the party having the burden of pleading and producing facts favourable to itself and of giving evidence also carries the so-called burden of conviction

[Kokott1998-2] Juliane Kokott. The Burden of Proof in Comparative and International Human Rights Law Civil and Common Law Approaches With Special Reference to the American and German Legal Systems. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1998. ISBN 90-411-0570-0.

[吕国民2002-3] 吕国民. 国际私法/冲突法与实体法. 中信出版社. 2002: 147. ISBN 978-7-80073-445-8. 举证责任问题究是程序问题还是实质问题，则存在着较大分岐。大陆法系国家一般把举证责任规定在民法典中... 英国和加拿大等普通法系国家则把举证责任视为程序法问题，... 总而言之，英美法系国家的司法实践表明，举证责任问题并不都是程序法问题。如果证据是矛盾的，当事人双方都不能说服陪审团，这时候，举证责任落在哪一方，对案件的结局就起决定性的作用。这时，举证责任常被识别为实体法问题。

[4] 法经济学视角中的举证责任倒置：原因和意义. [2014-09-27].

[5] 专家：新消保法“举证责任倒置”将提高消费者胜诉几率. [2014-09-27].

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